S: Dynamic land cover change (e.g. from Earth System Models)

C: Improved early warning systems.

S (& T?): ML applications (in s2s forecasting)

C: Availability of Resources

S: Run Awareness training campaigns

T: Mock exercises /simulation tests

C: To improve data quality and fire behaviour models.

S: Inter disciplinary approaches.

T: Plataform integrating data, fire behaviour models and the approaches.

C: Reliability of historical/observed data

Improving data assimilation system, Improving modelling/prediction system

Improving model evaluation frameworks

S: citizen science / in-situ monitoring / generation of large-scale/global datasets

New statistical/AI techniques

Multi-model Multi-metric intercomparison framework

C: definition of restoration objectives, long-term sustainability

S: assessment by experts, stakeholder engagement, available resources for restoration depending on location and ecosystems

T:

C: we may have different trends for spreading wildfires with rispect to seasons

T: using historical fires and analysing them for finding the causes by QGIS
and treating the fuels

also using EWS tools like FWI

1. Resource Limitations:

• Insufficient Equipment and Personnel: In large-scale fire events, there is often a shortage of firefighting equipment and trained personnel, hindering swift response efforts.

2. Infrastructure Deficiencies:

• Evacuation Routes and Shelters: Many areas lack adequate evacuation routes and shelters, making it difficult to ensure the safe evacuation of a large number of residents.

Challenges

1. Rapidly Changing Fire Conditions:

• Fast Fire Spread: The rapid spread of fire presents significant challenges for suppression and evacuation efforts, requiring timely information and quick decision-making.

2. Public Awareness and Cooperation:

• Evacuation Difficulty: Residents may not take evacuation orders seriously or cooperate effectively, leading to inefficient evacuation processes and increased risk of casualties.

Solutions

1. Enhance Resource Allocation:

• Increase Firefighting Equipment and Personnel: Governments and relevant agencies should invest more in firefighting equipment and personnel to ensure adequate resources are available during fire emergencies.

2. Improve Infrastructure:

• Build Evacuation Routes and Shelters: Proactively plan and construct sufficient evacuation routes and shelters to ensure residents can evacuate safely during fires.

Techniques

1. Real-time Monitoring and Alert Systems:

• Fire Monitoring Technology: Utilize drones, satellites, and ground sensors for real-time fire monitoring and early warning, enhancing the speed and effectiveness of suppression and evacuation responses.

2. Public Information Platforms:

• Emergency Information Dissemination Systems: Establish efficient emergency information dissemination systems, using multiple channels like SMS, social media, and broadcasts to inform the public about fire situations and evacuation orders, thereby improving public cooperation.

Review and Analysis (Prediction)

Risk Reduction (Prevention)

Readiness (Preparation)

Response to fires 

Recovery

C: in many countries, fire effectives not employed out of the fire seasons, also fire seasons becoming longer

S: some countries already shifting paradigm from suppression to prevention >> more funding allocated to prevention activities; awareness raising campaigns and training of rural population and visiting people (very relevant in countries with tourism coming from countries where fire is not such a problem)

T: some countries having mobile apps, or SMS system to alert of the start of a fire in remote areas