Question 1:

 

·         In this quote James Hunt claims that his opinions are not supported by facts. By that, you can conclude that not everyone agrees with his opinions. 

 

·         James Hunt manipulates the reader, when he says, “the real facts” because these facts are not proved. So, when he says “facts” it is his own opinion, because it is not proved. 

 

·         Hunt puts down Trollope’s arguments, by saying he has not examined the evidence of distinction himself. In this quote, Hunt has doubles standards because he has also stated something without having any prove. 

·         Here it is indicated, that Hunt has different opinions than the poets and fanatics. 

 

Question 2:

 

Hunt’s opposition could be abolitionists, the blacks, other scientists, fanatics, poets, Anthony Trollope and the northern states in the US.

The northern states, the blacks and the abolitionists is against slavery and therefor also against Hunt.

It could be other scientists, because Hunt is biased, and he is not as subjective as he should be. For example, when he talks about the typical negro, he tells about things that is not scientifically proved. 

Hunt uses the famous novelist, Anthony Trollope, in his arguments, which makes his own arguments stronger because people know who Trollope is, and therefore Hunt´s arguments become more trustworthy and powerful. 

Fanatics and poets describes blacks differently than Hunt describes them, and that is why they are against Hunt.

Dr. James Hunt is an anthropologist and that makes him trustworthy and gives him the ethos appeal because he is an educated man in the area that he writes. 

“The typical Negro, unrestrained by moral laws, spends his days in sloth and his nights in debauchery” [1]

With this quote, Dr. James Hunt means that negroes, without any moral laws, spend their day without being productive. 

“He smokes haschisch till he alcohols his senses, or falls into convulsions”[2]

Referring to the last part, Dr. James Hunt again refers to the negro without any morals who smokes and drinks until falling into cramps or overdosing.  

“He abuses children, and stabs the poor brute of a woman whose hands keep him from starvation” [3]

Here Dr. James Hunt uses the pathos appeal to make the reader fear the Negro. He abuses his position to make prejudices about the negro. His argumentations are without evidence, but nobody would point those things out at the time because he is an anthropologist. 

“Let us educate them carefully….”[4]

At this point in the text it all makes sense, as we can read, that he has a hidden agenda, as an anthropologist he must make recommendations for us to evolve our society, and his recommendation is that we can never integrate them to society because they are below us.

[1] Page 55 line 21[2] Page 55 line 22 ’middle’[3] Page 55 line 24[4] Page 55 line 31

Conclusion:
“They expect food, clothes and instructions as to every simple act of life, as do children”[1]
in this quotation its is easy to see the agenda we talked about before he portays them as children, at the time children was allowed to work, so its actually not wrong for him to portay their workers with children, also hes there is some pathos in this, hes not trying to make people hate the negroes but hes trying to portay them as helpless children it can even look like a justification for the whites to use the negroes.
“We must for the present leave aside all questions as to the origin of the negro. And simply take him as he exists, not as poets and fantaics paint him”[2]
this is the only sign of logos in the text, there is not actual argument for logos but he is reffering this as scientific fact and says that the poets words should not be trusted.

[1] Page 55 line 45[2] Page 56 line 1.

-       1.) “The upper thighbone of the Negro has not so decided a resemblance to the ape as that of the bushmand.”

-       2.) “...He smokes hashish till he alcoholics his senses, or fall into convulsions”

-       3.) “...He abuses children, and stabs the poor brute of a woman whose hands keep him from starvation…” 

-       They trust the domestic negro more than the negro in the field because the white man mean that the domestic negro are more smart, and they imitated the right race, because they are living with the white man and his family in the house,

-       Give them some their liberty for six months, and after they will come running back, because their master was supplying them with food and clothes.

 

In the passage he says, that the typical negro spends his days in sloth, and his nights in debauchery which is a way of life, that often contain lots of alcohol. Beside this, the negro’s smokes cannabis, drinks palm-wine till he brings on a loathsome disease. James Hunt is describing the negro’s as a sloppy human being. They drink, smoke and seem to be indifferent with their lives and surroundings.   

 

The negroes does not deserve to be called “brethren”, a brother. They deserve to be called their children. They want to educate the negroes, but the whites do definitely not want the negroes to be as intelligent as the whites. 

  

As far as we can see his vocabulary and choice of words states that he does not care for the black people, he is not sugar coating any of his pronouncements. 

He does not want the negro’s to be equal with others, he wants to educate them because they 

can be useful, but not on the same level as the white people. 

“Let us educate them carefully, and in time we may elevate them, not to our own level - that, I fear, can never be - but to the level of those from whom they have fallen.” 

 

James Hunt’s paper is about the Negro’s place in nature. He talks about the differences between the white and the black man. He describes the physical differences between the two races, but also between different kinds of blacks, the domestic Negro and the typical Negro. Their musculature, skeleton, height and the colour of their bones are different from the white man. James Hunt also describes the differences between the domestic Negro and the typical Negro. He describes the way the domestic Negro is of a higher value than the typical Negro. Based on the view on the domestic Negro he is more intelligent. They have more knowledge because they are surrounded by whites, while the typical Negro is at field labour. The typical Negro is treated very horribly and described as a savage. He is sloth, drinks and abuses children. They should be educated at a very simple level because they will not be able to be as good as the white man. 

One of the physical differences between the negro and the white man is that their skeleton is generally heavier. The bones are larger and thicker in proportion to the muscles. The bones are also whiter because they have a high amount off calcerous salts. Their arms usually reach below the middle of their femur. And their knees are bent and their calves are weak. 

 

Their thorax is more compressed and has a cylindrical form  

Their legs are longer, but they look short because the ankles are only 11/4 inches to 11/2 inches above the ground. Their feet are flat, and resembles the foot of an ape because the toes are separated and they use the great toe as a thumb.

The upper part of a blacks thigh is rather thin. 

     

 

The domestic negro has more intelligence than those who work at field labour who are nearly in the same state of intelligence as when they left Africa. The domestic negro is improved in intelligence in America.    
 
 

They are true to their character, and it is said that he is no sooner taught to read, he will take every chance of reading his masters letters, and if he will be taught to write, he will soon learn to forge his masters signature. This could apply with perhaps greater force than those semi-civilized Negroes. 

 

 

 

 

In most of the other texts we have read, they have either been narratives, letters or speeches from a subjective point of view and not an objective research paper. in the text “letter from Jackson Whitney”, we read about a slave who managed to escape from slavery, but unfortunately he was not able to bring his family with him. Slaves escaping from their owners would have had to be brave and have a high intelligence, in order to plan their escapes. Most of the time the slaves would have to either be able to read or write, in order to communicate with the smugglers, whereas James Hunt describes the deformed anatomy of a negro’s mind.