– To ensure safety for both the animal and the technician, the cow is carefully restrained in a chute or headlock system.

– This step is crucial to prevent sudden movements during the procedure.

– The technician puts on a long plastic glove, usually reaching the shoulder, and prepares the insemination tools.

– Using disposable paper towels and a non-irritating disinfectant, the vulva is cleaned to avoid contamination.

– All visible dirt, feces, and debris are removed from the area.

– The technician gently inserts their lubricated gloved arm into the cow’s rectum.

– This allows them to manipulate the reproductive tract from above.

– The uterus and cervix are located through rectal palpation and held in place to guide the insemination gun.

– The semen straw is removed from the liquid nitrogen tank using forceps and is placed in a water bath at 35–37°C for about 30–45 seconds.

– Proper thawing is essential to maintain sperm viability.

– The technician loads the thawed semen straw into the insemination gun.

– The end of the straw is cut, and a protective sheath is placed over the gun.

– With one hand in the rectum guiding the cervix, the other hand carefully inserts the insemination gun into the vagina.

– Using rectal manipulation, the gun is guided through each cervical ring until it reaches the uterine body.

– The technician slowly removes the gun to prevent any injury or semen reflux.

– After the procedure, the cow is released from the chute and monitored for signs of heat return or pregnancy.

– A pregnancy check will be performed approximately 30–45 days later.