2. Paraphrasing plays a significant role in academic writing,for students can show they have ability to understand the meanings of a text when   paraphrasing whereas duplicating many sentences even the whole passage from the text can be regarded as plagiarizing despite doing it unintentionally.
Exercise 3
In contrast to treatment to malaria, prevention is less pricey and easier because it can increase the possibility of curing as long as early identification and treatment are provided.
Exercise 4
1. Sentence A:  The sequence of information in the text has been altered as well as using synonyms. For example, thus, both types, differ considerably have taken into the paraphrasing.

Sentence B: The use of synonyms.

Sentence C:The structure of sentence has been changed by using synonyms and antonyms such as developing nations, prevent, diseases.

Sentence D: The change of noun phrase in the passage

Sentence E: the writer has turned active voice into passive voice by using words with same meaning.

Sentence F:the writer has taken advantage of synonym.

Sentence G: The sentence has been transformed to noun phrase.

Sentence F: The structure of sentence has been modified into a noun phrase.

Exercise 5
1.With rapidly increasing rate of nets usage from in severe infection zone, a sharp downward trend occurred in deaths linked to malaria.
2. It is more likely that if staff in that country are inclined to be ill, corporations would fail to develop with finance,since economic growth suffer from infectious diseases.
3.Patients find it difficult to work with physical strength after recovery due to continuous effect of the mosquito-related disease.
Exercise 6
1.Citizens fully understand the danger of CVD and AIDS with the message provided by government.

2.There are two productive methods to lower down infection rate including the improvement of sanitary condition and the supply of clean water.
3.Death toll of diarrhoea greatly decreased after the use of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) that does not rely on costly medicine and complex medical equipment.
4.With an increase in longevity, the growth in expense of healthcare can be seen in wealthy nations due to the needs for medical service among old residents.
Exercise 7
From the summary, we can see that the instances and detailed information can be skipped but the key information should be highlighted and transforming the implication and adding new information are not suggested, if we use that as a citation.
Exercise 10
Communication with others chiefly relies on language.Nevertheless, there are many obstacles produced by different languages.

The idea of universal language has been put forward which can strength the bond among nations in culture, economy as well as good feelings.
Exercise 11
The stores particularly hyperstores has lost the advantage of low price because of intense competition, so they should employ other strategies to make distinctive and more profit by means of improving customer satisfaction with good service and better quality products, otherwise, customers will turn to other opponents.
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1. A summary should contain the main points of the source text. Some details can be omitted.

2. Paraphrasing shows the understanding of the whole article.

Ex. 3

In sentence A, expect some changed words, the structure and grammar are almost the same. And in sentence C, though the structure is changed, but the grammar and the vocabulary not change so much. While sentence B applies a total different way (different in structure, grammar and vocabulary) to paraphrase the original sentence.

Ex. 4

Sentence A: The order of information in the paragraph has been altered / the sentence structure has been transformed / synonyms

Sentence B: Synonym 
Sentence C: The order of the information in the paragraph has been altered / the word order in the sentence has been rearranged / the sentence structure has been transformed / synonyms and antonyms have been used 

Sentence D: A noun phrase has been restructured / a synonym has been used – in this context ‘the provision of healthcare’ could be seen as the same meaning as ‘healthcare systems’. 
Sentence E: The active voice has been switched to the passive voice / ‘are being faced’ is a synonym of ‘are experiencing’. 

Sentence F: A synonym has been used / the word order in the sentence has been rearranged.
Sentence G: A word form has been modified  / the word order in the sentence has been rearranged.
Sentence H: The word order in the sentence has been rearranged / the sentence structure has been transformed / synonyms and antonyms have been used receiving, substandard, medical treatment / the passive voice has been removed (due to the use of the words substandard medical treatment, it is possible to remove the phrase been reduced and so remove the use of the passive)

Ex. 6

1. A number of nations have already had success in informing people about the risks of CVD and AIDS. 

Many countries are succeed in alarming the people about the dangers of CVD and AIDS.

2. Thus, prevention is often a more effective approach.

So, the more useful way is to stop from happening.

3. In one area of Nigeria, deaths from diarrhoea fell by 82 percent after local health workers learned to use oral rehydration therapy (ORT), a simple treatment that does not depend on complex hospital equipment or expensive drugs.  In some places of Nigeria, thanks to the oral rehydration therapy (ORT) , a simple treatment without complicated facilities or high-prized drugs used by the local health workers, the rate of deaths of diarrhoea dropped by 82%.

4. Since older people tend to require the services of the healthcare system more often than the young, healthcare spending has increased. 

Healthcare cost has risen because the tendency of more older people need the services of the healthcare system than the young.

 Ex. 7
Firstly, pick up the main part of the paragraph, such as, Asthma is a medical condition, chronic, human respiratory system, narrow passageways, which transport air from the lungs, non-communicable severe and mild, they can prove fatal, with appropriate treatment and choose one for topic sentence. And then, use conjunction words to connect the main idea.

Ex. 10

Communicating with others mainly depend on language. However, many different languages cause different difficulties. Some think that universal language should put forward which can united the world culturally, economically and also bring good feelings. 

Ex. 11

Stores today especially hyperstores has lost the advantage to attract customers by the differences in prize. They need to use other strategies to make distinctive and more profit by means of improving the satisfaction of customers by affording good service and better quality products.

1. summary usually convey the main idea of the article.we should choose the information which can conclude the most important supporting ideas rather than some examples or  rhetorical sentences.

2.paraphrasing plays an important role in the article. If you have paraphrased, it means that you have understood the article and author's thought very well.

Exercise 3 

I think B is the correct answer.Even though A has changed its words, there has been no change in grammar and structure.C even in the form of a little change, but the grammar structure and words have not changed.

 

SENTENCE A: The order of information in the paragraph has been altered / the sentence structure has been transformed / synonyms 
SENTENCE B: Synonym 
SENTENCE C: The order of the information  / the word order  /  sentence structure  / synonyms 

SENTENCE D: A noun phrase has been restructured /  synonym 
SENTENCE E:  passive voice / synonym 

SENTENCE F:  synonym / the word order 

SENTENCE G: word order 
SENTENCE H:  sentence structure  / synonyms and antonyms 

 

1. By the end of 2001 to 2011, the incidence of malaria was greatly reduced, and malaria cases were reduced by 25%. This should be attributed to the large area use of mosquito nets, and the use of mosquito nets from 3% to 50%.

2. Enterprises do not want to invest in areas where malaria occurs, so the economic development of malaria is also limited.

3. If a nations citizens have a high probability of becoming ill, companies are likely to avoid investing there and so malaria can negatively affect a country 'S economic growth.

Summary is very condensed, having conclude main points in the paragraph,we can see that the instances and detailed information can be skipped but the key information should be highlighted. 

 

Language is a link between people, but too much language can cause a series of problems. Some people believe that language communication enables more people to learn about culture and better economic development.

1.I will choose the useful information to my summary, instead of all the details.

2.because if students use the same words or structures with original materials, they would be accused plagiarism which is very serious. Also, paraphrasing can show they have understood what they read. When summarizing, they can show the key information much easier with the help of paraphrasing.

Ex3

a. In this sentence, many individual words have been changed, but the sentence structure is the same with the original text.

b. Both words and sentence structure are different from original text.

c. what the sentence focus on is different from the original text. As a result, the meaning of these two sentences is not same.

Ex5

1.  The rate of nets’ usage in affected areas increased to 50 percent from 3 percent during the period from 2001 to 2011, as a result, it helped the number of life-threatening malaria accident declined by 25 percent.

2. Because international investors are reluctant to do business in countries where their staffs may suffer from malaria, those areas’ economy are negatively affected.
 3. It is difficult for recovered patient to do physical labour since malaria’s damage would continue a long time

Ex6

1.Health-education programmes would help people who live in a poor situation through illuminate how dangerous CVD and AIDS are.

2. The treatment of many fatal diseases is not difficult while its expenses are relatively high so that only affluent people can afford it. As a result, methods that prevent the disease are more useful than treatment as many people become ill due to the unclean water and poor sanitation in some areas.

3.deaths from diarrhea has saw a huge decrease after applying oral rehydration(ORT) which is a simple and cheap treatment.

4.The reason of increasing healthcare cost is that the number of patient is continuously increasing because of the rising population.

Ex7

The summary is more concise and include key information.

Ex10

People hope to unify current various languages since such difference between nations prevents people’s communication. After that, the international business would consequently develop positively.

Ex11

A strategic uniqueness has aroused many organisations’ attention as it can help them stand out of others. Large hyperstore retailers do not have any advantages on price, which means those businessmen have to transfer their attention to mechanisms and high-quality services. Otherwise consumers would choose competitors.

Pengfei_Xu@yeah.net

1. You should choose the key information which you want to use from the text rather than every detail. And you can ignore very small details or some detailed examples.

2. Because it allows you to integrate information from other sources into your work in order to support and strengthen your arguments. And it shows that you have understood the ideas which you have read rather than simply copy the words or sentences of a writer.

 

a. Although it uses different words, the sentence structure of it is not changed. It is too similar to the original sentence.

b. Compared with the original sentence, it uses different words and sentence structures. And its meaning is the same as the original.

c. The original meaning is changed.

 

1. From 2001 to 2011, nets use in affected areas rose dramatically and at the same time there was a 25 percent decrease in malaria related deaths.

2. At last, the widespread of malaria will affect all areas of economic growth negatively because companies will not choose to invest in nations where employees have high probability of becoming ill.

3. In addition, although the patient has recovered from the malaria, he or she still can’t work immediately because malaria’s damage can last for a long time.

 

1. Educational programmes relating to some non-communicable fatal diseases such as CVD and AIDS have already proved to be effective.

2. The spread of certain communicable diseases can be limited or stopped under the provision of clean water and adequate sanitation.

3. A simple treatment called ORT without high-priced medication or complex medical devices is very popular in one area of Nigeria, which results in a 82% decrease in diarrhoea death rates.

4. Under the aging of population, the urgent need of more perfect healthcare services  for the elderly people has led to a considerable rise in spending associated with healthcare.

 

The summary is shorter. It only includes the main points and leaves out less important details and examples. You can use different words and sentence structures, but can’t change the meaning or add new information, especially if your summary is being used as a citation.

 

People communicate mainly through language. However, a variety of languages have barried rather than promote the communication and understanding among people. So a universal language is required as it benefits the development of culture, economy and increases good feelings.

 

Nowadays, organizations tend to remain unique when competing with others. As intense competition has greatly shorted the stores’ price differentials, stores begin to concentrate more on other mechanisms such as customer satisfaction than lower prices. Companies will be more profitable and take up more market share if they can offer their customers satisfied service quality rather than poor service.

1093946521@qq.com

1.  
Writing a summary of an essay should shed the light on both your main idea and the most important supporting idea. All detailed explanations, data and sources are less likely to be involved in.

 

2.  

If you have paraphrased, that means you have been able to understand those main ideas, whilst rephrasing them by using different sentences. So tutors will notice that you have understood the theories and practice of the subjects.

Ex 4
A. In source test 1, the noun phrase 'two worlds' has been replaced by 'developing and developed nations' to make a contrast in the sentence. Changing the word 'medicine' to 'health programs' comes after, whilst retaining the same meaning. 

B. The word form of verb 'like' has been modified to a adverb 'such as', whilst the same meaning is retained.

C.Due to these changes, the paragraph structure has been rearranged. Initially, two worlds have been explained in order by identifying the phrase respectively.

Ex 6
1. 
The increased number of nets have been used to prevent malaria, rose from 3 percent to 50 percent between 2001 and 2011. Consequently, this has contributed to a decrease in the fatal cases by 25 percent in affected areas.

2.
"Many fatal malaria sufferers are unable to take part in businesses and investments. As a result, the shortage of workforce is likely to hinder economic development. "

3.
In addition, not only the infected emplyees' recovery time is about weeks, but also long-last malaria symptoms will come after. 

1. The summary should shouter and include the most critical information expressed in the article, as well as some important supporting points.

2. Paraphrasing helps students understand the main idea of the passage, and explaining the passage by their own words allows the tutor to know what the content students understand.

 

Exercise 3

a. This sentence was explained by its own words, but the sentence structure and grammatical style have hardly changed.

b. In this sentence, some of sentence words that can be changed are changed and the sentence structure and syntactic style are almost different.

C. In this sentence, it's just that the order of the narration has changed, and other elements have not changed much.

 

Exercise 4

A. The order of information has been altered/sentence structure has been changed

B. Synonym/sentence structure has been changed

C. The order of information has been altered/word order has been changed/Synonym/sentence structure has been changed

D. word order has been changed/Synonym

E. active voice has been changed passive voice

F. Synonym/word order structure has been changed

G. word form has been altered/word order structure has been changed

H. Synonym/word order structure has been rearranged/phrase has been changed/word form has been altered

 

Exercise 5

1. In the period 2001 to 2011, the consumption of nets increased form 3 percent to 50 percent in influenced places. in the meantime, the quantity of fatal malaria situation declined by 25 percent.

2. In the end, the spread of malaria has slowed economic growth in many places. Companies are unlikely to invest when employees are likely to be sick.

3. In addition, the result is a decline in physical labor after the patient recovers and the symptoms of malaria usually last long time.

 

Exercise 6

1. In some countries, health education programs can help people reduce their risk of CVD and AIDs.

2. In some poor areas, clean water and proper sanitation can prevent many infections.

3. In one part of Nigeria, oral rehydration therapy is a simple procedure that does not require complex medical equipment, it reduced death of rate for diarrhea, but such treatments as malaria and hepatitis have not been found.

4. In developed countries, the medical conditions, cost of health care and services has increased as people live longer.

 

Exercise 7

In the above example, the summary only involve a few key words in the article, without corresponding supporting sentences such as the case of asthma. In addition, this summary uses the previously mentioned retelling method, without changing the meaning of the original text, but changing the order to make the whole look simple.

 

Exercise 10

In a world where many languages have developed, languages can help people understand each other better. People have long wanted to build a universal language that everyone can speak and understand, which helps countries work together.

 

Exercise 11

In modern life, it is important to have a unique advantage over other competitors. Some researchers point out that increase customer satisfaction is a significant factor to rise profit, market share and customer loyalty in retail industry. If store provides better service, it can has greater competitive advantage.

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1、 In a summary, those contents that are closely related to writer’s purpose are included. In other words, the main ideas in source text will be selected while irrelevant details and some examples can be omitted. 

2、 Paraphrasing can help avoid plagiarism and it is the indication of a complete understanding of source text, because the paraphrased sentences are rewritten in different structures and grammatical style with different words and phrases. 

 

Exercise 3

The second sentence is reasonable, as all information from source text is well included in it with totally different words, structure and grammatical method. The first one still has utilized similar approach to organize words and phrases, although it has changed some words. As for the third one, the order is different from the original one but similar words and grammatical styles have been used.

 

Exercise 4

Sentence A: Its order has been changed and synonyms such as “differ considerably” have been used.

Sentence B: Synonyms (“like” and “such as”) have been employed. 

Sentence C: The order of this sentence has been altered to the beginning. There are some words and phrases substituting those with similar meaning in original one such as “developing world” and “developing nations”. 

Sentence D: The order has been altered and “the provision of healthcare” has been used to substitute for “healthcare systems”.

Sentence E: The order has been changed and active voice has been switched into passive one. 

Sentence F: “United States” has been replaced by “the US” and the order has been changed.

Sentence G: Noun phrase “health insurance provision” has been utilized as synonym and the order has been put at the beginning of the sentence.

Sentence H: Passive voice has been switched into active one and synonym “substandard medical treatment” has been used. 

 

Exercise 5

1. “Between 2001 and 2011, the use of nets in affected areas rose from 3 percent to 50 percent. During this period, the number of fatal malaria cases dropped by 25 percent.” 

The amount of deaths from malaria reduced by a quarter from 2001 to 2011, while much more people in infected regions utilized nets at the same time. 

2. “Finally, widespread malaria depresses all areas of economic development. Businesses are unlikely to invest in countries where employees are likely to become ill.” 

Countries with citizens who are prone to contract malaria fail to receive investment from companies and these countries’ economy can be obstructed by this disease affecting a broad range of areas. 

3. “Furthermore, the symptoms of malaria often linger for years, making physical labour difficult long after the patient has recovered.”

If manual workers have been infected by malaria, they will suffer from years’ difficulty of working after this disease being cured because of the long-lasting consequence of it. 

 

Exercise 6

1、Citizens in lots of countries have learned the danger of CVD and AIDS through health-education programmes. 

2、Water without pollution and equipment keeping living environment clean can stop a lot of communicable diseases from spreading; therefore, approaches like these can be more successful in combating fatal diseases because people in developing regions do not have enough money to pay for medical cure. 

3、Medical staff belonging to a district in Nigeria helped reduce the number of the dead caused by diarrhoea by more than four fifths through acquiring the knowledge of an easy medical method named oral rehydration therapy (ORT) which does not need dedicated medical apparatus or unaffordable medicine. 

4、Compared to the younger generation, senior citizens who incline to frequently need medical help and treatment contribute a lot to the increase of healthcare expense in most of developed countries. 

 

Exercise 7

First of all, the summary is much shorter than the source text because it has left out most of details and examples in the original one, only remaining the critical ideas. For instance, both of the explanation of how asthma affects human’s breathing system and the description of two kinds of the disease has been omitted. Secondly, synonyms such as “not contagious” “some people” and “reduce this risk” have been employed to substitute the counterparts in original text. 

 

Exercise 10

A language that can be used globally has been wanted for a long time since diverse languages result in communication obstacles. The supporters for this idea believe that countries can be closely linked and friendly to each other. 

 

Exercise 11

As the benefits from different prices is disappearing, companies in the retail trade turn to another strategy of helping consumers acquire enjoyable shopping experience, whose effect of making profits has been acknowledged by lots of scholars and the commercial world. Consumers will develop a sense of allegiance to the company if they have got good experience of consumption from it. 
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1.       I think a summary should contain the key information from the text.

2.       Because it allows students to show that they have understood the ideas which they have read.

 

Exercise 2

B

A and C are similar to the original text, while B changes a lot from the text and gets the key information. 

 

Exercise 4

A altering information order in paragraph; synonyms; transforming sentence structure

B synonym

C altering information order in paragraph; synonyms; rearranging word order in sentences; transforming sentence structure

D restructuring noun phrases; synonym

E switching between the active and passive voice; synonym

F synonym; rearranging word order in sentences

G rearranging word order in sentences; modifying word forms

H rearranging word order in sentences; transforming sentence structure; synonyms; switching between the active and passive voice

 

Exercise 5

1.       During the period 2001 and 2011, in regions the number of people who use nets increases dramatically, at the same time the number of people died from malaria has a 25 percent drop. 

2.       In high infection rates regions, companies are not willing to invest which can have an impact on the economy. 

3.       The patient usually suffers from malaria for a long time, and has difficult doing physical labor even if he is cured. 

 

Exercise 6

1.       Programmes designed to educated populations about AIDS and heart diseases have already proven to be effective. 

2.       Improving sanitation and providing clean water are two ways in which the spread of certain diseases can be stopped. 

3.       After oral rehydration therapy, the number of people who died from diarrhea drop dramatically. 

4.       Healthcare is needed more often by the older, and in developed nations people usually have long lives, which lead to the grown in healthcare cost. 

 

Exercise 7

The summary contains the key information of the text and does not contain the details, and it uses different sentence structure and words, so it looks different to the source text. 

 

Exercise 10

People from different countries separate from different languages. For many years, a universal language is expected to break the barrier in many fields between countries, such as culture, economy and relationship. 

 

Exercise 11

Now price is not the advantage in selling competition and companies turn to customer satisfaction and service quality. Profits, market share and customer loyalty would increase if this worked, and the companies would be most profitable. 

 

zuxnyn@163.com

1. In my opinion, a summary should contains the key information which you want to use from the text rather than every detail.

2. Paraphrasing is important because students use their own words and sentences to explain the writer's idea, and it proves that they have understood the ideas.

Exercise 3

A. In this paraphrase many words have been changed. However, the sentence structure and grammatical style are still the same.

B. In this paraphrase many words, the sentence structure and grammatical style have all been changed.

C. In this paraphrase sentence structure has been changed, but some words and the grammatical style are still the same.

Exercise 4

Sentence A: The information order has been altered. The synonyms has been used. The sentence structure has been transformed.

Sentence B: The synonyms has bee used.

Sentence C: The information order has been altered The word order has been rearranged. The sentence structure has been transformed. The synonyms and antonyms have been used. Sentence D: A noun phrase has been restructured and a synonyms has been used.

Sentence E: The active voice has been switched to passive voice.

Sentence F: A synonyms has been used.

Sentence G: A word form has been modified.

Sentence H: The sentence structure has been transformed. Synonyms and antonyms have been used. The passive voice has been removed.

Exercise 5

1. From 2001 to 2011, in infection regions, with the rapidly increasing use of net, there was a quarter decrease in death rates from malaria.

2. In areas where citizens have a high probability of getting malaria related illness, companies are avoid investing there and it leads to a bad influence on the country's economic growth.

3. Due to the continuous effect of malaria related diseases, patients realize that it is not very simple to work for a long time.

Exercise 6

1. Health related programmse have successfully educate citizens about CVD and AIDS in several countries.

2. Providing clean water and improving sanitation can lower down the infection rates for many disease.

3. After the use oral rehydration therapy (ORT) that does not rely on complex medical equipment and high-priced medicine, death rates form diarrhoea dropped dramatically by more than 80% in one region of Nigeria.

4.Due to the increase in life expectancy, the number of people requiring medical treatment has risen. As a result, the expense of healthcare has also growth.

Exercise 7

Compared to the source text , the summary only contains the key information, and a lot of examples and detailed information have been removed. However, the meaning has not been changed.

Exercise10

Communicating with others mainly depends on language. Nevertheless, a large number of barriers are produced by different languages. Therefore, some people believe that setting one universal language could make countries closer and increase good feelings among them.

Exercise 11

Due to the intense competition, stores especially hyperstores have lost the competitive advantage of low price. Therefore, other methods should be implemented, including a good quality service to make people feel satisfied and a unique competitive strategy. These two methods are effective to increase company profits.

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b. Compared with the original sentence, it uses different words and sentence structures. but its meaning is still the same as the original one.

c. Although the structure is changed,  the grammar and the vocabulary not change so much. 

Exercise 5
1.In the past ten years between 2001 and 2011, in regions with high infections disease rates, net use increased dramatically and the death rate of malaria was decreased. 

1. In a summary, there should have some key words that can easily tell the main idea. And some specific details can be omitted.   

2. Because it can help us transfer the information from other sources into our own words in order to express our views that we want to share in the writing. 

Exercise 3

Sentence B is acceptable.

The only difference in sentence A is some words are changed, but the sentence structure is mainly as same as the original one.

Sentence B not only the words which have their synonym have been changed, but also the sentence structure is different from the original one. 

Although the syntactic structure of sentence C has been changed, but most words still has been remained.  

Exercise 5

1. The consumption of nets increased from 3percent to 50 percent in the influenced places in the past ten years from 2001 to 2011. At the same time, the death rate of malaria reduced by 25 percent.

2. At last, the spread of malaria influences the economic growth in all places. It is impossible for companies to invest in those areas where workers will be ill.
3. In addition, malaria’s symptoms always last for a long period of time, and these will make it become hard for the works to do the manual labor. 

Exercise 6

1.  Health-education programmes about CVD and AIDS are popularized in some countries in order to reduce risks of the diseases.

2. Improving sanitation or providing clean water can be a more effective way to reduce the infectious diseases in some poor places, because they can not afford the expensive costs for the medicine.

3.  The death rates of diarrhoea dropped dramatically in a area of Nigeria by just using Oral rehydration therapy(ORT). 

4.  The medical conditions, cost of health care and services has increased as people live longer in developed countries.

 

Exercise 7

The summary just has the key points left by using some simple words and the detailed information are omitted.

Exercise 10

 In order to let people get others’ points directly among the world, people dream of setting an unified language that all people can speak it although they are from different nations. In addition, it will also increase the good will and make the cultural and economic ties even more closer.  

. 

Xu Huibo
971847639@qq.

1. The summary should include only the main ideas and what appear to be the most important supporting ideas. Very small details can be ignored, and usually detailed examples can also be ignored.

2. This proves to your tutor that you have actually understood those ideas.

 

Exercise 3

a. Some words have been changed in the sentence, but the sentence structure and grammatical style are almost same.

b. In this sentence, almost all words have been changed and the sentence structure and grammatical style is very different.

C. In this sentence, some words have been changed, but most of them are still similar while grammatical style is still same too.

 

Exercise 4

A. The sentence structure has been changed

B. Synonym is used.

C. The order of information has been altered/word order has been changed/Synonym/sentence structure has been changed

D. None phragh structure has been changed/Synonym

E. Active voice has been changed to passive voice

F. Synonym is used

G. Word form has been altered

H. The word order in the sentence has been rearranged / the sentence structure has been transformed / synonyms and antonyms have been used

 

Exercise 5

1. From 2001 to 2011, the consumption of nets increased form 3 percent to 50 percent in influenced places. in the meantime, 25 percent of death caused by fatal malaria was reduced.

2. In the end, the economic depression is the result of the spread of malaria. Commercial faced its dilemma of investing areas where employees were likely infected.

3. In addition, labors may remain their discomfort for physical work because the symptoms of malaria usually last long time.

 

Exercise 6

1. Health education programs can help inform people risk of CVD and AIDs.

2. Clean water and proper sanitation can prevent many infections in poor area.

3. In one part of Nigeria, oral rehydration therapy is a simple procedure that does not require complex medical equipment but reduce 82% of death rate.

4. The rising population, cost of health care and health care needs has increased as people live longer.

 

Exercise 7

The summary include the key information to explain the asthma, without example and detailed analysis of the disease. In addition, summary did not change the content but altered the order of the information and switch words with similar nouns and, but changing the order to make the whole simple.

 

Exercise 10

languages can help people understand each other better in the contemporary world. People have long wanted to build a universal language that everyone can speak and understand, which helps countries work together.

 

Exercise 11

It is important to be distinct for corporations in modern competitive society. Some researchers point out that increase customer satisfaction is a significant factor to make larger profit, market share and customer loyalty in retail industry. If store provides better service, the company may remain advantageous in the market.

lidowang
464790843@qq.com

 

As is the definition of the summary shown, it contains the most important information of the original text. I will extract the key information and eliminate some unimportant information when I summarize.

 

 

Paraphrasing means that u can manage to use your own words to retell the writer's ideas in a different way. The ability of paraphrasing shows that you fully understand the original texts and ideas demonstrated in the passage. So it's important in academic writing. Besides, creating summaries occurs when a writer plans to extract the useful information from large number of resources.

 

Exercise 3 :B

Exercise 4:

Text1: A the sentence structure has been transformed and the use of synonyms B:the use of synonyms Cthe sentence structure has been transformed 

 

Text2: D the use of synonyms E: The active voice is altered to the passive voice

 

Text3: F:the use of synonym G: the structure of words have been transformed. H:the sentence structure has been transformed and the use of synonyms and antonyms.

 

Exercise 5

1.The amount of fatal malaria cases dwindled by 25 percent insomuch as nets are used in affected districs increasing from 3percent to 50 percents between 2001 and 2011.

 

2.widespread malaria will hinder the development of economy    at length in consequence that investors won't develop businesses in affected and risky countries.

 

3. it's not easy to notice having the malaria only after ages and it also requires a long-term recovery.

 

Exercise 6

 

Extract3

oral rehydration therapy (ORT) learned by local health workers in one area of Nigeria, is simple and doesn't need complex hospital equipment and costly drugs. Because of that, deaths slump by 82 percent from diarrhea, whereas other diseases such as malaria and hepatitis, haven't found such a simple treatment with very high death rates.

 

Exercise 7

 

it extracts the most important information and paraphrases some certain words to show the main ideas in a very concise way.

 

Exercise 10

 

Individuals communicate mainly through language, whereas different languages hinder understanding among people. so one universal language is expected and regarded as motivation for closer communication between culture and economics.

 

Exercise 11

 

 The fierce competition today disable stores to attract customers by favored price since it has reduced the difference in pricing. And one of the strategic methods, concentration on customer gratification via offering high quality service, makes a big triumph by showing improved profits.

 

1. You should contain only the key information which you want to use from the text rather than every detail.

2. Paraphrasing is essential because it allows you to support and strengthen your arguments and show that you have understood the ideas. When summarizing the same skills are used as paraphrasing in that it is important to change the wording whilst retaining the same meaning.

 

choose B

My personal answer: The likelihood of recovery for a patient who suffers from malaria will be greatly increased if he/she is diagnosis and treat as soon as possible, although prevention is more easier and cheaper.

 

1. A: altered information order in sentences; transformed sentence structure; used synonyms.

  B: used synonyms.

  C: altered information order in sentences; used synonyms and antonyms; transformed sentence structure.

2. D: restructured a noun phrase.

  E: switched between the active and passive voice.

3. F: used a synonym; rearranged word order in the sentence.

  G: modified a word form; rearranged word order in the sentence.

  H: transformed sentence structure; restructured a noun phrase; removed the passive voice.

 

1. From 2001 to 2011, a 25 percent drop of fatal malaria cases happened due to the increasing use of nets (from 3% to 50%) in influenced areas.

2. As a result, the development of economy in all areas is limited by a wide range of malaria because businessmen are reluctant to employ illness workers.

3. Besides, the difficulty of physically-labor is caused due to a long period from malaria, although the patient has regained recovery.

 

1. Health-education programs are beneficial because plenty of countries have succeed in lowing the risk of CVD and AIDS, 

2. Prevention methods of reducing disease rates, including clean water and adequate sanitation, are more realistic as high-cost of medical treatment is unaffordable in poor areas.

3. In some cases, without complex hospital equipment and expensive drugs, simple treatment methods can also be effective. For example, in one area of Nigeria, local health workers were only taught with how to use ORT, and the number of deaths from diarrhea dropped by 82%.

4. The main reason why wealthy nations rise their expense of health is that older people are likely to require the healthcare system equipment frequently for surviving into their eighties and nineties.

 

When summary the whole paragraph, you need to find out the key sentence and key words in sentences without details, description and instances. Finally, using your personal expression to connect the important and related information, but ensure that your sentences do not change the original meaning of source text and do not add any new ideas.

 

The diversity of languages among different countries has been a barrier for communication, so the pursue of universal language is not stopped due to benefits of world-wide connection of culture, economy and good will. (34 words)

 

Large price differentials have been lost gradually in retailing, so their competition have changed to the outside mechanisms for a competitive edge. Customer satisfaction, one of their strategies, focus on high service quality to improve profits, increased market share and customer loyalty. Finally, competitors become failed in customer switching behaviors due to poor service. (54 words)

 

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1.     A summary should include the main ideas and only the key information rather than every detail. Some less important details and examples can be left out.

2.     Because it allows students to use their own words and sentence structures to support and strengthen their arguments. And they are able to clearly show to tutors that they have understood any items which they have been asked to read.

Exercise 3

Sentence B is acceptable. Because the sentence structure, the grammatical style and words are all different from those of the original.

In sentence A, it just has changed the words, but the sentence structure and the grammatical style are almost same as the original.

In sentence C, most of the words and the grammatical style of the two halves of the sentence are still the same. 

Exercise 4

Sentence A: The order of information in the paragraph has been altered / the sentence structure has been transformed / synonyms have been used

Sentence B: Synonyms have been used

Sentence C: The order of the information in the paragraph has been altered /the sentence structure has been transformed / synonyms and antonyms have been used

Sentence D: A noun phrase has been restructured

Sentence E: The active voice has been switched to the passive voice / a synonym has been used

Sentence F: The word order in the sentence has been rearranged / a synonym has been used

Sentence G: The word order in the sentence has been rearranged / a word form has been modified

Sentence H: The sentence structure has been transformed / synonyms and antonyms have been used / the passive voice has been removed

Exercise 5

1.     In the past decade from 2001to 2011, the fatal malaria rate experienced a quarter decline. Meanwhile , the consumption of nets in infectious area saw a increase of 47 percent.

2.     At the end, nations that experience a economic recession resulted from the dissemination of malaria are not possible to win the investment from entrepreneurs, because these workers are more easily infected.

3.     In addition, if manual workers suffer from malaria, it would take several years to be cured due to the long-lasting impact of it.

Exercise 6

1.     A large amount of citizens are conscious of the danger of CVD and AIDS due to the great impact of health-education programmes in many countries especially in these less educated and wealthy.

2.     Methods like prevention other than treatment are more realistic in poor areas where people can not afford medical fee. This is because if clean water and adequate sanitation are available, many infectious diseases can be prevented.

3.     In some cases, effective treatments are quite simple in contrast with malaria or hepatitis. For instance, the death rate of diarrhoea saw a 82 percent decline.

4.     The reasons of the increasing healthcare costs in developed countries are different from the developing ones. That is because the elderly pursue a longer live expectancy.

Exercise 7

The summary only contains the main ideas and the key information rather than every detail. Some less important details and examples are left out. When we summarize, the source text need to be paraphrased and reduced, so summary is shorter than the source text. But we should not change the meaning of the source text or add new information in the summary.

Exercise 10

People communicate through language which has often been a barrier since they can not understand. Thus, people have dreamed of setting up a universal language for many years that could shorten distance between each other.

Exercise 11

The increasingly intense competition make organizations and companies searching for a strategic uniqueness since they no longer have pricing advantage. One of the strategy is to increase customer satisfaction through a focus on service quality. If successfully applied, companies providing high service quality will earn more profits.

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1. in my mind, a good summary means that it involves key information and expresses the writer’s main ideas concisely. Actually ,there is no need to write some very details.

2. Paraphrasing means that you are supposede to use your own words and sentence structures to express ideas. Beforing you doing this, you’re required to make sure that you have alreadly understood this text totally.

 Exercise 3
a. In contrast, this sentence structure is almost the same as the original one and only some words are substituted.
b. In this sentence, all words are changed as more as possible and sentence structure and grammatical style are different from the original one.
c.Some words have been changed,but most of all are same as the original one. Grammatical style of two halves of sentence are still the same.
Exercise 4 

1. A: altering information order / transforming the sentence structure /using synonyms (thus, both types, differ considerably).
B:using synonym (such as).
C: altering information order / rearranging words order in the sentence/ transforming the sentence structure /using synonyms and antonyms (developing nations, prevent, diseases). 

2.D:using synonyms / restructuring noun phrase

E: switching between the active and passive voice 

1. F:using synonyms(the united states , the US) /rearranging words order in the sentence

G::modifying words form(provision,is provided)/rearranging words order in the sentence

H:rearranging words order in the sentence / switching between the active and passive voice /  transforming the sentence structure/ using synonyms and antonyms (receiving, substandard, medical treatment)
Exercise 5
1. Death rate of malaria reduced by 25% during 2001 to 2011 and at the same time more individuals in regions with high infection rates were using nets.

2. The recession occured due to a lack of investment, and a high rate of malaria is the reason why businessman don’t choose these regions to develope companies.

3. Once a person has been infected by malaria ,there will be a long and tough time and he(she) cannot do any physical job before being cured totally.
exercise 6 
1. Health-education programmes about CVD and AIDS have been proven to be beneficial.
2.Developing Sanitation and proving clean water are two vital methods to prevent people from many communicable diseases.

3.oral rehydration therapy is a simple treatment without complicated medical equipment or high-priced pills. Despite this, death rates of diaeehoea decreased by 82% due to the wide use of this therapy.
4. There is a tendency to require healthcare services more frequently in many developed countries due to a growth in life expectancy. Consequently, healthcare costs has also increased drastically.
Exercse 7 

The summary only contains key information and main idea in a simple style. It is less specific and detailed. Besides, examples which explain similar symptoma are left out in this summary.
Exercise 10
Language is a main communication tool, but sometimes there exists a barrier between different languages. So people hope have a universal one which could make cultural and economic ties much closer and increase good will among countries.
Exercise 11
Nowadays, in order to attract customers, organisations are focusing on the satisfaction of customers and service quality rather than depending on large price differentials to distinguish them from intensive competition.These methods have been shown that can improve stores’ benefits.

zhuchunyingnb@yeah.net

using synonyms.

Exercise 5
1.The death rate of malaria disease decreased by a quarter between 2001 and 2011,while there was a significant increase of the net used in the places with infection from 3 percent to a half.
2.Consequently,the wide spread of malaria has a nagetive effect on the economic development in all the regions because of the illness of workers and the decrease of the investment.
3.In addition,the malaria makes the patinet difficult to work right away even if they have recovered.

Exercise 6
1.The health-education programmes have made more people to be aware of some severe diseases like CVD and AIDS.
2.The price of medical treatment is usually high for someone in poor areas,so it is better to make some measures to prevent the diseases.
3.The  oral rehydration therapy(ORT) only need some fundamental hospital equipment and medicine, and it can decrease the rate of deaths from the disease like diarrhoea by 82%.
4.In developed nations ,an increasing number of elderly people need more healthcare service,which causes the increase of healthcare costs.

Exercise 7
The summary is shorter than the original one, only includes some key information and removes some details, but the meaning is unchanged.

Exercise 10
The difference of language has become a barrier of commuication, so people are eager to set up a kind of universal language to enhance the relationship between different countries.

Exercise11
Organisations are searching for a competitive edge,which has eroded the pricing advantage to a extent.
At present,the higher 

service quality of companies is,the more profit the companies can acquire.


zhulh01@163.com

1. A summary should not contain all the information from an original article. How can you decide what information to include in a summary?

 When you write a summary, only the useful main idea and supporting example should be included in a summary, and some details information can be omitted. 

2. Why is paraphrasing important in academic writing and when creating summaries?

When you paraphrase, you try to use different words and expressions to rewrite the author’s intention. In this way, it can allow English learners to test themselves whether they can truly understand the text or not, and it can also help them integrate useful information from other texts into supporting their own arguments. 

Exercise 3

Treating malaria is more difficult and more expensive than preventing it, but early diagnosis and treatment are major factors in a patient’s chances of recovery.” 

Diagnosis and treatment of malaria at an early stage are essential in increasing the sufferer’s opportunities to recovery; however prevention is still easier and less-costly policy though.

 

Exercise 5

1. “Between 2001 and 2011, the use of nets in affected areas rose from 3 percent to 50 percent. During this period, the number of fatal malaria cases dropped by 25 percent.”
  The nets use of plagued areas grows from 3 percent to 50 percent on a 12-year interval of 2001 and2011. In the meanwhile, the death rate from malaria declined by25 percent.

2. “Finally, widespread malaria depresses all areas of economic development. Businesses are unlikely to invest in countries where employees are likely to become ill.”

Consequently, rampant malaria affects economic growth in all aspects. And countries with a high probability to contact this disease are not an optimal choice for doing businesses there.
 3. “Furthermore, the symptoms of malaria often linger for years, making physical labour difficult long after the patient has recovered.”

1. health-education programmes are beneficial. 

More programs of this type should produce even better results, especially if they are developed for less educated and less affluent social groups.

If more programs are initiated for the underprivileged social groups, it will lead to more fruitful outcomes.

However, this medication is often unaffordable for those living in poverty stricken areas. Thus, prevention is often a more effective approach, since many infectious diseases can be prevented if clean water and adequate sanitation are provided in particular areas.

Drug therapy is too expensive for the poor. In contrast, prevention strategies are more manageable to cure the disease, through the supply of clean water and better sanitation conditions.

In one area of Nigeria, deaths from diarrhoea fell by 82 percent after local health workers learned to use oral rehydration therapy (ORT), a simple treatment that does not depend on complex hospital equipment or expensive drugs. 

In one case in Nigeria, the death rate related to diarrhea dropped by 82 percent by using oral rehydration therapy which is quite simple that it does not rely on intricate medical facilities or costly medications.

4. the reasons for increasing healthcare costs in developed nations. 

Although costs have also risen in developed nations, this is for different reasons. In the majority of developed countries, people are surviving into their eighties and nineties. Since older people tend to require the services of the healthcare system more often than the young, healthcare spending has increased.

The elderly people, who live long enough to their eighties and nineties, demand more services from the healthcare system than the younger generation, therefore the cost has been on the rise.  

Exercise 7

The summary is much shorter than the original text. It does not change original meaning that is less specific or detailed. In addition, a lot of the examples have been removed in the summary regarding the symptoms of asthma. It tells us clearly what it is about and well convey the purpose of the author. It is important however to try and identify the key information and not to change the meaning or add new information, especially if your summary is being used as a citation. 

Exercise 10 (40 words)

Language is the main means of communication between peoples. But so many different languages have developed that language has often been a barrier rather than an aid to understanding among peoples. For many years, people have dreamed of setting up and international, universal language which all people could speak and understand. The arguments in favour of a universal language are simple and obvious. If all peoples spoke the same tongue, cultural and economic ties might be much closer, and good will might increase between countries.

   Diversified language hinders the communication among people instead. Therefore, a universal language which is ease to learn is needed. It can strengthen cultural and economic ties, and increase friendliness among countries.

Exercise 11  ‘competition in retail’ (60 words)

Today, more than ever, organisations are searching for a competitive edge, a strategic uniqueness, which will distinguish them from their competition.  In retailing, even huge hyperstores no longer have the advantage of large price differentials.  Intense competition has eroded this pricing advantage to a considerable extent, and stores have begun to concentrate on other mechanisms for achieving points of difference.  One of the strategic routes seen as an answer by many academics and practitioners has been an increased concentration on customer satisfaction, courting the customer through a focus on service quality.  If successfully applied, the approach has very frequently demonstrated improved profits, increased market share and customer loyalty.  Expressed simply, companies providing high service quality as perceived by their customers, tend to be the most profitable companies.  On the other hand poor service has been identified as the primary reason why customers switch to competitors.

    Competition in retail is intense. Even the big companies are losing their pricing edge and seek out for other strategies. One viable strategy is to focus on customers’ satisfaction by improving the service quality, which could enhance/boost profits, market share and customer loyalty.
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1. A summary introduces the main meaning of a text, so it must contain the key information, and small details can be ignored.

2. Because it is an effective way to show what we have learnt form  the text by using our own words to paraphrase while creating summaries.

Exercise 3

1. Most words of this paraphrase are changed, but the sentence structure is  similar to the original text.

2.  In this paraphrase, the writer use very concision and different sentence structure and grammatical style to show the understood of the article, so it is the most suitable paraphrase of the text.

3. Words and grammar of this paraphrase are almost the same to the original text.

Exercise 4

Sentence A: transforming sentence structure and using synonyms

Sentence B: using synonyms

Sentence C: altering information order in paragraph; transforming sentence structure; using synonyms

Sentence D: restructuring noun phrases

Sentence E: switching between the active and passive voice

Sentence F: using synonyms

Sentence G: modifying word forms; altering information order in sentence

Sentence H: altering information order in sentence; switching between the active and passive voice

Exercise 5

1. There is a 25% decrease in the number of fatal malaria disease, while the usage of nets dramatically increased in affected regions from 2001 to 2011.

2. The development of malaria affected countries’ economy is destroyed due to the lack of investments and employees.

3. In addition, the patient can not be easily cured since the treatment  of malaria is chronic.

Exercise 6

1. Health-education programmes are beneficial because it could have positive outcomes for deprived and impoverished communities, if they are informed of  risks of CVD and AIDS.

2. The medication of world’s deadliest diseases is expensive for poor patients, so people should make more efforts on the prevention, such as drinking clean water and building medical facilities.

3. Effective treatment methods of fatal diseases are found quite simple, because they can treat patients with rough medical facilities and affordable medicines, as the treatment of diarrhoea in Nigeria.

4. The enormous growth in population and patients generates increasing healthcare costs in developed nations.

Exercise 7

A good summery should express the key information of the text by using paraphrasing skills, and details and examples are not necessary.

Exercise 10

Language, as the main communication method, some people think it should be globalized, since it can promote countries’ development both on culture and economy level.

Exercise 11
Nowadays, the competitions in business are becoming more fierce, therefore, many different methods could be used to attract customs and make profits, for instance, companies provide the high quality service can satisfied clients rather than selling low price products with poor service.

2. Paraphrasing proves that you have understood what you have read.

Exercise 3
a. The sentence structure and grammatical style in the paraphrase retains the same as the original sentence, although it has replaced many individual words.
b. In this paraphrase, the words, sentence structure and grammatical style all are transformed and it has the same main idea as the original sentence.

c.The grammatical style is the same and little words have been changed, although the order of the original sentence has been changed in this paraphrase.

Exercise 4
1.
 A: The order of information in the paragraph has been altered / the sentence structure has been transformed / synonyms have been used 
 B: Synonym. 
 C: The order of the information in the paragraph has been altered / the word order in the sentence has been rearranged / the sentence structure has been transformed / synonyms and antonyms have been used 
2.
D: A noun phrase has been restructured / a synonym has been used 
 E: The active voice has been switched to the passive voice / a synonym has been used 
3.
 F: A synonym has been used / the word order in the sentence has been rearranged. 
 G: A word form has been modified/ the word order in the sentence has been rearranged. 
 H: The word order in the sentence has been rearranged / the sentence structure has been transformed / synonyms and antonyms have been used / the passive voice has been removed 

Exercise 5
1. The number of deaths from malaria has reduced by a quarter between 2001 and 2011 and at the same time the net use increased considerably in regions with high infection rates.
2. Companies are likely to avoid investing nations where workers have a high tendency to be ill, so a country's economy can be negatively affected by malaria.
3.In addition, the sequela of malaria will be retained for a very long time so the manual work isn't allowed in a short time though the infected people has been cured.

Exercise 6
1. Educational programs relating to AIDs and CVD have made great progress in many countries.
2. The provision of both hygiene conditions and clean water can reduce the rates of many illnesses.
3. Over 82 percent of deaths from diarrhoea have been reduced in one region of Nigeria by oral rehydration therapy which high-priced medicine or complex medical devices are not needed.
4.  In many countries, the growth in life expectancy has led to the rising need for healthcare sources because of the increasing patients. At a consequence, the healthcare expenditure has also increased.

Exercise 7
The summary should include the key information in the source text and do not add new information so that the measing isn't changed. Additionaly, some details and examples should be removed to make summary more concise.

Exercise 10
A universal language is needed to be identified to strengthen cultural, economic and good relationships  between nations. However, there are so many different languages which hinder the communication between people. 

Exercise 11
Stores need to find a competitive edge or strategy with the disappearance of pricing advantage which once possessed by supermarkets. One method which concentrating on customer satisfaction through quality service has been proved increasing company profits, market share and customer loyalty.

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2. This is a key skill in academic writing as it allows you to integrate information from other sources into your work in order to support and strengthen your arguments. Paraphrasing is vital because it allows students to show that they have understood any items which they have been asked to read. 

Exercise 3
choose b:
a. Using different words but the sentence structures and grammatical style are almost as same as the original one.

b. Using different words, sentence structures and grammatical style.

c. Using different words but the grammatical style are similar.

Exercise 4

Sentence A: altering information order, rearranging word order, transforming sentence structure, using synonyms 

Sentence B: using synonyms 

Sentence c: altering information order, rearranging word order, transforming sentence structure, using synonyms and antonyms

Sentence D: restructuring noun phrases, using synonyms

Sentence E: switching between the active and passive voice, using synonyms

Sentence F: altering information order, rearranging word order, using synonyms and antonyms

Sentence G: altering information order, rearranging word order, transforming sentence structure, modifying word forms

Sentence H: rearranging word order, transforming sentence structure, switching between the active and passive voice, using synonyms and antonyms

Exercise 5
1. The use of nets increased from 3 percent in 2001 to 50 percent in 2011 in these affected areas, and the figure of deaths from malaria decreased 25 percent during the period.

2. The economy of a nation will be restricted to develop in all fields by widespread malaria, because the investment of a corporation in these areas may cause their staff being sick.

3. During a long period, the patient will lose their physically be able to work after they recover from Malaria, because of the symptom.

Exercise 6
1. Telling people the risk of CVD and AIDS have advantages in health-education programmes

2. The rates of some infectious diseases can be reduced if we take some preventive measures, such as offering clean water and adequate sanitation in these regions.

3. In some cases, effective treatment methods are quite simple, such as the rates of deaths from diarrhoea reduced 82 percent after Nigeria health workers learned to use ORT.

4. The healthcare spending has increased in developed countries because more and more people in eighties and nineties who require the services of the healthcare system can survive.  

 
Exercise 7
The key information are not to be changed but the details and examples are be ignored.

Exercise 10
People who support using the same tongue think a universal language can make cultural and economic ties closer, and increase the good will between countries.

Exercise 11
At present, the competitive edge and the unique strategic make the less price differentials in retailing. So providing high service quality to their customers can attract customers and generate more profit.

974324930@qq.com

Exercise 1: 

1.A summary should conclude the main idea of this passage and main supporting ideas. 

2.Because you can prove that you have clearly understood authors’ ideas via your own words and sentences. 

Exercise 3: 

a. In this sentence, many individual words have been changed, but the sentence structure is similar with the original text. 

b. Both words and sentence structure are different from original text. 

c. what the sentence focus on is different from the original text. As a result, the meaning of these two sentences is not same. 

Exercise 5: 

1.       In the period 2001 to 2011,the death of malaria incidents declined by a quarter. At the same time, the nets use in regions with infection increased significantly from 3 percent to 50 percent. 

2.       If workers have the probability of becoming ill, entrepreneur will avoid to pour money in these areas so that malaria tend to deter the local economy from boosting. 

3.       It is hard for patients to work with physical strength after recovery in that the influence of malaria can last in a long time. 

Exercise 6: 

1.       Programmes concentrating on certain fatal diseases have achieved great success in many countries. 

2.       Providing better hygienic living conditions and clean water are both effective appraoches to reduce the infection rate. 

 

3.       Without costly medication and complicated medical devices, diarrhoea death rates still decreased by 82 percent due to application of oral rehydration therapy. 

 

4.       With the improvement of life expectancy, it leads to an increase of medical care costs due to the growing demand of healthcare service. 

 

Exercise 7: 

Summary is concise and informative, having conclude main points in the paragraph. It is much shorter than the paragraph. Furthermore, the summary has not been added any new information. 

Exercise 10: 

1.       People communicate via language, but diversified languages became a hindrance for further communication. Therefore, people are willing to establish a universal language to create a closer economical and cultural relationship and promote good feelings between countries. 

Exercise 11: 

Recently, competitive market has reduced the pricing advantage of hyperstores. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt a unique strategies and pay more attention to consumer satisfaction via service quality. Once companies apply these approaches properly, they will achieve a great profits. 

1. The summary should include only the main ideas and what appear to be the most important supporting ideas. 

2. We should use our own words and different sentence structures to explain a writer’s ideas. And we also need to show that we have actually understood those ideas. 

Exercise 3 

1. Many individual words have been changed, but the sentence structure and grammatical style are almost exactly the same as the original one. 

2. In this paraphrase all the words that could be changed have been changed. Both the sentence structure and the grammatical style have been changed. 

3. In this paraphrase most of the words and the grammatical style are still the same as the original one. 

 

Exercise 4 

SENTENCE A: The order of information in the paragraph has been altered  / synonyms have been used. 

SENTENCE B: Synonym. 

SENTENCE C: The order of the information in the paragraph has been altered / the word order in the sentence has been rearranged / the sentence structure has been transformed / synonyms and antonyms have been used. 

SENTENCE D: A synonym has been used. 

SENTENCE E: The active voice has been switched to the passive voice / a synonym has been used. 

SENTENCE F: The word order in the sentence has been rearranged  /  the word order in the sentence has been rearranged. 

SENTENCE G: The word order in the sentence has been rearranged. 

SENTENCE H: The word order in the sentence has been rearranged / the sentence structure has been transformed / synonyms and antonyms have been used / the passive voice has been removed 

Exercise 5 

1. With the widespread use of nets, the number of fatal malaria cases dropped by 25 percent between 2001 and 2011. 

2. Widespread malaria depresses all areas of economic development because of lack of investment. 

3. Even if the patient recovers, it's hard to work right away. 

Exercise 6 

1. Health-education programs about CVD and AIDS have been proven to be beneficial. 

2. Prevention is often a more effective approach when attempting to reduce disease rates. 

3. A simple treatment that does not depend on complex hospital equipment or expensive drugs. 

4. Since older people tend to require the services of the healthcare system more often than the young, healthcare spending has increased. 

Exercise 7 

The summary only contains some of the key information in the source text. The certain words have been paraphrased and reduced. But, it does not change the meaning. In addition, a lot of the examples have been removed. It is important however to try and identify the key information and not to change the meaning or add new information, especially if your summary is being used as a citation. 

Exercise 10 

People communicate mainly through language, but all kinds of languages make communication difficult. If all peoples spoke the same tongue, cultural and economic ties might be much closer, and good will might increase between countries. 

Exercise 11 

Companies that offer high quality service are often the most profitable in the eyes of their customers. And poor service is considered to be the main reason customers turn to competitors. 

1.After screening out the information which are not uncorrelated to the topic, I need to choose the key information which can contain articles’ main ideas.

2. Paraphrasing is a way to rewrite sentences by using different words and sentence structures, keeping sentences in same meanings. It shows that you understand all items completely. All in all, paraphrasing is a vital skill in academic writing.

 

Exercise 3

I think b is correct. In sentence b, all the words are changed but without meaning changing. On the other hand, both sentence structure and grammatical style are changed into other form. Sentence a just changes words and keeps the sentence structure and grammatical style in the same. Sentence c only changes the order of the two parts.

 

Exercise 4

Source Text 1

Sentence A: altering information order in paragraphs and sentences/transforming sentence structure/using synonyms 

Sentence B: using synonyms

Sentence C: altering information order in paragraphs and sentences/rearranging word order in sentences/ using synonyms and antonyms

Source Text 2

Sentence D: restructuring noun phrases/ using synonyms 

Sentence E: switching between the active and passive voice

Source Text 3

Sentence F: using synonyms/ rearranging word order in sentences

Sentence G: modifying word forms/ rearranging word order in sentences

Sentence H: rearranging word order in sentences/ transforming sentence structure/ using synonyms and antonyms/ switching between the active and passive voice

 

Exercise 5

1. The number of deaths from malaria dropped by 25 percent with the spread of nets (from 3 percent to 50 percent) between 2001 and 2011.

2. It causes the recession when companies avoid putting money into countries which suffer from the disease of malaria.

3. The influence of malaria could stay long for years and the labor force would in short supply even if the patients have recovered.

 

Exercise 6

1.A great number of people have awareness the risks of CVD and AIDS in many countries.

2.It would be a great way to prevent diseases by providing clean water and adequate sanitation.

3. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which is a simple treatment with lower expenditure, just depending on general hospital equipment and drugs, decreases the deaths from diarrhea fell by 82 percent in Nigeria.

4.The patients numbers experience a great rise by the ageing of population. Owing to this, the expenditure of healthcare grows up.

 

Exercise 7

Summary removes the amount of details and only show the core points, not changing the meaning or adding new information. The length of sentences would be shorten and the number of words would be reduced.

 

Exercise 10

Different languages often block countries and people to communicate well. It is great if all people use the same language. In this way, the communication of culture and trade among different nations would become more convenience and frequent.

 

Exercise 11

In this strong competition, retailers pay more attention on customers’ satisfaction through good quality service to increase company profit, rather than rely on lower prices alone to attract customer, especially in this background of huge hyperstores no longer having the advantage of large price differentials.

 

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1. Only the key information and main supporting idea should be included in the summary while some details can be ignored in it.

2. The ability to paraphrase a sentence can show that you have understood the meaning of the sentence.

Exercise 4

Sentence A: The order of information in the paragraph has been altered / the sentence structure has been transformed / synonyms have been used (thus, both types, differ considerably). 
Sentence B: Synonym (such as). 
Sentence C: The order of the information in the paragraph has been altered / the word order in the sentence has been rearranged / the sentence structure has been transformed / synonyms and antonyms have been used (developing nations, prevent, diseases).

Sentence D: Synonym

Sentence E: switching between the active and passive voice

Sentence F: The order of the information in the paragraph has been altered

Sentence G: switching between the active and passive voice

Sentence H: the word order in the sentence has been rearranged

Exercise 5

1. During the first decade of 21^st century, the number of using nets in affected areas had risen from 3 percent to 5 percent. At the same time, there was a 25 percent drop in the number of fatal malaria cases.

2. Consequently, the economy of all the areas has been depressed by widespread malaria because it is impossible for businessmen to invest in countries where people can get ill easily.

3. What’s more, even if the patient has recovered from malaria, it will still be hard for them to do physical labour for a long time.

Exercise 6

1. Better consequences must have been produced by more education programs.

2. If clean water and adequate sanitation are more available in special areas, there will be less infectious diseases.

3. After local doctors used oral rehydration therapy to treat diarrhoea in Nigeria, the deaths from this disease fell 82%.

4. Owing to the rising requirement of the healthcare system from old people to survive their eigthies and ninties, healthcare spending has increased.

Exercise 7

The summary only kept the main information and ignored the details about how Asthma affected breathing and the symptoms caused by Asthma.

Exercise 8

Considering the barriers caused by different languages, people want to create a universal language to make communication easier. In addition, it will make countries closer in culture, economy and kindness.

Exercise 11

Today, Companies are trying to find a strategic uniqueness that can make them win in competition. In retailing, stores has switched their focus to service quality to attract more customers.

1

1.       A summary is much shorter than the original and contains only the key information which you want to use from the text rather than every detail.

2.   Paraphrasing is vital because it allows students to show that they have understood the ideas which they have read.

It is very easy to simply copy the words or sentences of a writer; in fact, words can be copied extremely easily even if a student does not understand them.

By paraphrasing using different words and sentence structures, students are able to clearly show that they have understood any items which they have been asked to read.

 

5

1.The usage rate of nets grew dramatically from 3% to 50% in areas where people affected the disease, between 2001 and 2011. The figure for the cases of death from malaria saw a decline by 25 percent during the 10-year period.   

2. In the end, the investments are impossible to be put in those affected countries because employees can be infected. As a result , the spread of malaria pose a depression to the development of economy in affected counties.
 3. What’s more, as the influence of malaria usually last for a long time, it will be hard for them to do physical labour after the recovery from malaria.
6
1.    There have been much success in educating people about how risky is the CVD and AIDS in a great many countries.

2.    Another effective method to deduce the disease rates is prevention. As a result of clean water and hospitals are available for people, as a result, people can prevent a number of infectious diseases.

3.    Compared with some complex methods, in some cases, effective treatment methods are quite simple. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is such a simple treatment compared with those that rely on complex and expensive hospital treatment. For example, the proportion of deaths from diarrhoea saw a drop by 82% by using ORT in one area of Nigeria.

4.     The main reason for the increasing healthcare costs in developed counties is Population aging. Healthcare costs have grown quickly because the old need  the healthcare system more frequently than young people. 


10
Language is the main communication method between peoples. It will make people closer and easy to understand each other to use the same language around the world.

11
High level of service quality is the key to make companies distinguished from others and it is a good way to help them stand on a competitive edge.

 

While, if you are summarizing a number of texts or articles, you should running through all the texts, find the same or different points of view, and choose only a few supporting details to illustrate similarities or contrast.

 
Exercise 3
a. The sentence structure and grammatical style are almost the same as the original, although few words are changed.
b. All words are changed, and the sentence structure and the grammatical style are both very different from the original.
c. The main words and grammatical style of the two halves of the sentence are the same, although the order and some words of the sentence are changed.

Exercise 4
SOURCE TEXT 1: 
A: the information order has been changed in the paragraph; the sentence structure has been transformed; synonym (therefore-thus; have nothing in common-differ considerably) has been used.

B: synonym (like-such as ) has been used. 

C: the information order has been changed in the paragraph; the sentence structure has been transformed; the word order in the sentence has been rearranged; synonym (ping world-developing nations; illness-diseases; disappear-prevent) has been used.
SOURCE TEXT 2:
D: A noun phrase has been restructured / a synonym (the provision of healthcare - healthcare systems) has been used.
E: The active voice has been switched to the passive voice   (are being faced - are experiencing). 
 F: A synonym (United States - The US ) has been used / the word order in the sentence has been rearranged.
G: A word form has been modified (is provided - provisionion) / the word order in the sentence has been rearranged. 
H: The word order in the sentence has been rearranged / the sentence structure has been transformed / synonyms and antonyms have been used  (access to - receiving, quality - substandard, healthcare - medical treatment) / the passive voice has been removed (has also been reduced - receiving). 

Exercise 5
1. The number of using nets in areas of infection increased from 3 percent to 50 percent, and the death rate of malaria declined by 25 percent during the period 2001 and 2011.
2. Universal malaria eventually inactivated the economic growth around the world. It seems unable for corporate to make the investment of their businesses in nations where hirelings are possible to get the diseases.
3. Moreover, it is always hard for physical workforce to work for a long time even if they have gotten the recovery from the disease, because the premonitor of malaria always continue to exist for many years.

Exercise 6
1. Health-education for revealing the death rate of heart disease and AIDS have already been successful in most of countries.
2. Providing hygienic environment and clean water is accessible to intervene the spread of epidemic illnesses, because more practical method for disease is prevention.
3. It is not necessary for Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) to be implemented with costly medicine or synthetic medical equipment. Death rate of diarrhea in one region of Nigeria declined by 82 percent by using this method.
4. The patient in elder generation of eighties and nineties has risen inmost developed nations, which has increased the healthcare spending, because they have frequent needs for healthcare services.

Exercise 7
The summary includes the main idea of original text, although it is shorter than the text. In addition, less important words are left and no more information are added to the summary. Moreover, some sentence structure has been transformed, for example ‘Asthma is a serious condition which affects a person’s breathing.’ Finally, some synonyms has been used, such as avoidable has changed to reduce the risk.

Exercise 10
Language diversity has interrupted the smooth communication and cause misunderstanding among people from different countries. Worldwide and standardized language has been required to be created, because relationships in economy and culture from nations are likely to be much tightened.

 
Exercise 11
In order to let the customer in the market immediately identify the products, corporations are setting up their other competitive strategies expect low-pricing. The benefits, the percentage of sales in the market and the faithful customer will be risen, if the organizations satisfy the customers through improving their service system. Otherwise, the original customers tend to choose other substitutes.

 

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1.A summary contains only the key information which you want to use from the text rather than every detail.

2.Because it allows students to show that they have understood the ideas which they have read.This is a key skill in academic writing as it allows you to integrate information from other sources into your work in order to support and strengthen your arguments.

 

Exercise 3

A.Both of the sentence structure and grammar are similar to the original one.

B.In this sentence,many words,the sentence structure and grammar style have been changed so it is very different from the original one.

C.The sentence structure has been changed in this sentence but the words are still similar to the original one.

 

Exercise 4

A.altering information order in paragraph

B.Using synonyms

C.altering information order in paragraph  transforming sentence structure  using synonyms

D.Using synonyms

E.Switching between the active and passive voice

F.Using synonyms     altering information order in the sentence

G.Modifying word forms 

H.Using synonyms and antonyms    transforming sentence structure    Switching between the active and passive voice

 

Exercise 5

1.With the raise of dramatically using nets in influenced regions from 2001 to 2011,those who died from malaria decreased by a quarter.

 

2. Malaria has a negative influence on the development of economy in the countries where employees have a high risk to be affected so many companies invest in other countries.

3.It is common that malaria influences patients deeply and they feel difficult to work as usual even if they are cured.

 

Exercise 6

1.A number of nations have already had success in informing people about the risks of CVD and AIDS. 

A great achievement has been made in many countries and the danger of CVD and AIDS has been notified.

2.Thus, prevention is often a more effective approach, since many infectious diseases can be prevented if clean water and adequate sanitation are provided in particular areas.

There are 2 methods can be taken to stop the diseases by protecting water from being polluted and paying attention to the hygiene.

3.In one area of Nigeria, deaths from diarrhoea fell by 82 percent after local health workers learned to use oral rehydration therapy (ORT), a simple treatment that does not depend on complex hospital equipment or expensive drugs.

Without high-price device or medicines,oral rehydration therapy (ORT), a simple treatment ,made the fatal cases of diarrhoea decrease over 80 percent in one region of Nigeria.

4.Although costs have also risen in developed nations, this is for different reasons. In the majority of developed countries, people are surviving into their eighties and nineties. Since older people tend to require the services of the healthcare system more often than the young, healthcare spending has increased.

In developed countries,more and more people want to live longer,which results in the requirement of healthcare and the increasing costs.

 

Exercise 7

The summary contains only the key information and the length depends on the key information.Although the summary is brief ,the meaning is the same as the source text.In addition,synonyms have been used.

Exercise 10

Different languages create a barrier of understanding so someone suggests that people speak the same language to make culture and economy closer.

 

Exercise 11

In retailing,companies have paid attention to service quality rather than lowering prices.The higher service quality companies provide,the more profits they will make.

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Exercise 4

A: The information order has been altered; the sentence structure has been transformed; synonyms have been used.

B: Synonym has been used.

C: The information order has been altered; the sentence structure has been transformed; synonyms have been used.

D: Noun phrases have been restructured; synonyms have been used.

E: The active voice has been switched to the passive voice; synonyms have been used.

F: Synonyms have been used; the word order in sentences has been rearranged.

G: Word forms have been modified; the word order in sentences has been rearranged.

H: The passive voice has been switched to the active voice; the word order in sentences has been rearranged; synonyms have been used.

 

Exercise 5

1.The number of essential malaria cases declined by 25 percent from 2001 and 2011, meanwhile, the growth from 3 percent to 50 percent was experienced by the nets’ use in affected fields.

2. It seems that if the possibility of getting sick among the staff in certain countries is high, the investments will be lost and a country’s economy growth is affected negatively by malaria.

3. In addition, people who suffered malaria are not able to do some physical labour even though they has been cured.

 

Exercise 6

1. A majority of citizens have been educated and comprehended the CVD and AIDS clearly by the assistance of government.

2.The two ways to prevent or stop fatal diseases are providing clean water and improving sufficient sanitation.

3. Oral rehydration therapy which is applied by the local employers does not rely on the complex medical devices and high-priced medicines. 

4. In certain developed nations, the phenomenon of aging has been prevalent recently. Compared with young adults, country may be demanded to distribute more medical services to the elder so that the increasing of healthcare expense has experienced.

 

Exercise 7

In the above paragraph, the summary only contains some key words, such as ‘condition’, ‘severe and mild’, and ‘appropriate treatment’. In addition, the summary does not change the meaning of the paragraph, instead, it looks less specific and detailed. Also, the summary omits the citations.

 

Exercise 10

Although people need to communicate with others by language, considerable different languages have triggered a barrier. Some people argue that language communication is conducive to the culturally and economically development.   

 

Exercise 11
Nowadays, a strategic uniqueness has been more essential for enterprises in the market where fierce competition reduced the price’s influence among stores. Other approach is supposed to be implemented that focusing on the satisfaction of customers and the service of quality is wise by which stores could appeal to the customers.

 

1.The summary should conclude the main idea and the most important support ideas .some details usually chould be ignored.

2.In my mind, paraphrasing is a method to express my understanding of tutor’s idea.

 

Exercise 3

 

B is correct

Except b,the other two choices still have same words， grammatical style and sentence structure. 

 

Exercise 4

 

A.altering information order in paragraphs and sentences/transforming sentence structrue/using synonyms

B.using synonyms

C.rearranging word order in sentences/using synonyms/altering information order in paragraphs and sentences/transforming sentence structrue

D.restructuring noun phrases/using synonyms

E.using synonyms/passive voice

F.rearranging word order in sentences/using synonyms

G.rearranging word order in sentences/modifying word forms

H.using synonyms/altering information order in paragraphs and sentences/switching between the active and passive voice/transforming sentence structrue

 

Exercise 5

 

1.The usage rate of nets increased dramatically in affected areas from 3% in 2001 to 50% in 2011. At the same time, the death rate of malaria decreased by a quarter. 

2.The development of the whole world economy is limited by rapid malaria cause trade doesn’t want to carry on in areas where staffs easy to infect the disease. 

3.It is difficult for employees to recover from malaria even though they experience the disease for a long time.

 

Exercise 6

1.Health-education programs about CVD and AIDS have been proven to be beneficial for people who are uneducated.

2.prevention is good method to infect diseases rather than treatment cause a number of areas can’t afford medication.

3.In some cases,a treatment by simple operation can avoid deaths such as ORT for diarrhoea.

4.The reasons for increasing healthcare expenses are population explosion,patients boom and population aging.

 

Exercise7

Firstly,the summary just contain the key information in the source text.In addition ,the key words have been paraphrased.Finally,it keep the main ideas but remove the details and examples.

 

Exercise10

People communicate mainly through language; however,having so many different languages creates communication barriers.Some think that one universal language would bring countries together culturally and economically and also increase good feelings among them.

 

Exercise11

Nowadays stores cannot rely on lower prices alone to attract customers.Strong competition has reduced the differences in pricing that especially large hyperstores once had.Other methods are needed such as a unique competitive strategy or focus on the satisfaction of customers through quality service. Such approaches have been shown to increase company profits.

1. The key information you need should be included in a summary, such as main ideas and the major supporting ideas of these ideas.  

2. Firstly, paraphrasing allows students to give their own understanding of others’ ideas which they have read or known before, and express the opinions in their own ways. Secondly, it is easy to be considered as plagiarism if you paraphrase poorly. 

 

Exercise 3 

Answer: B 

Reason: 

Sentence A has a similar sentence structure as the example sentence, for example, they both start with “Treating malaria …”and have conjunctions like “but” and “however”. 

Different sentence structure and words are used in sentence B, so B is the most acceptable answer among these three paraphrases. 

Although the sentence structures are different between the example sentence and sentence C, the words used in sentence C are mostly similar to example sentence, so sentence C isn’t considered as the best answer. 

 

Exercise 4 

Paraphrase 1 

Sentence A: The information order in paragraph has been altered. The sentence structure has been rearranged. “Therefore” and “thus” are synonyms. 

Sentence B: The passive voice has been switched to active voice. “like” and “such as” are synonyms. 

Sentence C: The information order in paragraph has been altered. The sentence structure has been rearranged. The passive voice has been switched to active voice. 

Paraphrase 2 

Sentence D: Noun phrases are restructured, from “healthcare systems” to “the provision of healthcare”. 

Sentence E: The active voice has been switched to passive voice. 

 

Paraphrase 3 

Sentence F: “United States” and “The US” are synonyms. 

Sentence G: The word form has been modified, from “health insurance is provided” to “health insurance provision”. 

Sentence H: The passive voice has been switched to active voice, and the sentence structure has been transformed. 

 

Exercise 5 

1. The use of nets in affected places increase from 3% to 50% between 2001 and 2011. The amount of fatal malaria cases decreased by 25% during the period.
 2. In the end, all areas of economic development are influenced by widespread malaria. The countries with employees are able to be ill possibly won’t be invested by businesses.
 3. Furthermore, it’s a long time which patient has recovered to do physical labour, which caused by the symptoms of malaria. 

 

Exercise 6 

Extract 1: 

Health-education programmes in many countries are effective to let citizens realized the risks of CVD and AIDS. 

Extract2: 

Providing clean water and improving bettering living conditions are two realistic ways to prevent many infectious diseases. 

Extract3: 

Although, ORT is a simple treatment that does not rely on high-priced medicines and complex medical tools, it made the death rate dropped by 82% in one area of Nigeria. 

Extract4: 

In many developed countries, the elder citizens live longer and need more healthcare services, so the healthcare costs have risen considerably. 

 

Exercise 7 

The summary only contains key information and ignores specific examples and details. Consequently, readers can catch the main idea of source text easily. 

 

Exercise 10 

Language is the major medium in people’s communication. However, different languages have become a barrier to understanding others. Some people think setting up a universal language would make countries culturally economically and emotionally closer. 

 

Exercise 11 

Today, the advantage of low price has lost in retailing area. However, unique strategies such as providing high service quality, are competitive in markets.  
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1. It’s necessary for us to include the main or significant supporting ideas and to ignored small details.

2. It’s clearly show that we have already known a writer’s ideas when we are able to use our own words and sentence structures to explain these ideas.

 

Exercise3

b. If treatment can be provided very soon after the patient has contracted malaria, this greatly increases the likelihood that they will recover, although prevention is still the cheaper and easier method.

The words , the sentence structure and the grammatical style in this paraphrase are all distinct from the original.

 

Exercise4

Sentence A:The sentence structure in the paragraph had been changed.

Sentence B: Synonym 

Sentence C: The sentence structure in the paragraph had been changed.

Sentence D: A synonym has been used in the paragraph.

Sentence E: The active voice has been altered to the passive voice.

Sentence F: A synonym has been used.

Sentence G: The word order has been changed.

Sentence H: The word order and the sentence structure has been transformed; the passive voice has been cut off.

 

Exercise7

The summary only contains certain the crucial information and some words have been paraphrased and cut off , which can still keep the original idea. A series of examples also have been cut off. The above example keep the original information.

 

Exercise10

Language is important for peoples to communicate , but there are also different languages in the world. It is necessary to set up international language used by all people, which can improve cultural and economic ties, as well as good will.

 

Exercise11

At present, organisations are finding a competitive edge. There are different strategic routes , one of them is an answer of customer satisfaction and the another is poor service.

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1. The key information you need should be included in a summary, such as main ideas and the major supporting ideas.   

2. Paraphrasing allows students to give their own understanding of others’ ideas which they have read or known before, and express the opinions in using their own words and sentences. 

 

Exercise 3 

Answer: B 

Reasons: 

A: The sentence structure and grammatical style are almost the same as the original, although few words are changed, for example, they both start with “Treating malaria …”and have conjunctions like “but” and “however”. 

B: All words has been changed, besides, different sentence structure and words are used. 

C: Although the sentence structures are different, the words used are mostly similar.

 

Exercise 4 

Paraphrase 1 

A: The order of information has been altered. The sentence structure has been rearranged. “Therefore” and “thus” are synonyms. 

B: The passive voice has been switched to active voice. “like” and “such as” are synonyms. 

C: The information order has been altered. The passive voice has been switched to active voice. 

Paraphrase 2 

D: Noun phrases have been restructured, from “healthcare systems” to “the provision of healthcare”. 

E: The active voice has been switched to passive voice. 

 

Paraphrase 3 

Sentence F: “United States” and “The US” are synonyms. The order of words has been rearranged.

Sentence G: The word form has been modified, from “health insurance is provided” to “health insurance provision”. 

Sentence H: The passive voice has been switched to active voice. The sentence structure has been rearranged.. 

 

Exercise 5 

1.The number of using nets in infection areas increased from 3 percent to 50 percent, while the death rate of malaria declined by 25 percent during the period 2001 and 2011.

 2. Universal malaria eventually influenced the economic growth worldwide. It seems unable for corporates to make the investment of their businesses in nations where hirelings are possible to get the diseases.

 3. Even if the patient recovers, it's hard to work right away according to the long run of the symptoms of malaria.

 

Exercise 6 

Extract 1: 

Health-education programmes in many countries are effective to let citizens realized the risks of CVD and AIDS. 

Extract2: 

Providing clean water and improving bettering living conditions are two realistic ways to prevent many infectious diseases. 

Extract3: 

Although, ORT is a simple treatment that does not rely on high-priced medicines and complex medical tools, it made the death rate dropped by 82% in one area of Nigeria. 

Extract4: 

In many developed countries, the elder citizens live longer and need more healthcare services, so the healthcare costs have risen considerably. 

 

Exercise 7 

The summary only contains key information by using paraphrasing skills. Consequently, readers can catch the main idea of source text easily. 

 

Exercise 10 

Language is the major communication tool. Some people think setting up a universal language would promote countries’ developments in cultures and economics. 

 

Exercise 11 

Nowadays, low price has lost its advantages in retailing area. However, unique strategies such as providing high service quality are competitive in markets.  

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1.      The summary only contains the essential information rather than details, remaining the key ideas to support the topic sentences.

2.      Only by paraphrasing original text can you prove the fact that you have understood the ideas in the original sentences.

 

Exercise 3

B is the correct answer because paraphrasing sentence is written by using different words and sentence structures, whilst retaining the same meaning as the original.

 

a: The sentence structure in sentence A remains the same as the original one.

 

c: Although the sentence structure has been transformed and some words have been changed, there are still some words remain the same as the original one, and the grammatical style is similar.

 

Exercise 4

A: The information order in sentence A has been altered, the sentence structure has been transformed, and the synonym has been used.

B: The synonym has been used.

C: The information order in this sentence has been altered, the word order has been rearranged, the sentence structure has been transformed, and both of synonym and antonym have been used.

D: The noun phrase has been restructured and the synonym has been used.

E: The active voice has been switched to the passive voice.

F: The word order has been rearranged, and the synonym has been used.

G: The word order has been rearranged, and a word form has been modified.

H: the passive voice has been switched to the active voice, the sentence structure has been transformed, and synonyms have been used.

 

Exercise 5

1.      Thanks to the usage of nets in the areas with high infection rates, the number of deaths caused by malaria declined by 25% from 2001 to 2011.

2.      Companies avoided investing in countries with high possibility to suffer from malaria, so the local economy is damaged consequently.

3.      Moreover, even the malaria patient has recovered for years, they still aren’t able to do manual labour.

 

Exercise 6

1.      Being educated about health programmes, numerous people have successfully realized the risks of those fatal diseases.

2.      By providing clean water and hygienic condition, infection rates in those areas decreased effectively.

3.      Without sophisticated medical devices and unaffordable medicine, Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is effective in preventing diarrhea. The availability of it is proved by the local people in Nigeria since the death rates declined by 82%.

4.      Due to the aging of the population in developed countries, the demand for healthcare services have risen, which consequently led to an increase of the healthcare expenditure.

 

Exercise 7

Compared to the original one, the summary removes certain details and specific examples, only retaining the essential information to ensure the meaning is unchanged. Meanwhile, the sentences have also been paraphrased to make the summary smooth and coherent.

 

Exercise 10

Although language is a communication tool, linguistic differences sometimes hinder effective exchange. Thus, some people consider that universal language can strengthen the global economic cooperation and cultural exchange, promoting harmony among countries.

 

Exercise 11

Nowadays, without pricing advantages, enterprises (including retail industry) pay more attention to unique strategies to differentiate them from others among intense competition. The one proposed by numerous people is supplying considerate service to attract and keep customers. Once it implements smoothly, enterprises with superior will dominate the market and get generous profits.

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1. The summary should include only the main ideas and what appear to be the most important supporting ideas. 

2. We should use our own words and different sentence structures to explain a writer’s ideas. And we also need to show that we have actually understood those ideas. 

Exercise 3 

1. Many individual words have been changed, but the sentence structure and grammatical style are almost exactly the same as the original one. 

2. In this paraphrase all the words that could be changed have been changed. Both the sentence structure and the grammatical style have been changed. 

3. In this paraphrase most of the words and the grammatical style are still the same as the original one. 

 

Exercise 4 

SENTENCE A: The order of information in the paragraph has been altered  / synonyms have been used. 

SENTENCE B: Synonym. 

SENTENCE C: The order of the information in the paragraph has been altered / the word order in the sentence has been rearranged / the sentence structure has been transformed / synonyms and antonyms have been used. 

SENTENCE D: A synonym has been used. 

SENTENCE E: The active voice has been switched to the passive voice / a synonym has been used. 

SENTENCE F: The word order in the sentence has been rearranged  /  the word order in the sentence has been rearranged. 

SENTENCE G: The word order in the sentence has been rearranged. 

SENTENCE H: The word order in the sentence has been rearranged / the sentence structure has been transformed / synonyms and antonyms have been used / the passive voice has been removed 

Exercise 5 

1. With the widespread use of nets, the number of fatal malaria cases dropped by 25 percent between 2001 and 2011. 

2. Widespread malaria depresses all areas of economic development because of lack of investment. 

3. Even if the patient recovers, it's hard to work right away. 

Exercise 6 

1. Health-education programs about CVD and AIDS have been proven to be beneficial. 

2. Prevention is often a more effective approach when attempting to reduce disease rates. 

3. A simple treatment that does not depend on complex hospital equipment or expensive drugs. 

4. Since older people tend to require the services of the healthcare system more often than the young, healthcare spending has increased. 

Exercise 7 

The summary only contains some of the key information in the source text. The certain words have been paraphrased and reduced. But, it does not change the meaning. In addition, a lot of the examples have been removed. It is important however to try and identify the key information and not to change the meaning or add new information, especially if your summary is being used as a citation. 

Exercise 10 

People communicate mainly through language, but all kinds of languages make communication difficult. If all peoples spoke the same tongue, cultural and economic ties might be much closer, and good will might increase between countries. 

Exercise 11 

Companies that offer high quality service are often the most profitable in the eyes of their customers. And poor service is considered to be the main reason customers turn to competitors. 

1. The most important information and the main ideas should be included.

2. Because it can make others know that you have totally understood the points from the writer’s words.

a.  The sentence structure and grammatical style are same like the original.

b.  The sentence structure, grammatical style and words are all changed.

c.  The main words and grammatical style of the two halves of the sentence are same  like the original.

 

A: the information order has been changed; the sentence structure has been transformed; a synonym has been used.

B: synonyms has been used. 

C: the information order has been changed; the sentence structure has been transformed; the word order in the sentence has been rearranged; synonyms have been used.

D: a noun phrase has been restructured; a synonym has been used.

E: the active voice has been switched to the passive voice;  a synonym has been used. 

F: a synonym has been used;  the word order in the sentence has been rearranged.. 

G: a word form has been modified;  the word order in the sentence has been rearranged. 

H: the word order in the sentence has been rearranged;  the sentence structure has been transformed; synonyms and antonyms have been used;  the passive voice has been removed. 

 

1. The number of deaths from malaria has reduced by a quarter between 2001 and 2011 and at the same time the net use increased considerably in regions with high infection rates.

 2. Universal malaria eventually influenced the economic growth worldwide. It seems unable for corporates to make the investment of their businesses in nations where hirelings are possible to get the diseases.

3. In addition, people who suffered malaria are very likely to do little manual work even though they have been cured.

 

1. Educational programs relating to AIDs and CVD have made great progress in many countries.

2. The poor can not afford even very simple medicines for deadline diseases.

3. It is not necessary for Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) to be implemented with costly medicine or synthetic medical equipment. Death rate of diarrhea in one region of Nigeria declined by 82 percent by using this method.

4. In many countries, the growth in life expectancy has led to the rising need for healthcare sources because of the increasing patients. At a consequence, the healthcare expenditure has also increased.

 

The summary includes the key information in the source text. In addition, details and examples are left. And some synonyms has been used. No new information is added and the meaning of the source text is not changed.

 

People communicate by languages but it is difficult to understand others who speak different languages. So people have dreamed to use a universal language to tie culture and economic.

 

Nowadays stores cannot just rely on lower prices to attract customers, it also need to concentrate on quality service. It have been shown to increase company profits.

najlawxy@163.com

1.    When you read a  summary, it is important for you to decide your main idea. Detailed information from an original article is unnecessary, while that information that is closely connected to the content you want to show is the necessary part to be included in your summary.

2.    If you have the ability to paraphrasing, then you can organize contents in your own way and avoid being regarded as a copy. What’s more, paraphrasing help you in creating summaries.

 

Exercise 3

a. Treating malaria is more challenging and costly than stopping it; however, early identification and treatment are significant factors in a sick individual’s likelihood of being cured.

In this one, the structure is almost the same as the given information.

b. If treatment can be provided very soon after the patient has contracted malaria, this greatly increases the likelihood that they will recover, although   prevention is still the cheaper and easier method.

In this one, a different style is used. Although many places have been changed and it looks like totally another sentence, it provide the same meaning as the given example.

c. Although early diagnosis and treatment are major factors in a patient’s likelihood of recovery, treating malaria is more challenging and expensive than preventing it.

Although many words are changed by another words, it remains the same grammatical style as the given example.

 

 

Exercise 4

1.    Sentence A: Synonyms such as  ‘thus’, ’ both’, ’differ’. The information is arranged in a different order. 

     Sentence B: Synonym

 Sentence C:  Synonyms such as ‘unable’, ’common’. The information is arranged in a different order. 

2. Sentence D: Synonym (the provision of healthcare)

Sentence E: the active voice is changed to the passive voice

3. Sentence F: Synonym

    Sentence G: the verb is switched to an noun.  

Sentence H: the passive voice disappear. Synonym (receiving, substandard, medical treatment). The sentence structure is rearranged.

 

Exercise 5

1.    During a decade starting from 2001, nets has been dramatically increasing from 3 percent to a half. In the meanwhile, people suffering from deadly malaria are three fourths of pervious cases.

2.    Consequently, many processes of economic development in every field have been slowed greatly by the widespread malaria. For these countries where their employees are possibly getting sick, it is hard to get investment from business.

3.    In addition, the symptoms of malaria often linger for many years, so that after the patient has recovered, there is still a long term before they can return to physical labor.

 

Exercise 6

1.    Health- education should be putting into these people who are poor and lack basic education, by doing so it will produce great result. In fact, it shows that great success has been achieved in telling people about CVD’s and AIDS’ danger.

2.    Although medication for curing many deadly diseases is really useful and cheap, its price is still big pressure for poor families. Therefore, methods to prevent these diseases are better choices, which include providing clean water and adequate sanitation.

3.    Although simple treatment has not yet been found for complex situations, such as malaria or hepatitis, the mortality rate is still high. However, in a district of Nigeria, the mortality rate of diarrhoea dropped by 82% after using oral rehydration therapy (ORT) by the local health workers association. It is a very simple treatment which does not rely on complex hospital equipment or expensive drugs.

4.    In developing countries, the sharp increase in medical costs is due to the increase in population and the increase in the number of patients. But in developed countries, the cost of medical expenses is rising for different reasons. In most developed countries, people live in 80s and 90s. Because elderly people often need more health care services than young people, health care spending is also increasing.

 

Exercise 7

Only main ideas are remained. Many detailed sentences and examples are removed. Although many things have disappeared, the meaning is still the same and  there is no additional new information. 

Exercise 10

Language is the main means of communication  People have dreamed of setting up an international, universal language.The advantages for doing so are simple. If the same tongue is used by all people, relationship between countries will be  much better.

Exercise 11

Today, organisations are searching for a competitive edge. In retailing, the advantage of large price differentials is no longer useful. Many academics and practitioners think that customer satisfaction is a better goal to be pursed. By achieving this, it will benefit from many improved profits. Simply, companies providing high service quality to their customers tend to be the most profitable companies.  

E-mail: amaryillis@outlook.com

1.When creating a summary, one should choose the key information which is useful on his purposes, and most of details can be ignored.

 

2.The reason for this is that you can use others ideas with your own words and write what you read to support and strengthen your article. If you don't need all the information, you can choose what is useful by summarizing them.

A.     information order in paragraphs and sentences is altered/ sentence structure is transformed/ synonyms are used

B.      synonyms are used

C.     information order in paragraphs and sentences is altered/ sentence structure is transformed/word order in sentences is rearranged/ synonyms are used

D.     noun phrases are restructured/ synonyms are used

E.      active voice is switched/ synonyms are used

F.      synonyms are used / word order in sentences is rearranged

G.     word form is modified

H.     word order in sentences is rearranged/sentence structure is transformed/ passive voice is switched/ synonyms are used

Exercise 5
1.    The number of deaths from malaria decreased by a quarter in affected regions during the period from 2001 to 2011 and at the same time there was a significant rise in the use of net.

 

2.Since countries where people are at high risk of getting malaria are unable to attract economic investment, the economic growth will eventually be deterred in these affected areas.

3.In addition, long after the treatment of malaria, the patient would have difficulties in manual work because the negative impact of malaria usually remains for years.

Exercise 6

6.1 Source Text

A number of nations have already had success in informing people about the risks of CVD and AIDS. 

Paraphrase :

The increasing awareness about the danger of CVD and AIDS among people through educational programmes has bring benefits to a number of countries. 

 

6.2 Source Text

Thus, prevention is often a more effective approach, since many infectious diseases can be prevented if clean water and adequate sanitation are provided in particular areas.

Paraphrase :

The approach to prevent diseases by providing clean water and abundant sanitation in highly infected areas can be more effective than treatment.

 

6.3
Source Text：

In one area of Nigeria, deaths from diarrhoea fell by 82 percent after local health workers learned to use oral rehydration therapy (ORT), a simple treatment that does not depend on complex hospital equipment or expensive drugs. 

For example, after ORT, a simple treatment that does not rely on complex hospital equipment or expensive drugs, was applied by local hospital staffs in one region of Nigeria, the deaths from diarrhea dropped dramatically by 82%

 

 

 In the majority of developed countries, people are surviving into their eighties and nineties. Since older people tend to require the services of the healthcare system more often than the young, healthcare spending has increased.

Because the cost of healthcare are commonly occur in people’s old age, the majority of developed countries where people live much longer have huge burdens on healthcare system.

 

 

In the example, the writer only summarizes the main information and cut down the irrelevant details. Some phrases and words are rephrased, which become more concise.

Language is the main tools of communication, while too many languages will become communication barriers. Therefore, many people believe that having a universal language will make countries culturally and economically closer and enhance good feelings among them.

 These days, companies are making effort to become unique among their competitors. One effective method other than a lower price is providing high service quality, which make companies most profitable. In contrast, companies with poor service are unlike to attract customers.

 

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exercise5
1.The proportion of using Nets in places where suffer affection rose almost 17 times to 50 %from 2001 to 2011,and the proportion of people’ death for malaria declined to 25%.
2.Consequently, malaria is prevalence all over the world ,slowing the developing of economy. People doing business do not pour funding into countries where the most of labour are suffered this disease.
3.In addition, the influence of people recovered from malaria will keep long time,and this can lead to the problem of lack of employees.
exercise6
1.Health education programs inform the knowledge about CVD and AIDS, benefiting people, especially,for them from less-educated and less-wealth background.

 
2.The method of prevention is more realistic for people lived in poor area, if they have clean water and enough sanitation ,the rate of death may reduce.

 
3.In Nigeria,the introduction of oral rehydration therapy in hospital saw a decrease to 82% in  diarrhoea death rate.

 4.In developed countries, the frequence of using medical care in people in their 80-90 increased.so the costs in this area also increased.

 exercis7
In the source text， i find it has 4 sentences, which same as sentences in summary. The construction of this summary is key information in the original material.for example,in the start, it is a simple definition of this disease,in other words, the purpose of this details is to describe it can affect people’ health.without this phrases,complex or compound sentences ,we can also understand the key idea of this material,but if we want to deeply know this diseases ,we should it.

 exercise10
The developing of different languages is a barrier in communication among people. for many years,people dreamed of setting up a universal language,and if all the people speak it in various areas,it can benefit both countries.
exercise11
Organisations today are searching different ways for purpose of standing out among competitor.intense competition in retailing fore stores to focus on other mechanisms.one of it is customer satisfaction , if doing this method successfully,a company tend to be the most profitable company.

 

2. It is really important, because you should use your own words and reorganize the sentences to explain writers' ideas to proves to your tutor that you have actually understood those ideas.

Exercise 3
Answer: b
a. In this paraphrase many individual words have been changed, but the sentence structure and grammatical style are almost exactly the same as the original. 

b. In this paraphrase all the words that could be changed have been changed. In addition, the sentence structure and the grammatical style are both very different from those of the original. 

c. In this paraphrase although the two halves of the sentence have been flipped and some of the words have been changed, most of the words are still the same and the grammatical style of the two halves of the sentence are still the same. 

Exercise 5
1. Between 2001 and 2011, the use of nets in affected areas rose from 3 percent to 50 percent. During this period, the number of fatal malaria cases dropped by 25 percent.
 
2. In the end, all ares of the development of economy are influenced by malaria which is widely spread.Businesses are unlikely to invest in countries where employees are likely to become ill.

3. In addition, the symptoms of malaria often linger for years, making physical labour difficult long after the patient has recovered.

2. It can prove that you understand this article or all the information completely.And you can use your own words or sentences to explain what you read.

 

Because almost every words have been changed. The sentence structures and grammatical style also have some adjustments.What’s more,the original meaning is still there after these changes.

Option a: Just change some words.No changing in  sentence structures and grammatical style.

Option c: Using different words but the grammatical style are similar.

Sentence A: altering information order, rearranging word order, transforming sentence structure, using synonyms 

Sentence B: using synonyms 

Sentence c: altering information order, rearranging word order, transforming sentence structure, using synonyms and antonyms

Sentence D: restructuring noun phrases, using synonyms

Sentence E: switching between the active and passive voice, using synonyms

Sentence F: altering information order, rearranging word order, using synonyms and antonyms

Sentence G: altering information order, rearranging word order, transforming sentence structure, modifying word forms

Sentence H: rearranging word order, transforming sentence structure, switching between the active and passive voice, using synonyms and antonyms.

 

1.In the past decade from 2001to 2011, the fatal malaria rate experienced a quarter decline. Meanwhile , the consumption of nets in infectious area saw a increase of 47 percent.

2.Because of the investment of a corporation in these areas may cause their staffs contract diseases, nations that experience a economic recession resulted from the dissemination of malaria in the end.

3.In addition, if manual workers suffer from malaria, it would take several years to be cured due to the long-lasting impact of it.

Exercise 6
1. Programmes that take healthcare education about CVD and AIDs have achieved great success in many countries
2. If governments want to reduce the rate of fatal diseases in poor places, the best way to take is building systematic sanitation rather than treatment.

3. In one part of Nigeria, oral rehydration therapy is a simple procedure that does not require complex medical equipment, it reduced death of rate for diarrhea, but such treatments as malaria and hepatitis have not been found.

4. In developed countries, the medical conditions, cost of health care and services has increased as people live longer.

 

In the above example, the summary only involve a few key words in the article, without corresponding supporting sentences such as the case of asthma. In addition, this summary uses the previously mentioned retelling method, without changing the meaning of the original text, but changing the order to make the whole look simple.

Although language is a main way for us to communication,different languages sometimes cause many troubles.Thus,someone think establish an universal language can promote the cultural and economic exchanges in the world

In modern life, it is important to have a unique advantage over other competitors. Some researchers point out that increase customer satisfaction is a significant factor to rise profit, market share and customer loyalty in retail industry. If store provides better service, it can has greater competitive advantage.

 

1. The information is decided by how much is useful for my purposes. A summary should contain key information and main ideas rather than every detail in order to support my arguments.

2. Paraphrasing is vital because it allows students to show that they have understood the ideas which they have read. This is also a key skill in academic writing as it allows students to integrate information from other sources into their work in order to support and strengthen their arguments. When summaries are more useful for one’s purposes, it is created. 

Exercise 3

I think b is acceptable because new sentence remain the same meaning but change the sentence structure and most words. Answer a just changed several words. Answer c just changed a few words and exchanged the order of main and subordinate clause.
Exercise 4

Source text 1

A: altering information order in paragraphs and sentences, transforming sentence structure, using synonyms

B: using synonyms

C: rearranging word order in sentence, transforming sentence structure, using synonyms

Source text 2

D: restructuring noun forms

E: switching between the active and passive voice

Source text 3

F: using synonyms

G: modifying word forms

H: using synonyms, rearranging word order in sentence, transforming sentence structure

 

Exercise 5

1. Quantities of death cases from malaria decreased by a quarter from 2001 to 2011. At the same time and impacted place, the rate that people using nets increased by 47 percent

2. Eventually, malaria causes that companies invest some countries impossibly, and then destroys economy in these countries where labors have high possibility to fall ill.

3. What’s more, it is difficult for manual works to recover from malaria thoroughly because the nature of malaria makes it relapsed.

Exercise 6

1. With the deep development of health-education programmers, the harm of CVD and AIDS has been known by more and more people.

2. Clean water and a favorable hygienic condition play realistic roles to restrain contagion, especially for poor people.

3. A simple treatment like ORT can reduce a given place’s death rate from diarrhea by 82% in Nigeria.

4. As life expectancy increase to more than 80, growing demand of medical care cause the increase of healthcare expense.

 

Exercise 7

The summary just contains key information and integrates them in three sentences without changing meanings. 

Exercise 10

Due to multiple languages have caused communication obstacle, some people think a unified language can bring more beneficial.

 

Exercise 11

Nowadays, companies want to stand out in the industry through distinct and competitive tactics. However, with decreasing of price advantage, customer satisfaction seems to play a more and more important role in competition.

bellawow99@yahoo.com

A.  Altering information order in paragraphs and structure 

1. The information included in a summary is decided by the using. If it is useful for the topic, it would be included.

2. In academic writing, paraphrasing means that the writers are familiar with the concept they use. Also, it can help the writers to avoid being accused of plagiarism. Similarly, in creating summaries, it also have the latter use.

 

Exercise 3

b

In sentence a, there are only some words are replaced. Conversely, the structure of this sentence is still the same.

In sentence c, the emphasis was put on the wrong part and this change the meaning of the original sentence.

 

Exercise 4

A. transform sentence structure/ using synonyms and autonyms

B. using synonyms and autonyms

C. rearrange word order in sentences/ using synonyms and autonyms

D. restructuring noun phrases/ using synonyms and autonyms

E. switching between the active and positive voice/ using synonyms and autonyms

F. using synonyms and autonyms

G. modifying word forms

H. transform sentence structure/ switching between the active and positive voice/ using synonyms and autonyms

 

Exercise 5

1. The figure for fatal cases caused by malaria decreased by 25% from 2001 to 2011 because of the increasing using of nets by 47% in relative areas.

2. As a result, the national economic development is depressed by malaria because no businesses prefer to recruit sick people and invest in these countries.

3. “Furthermore, the symptoms of malaria often linger for years, making physical labor difficult long after the patient has recovered.”

3. In addition, physical labor are still difficult for recovering patients for a long time because of the lingering of the symptoms of malaria.

 

Exercise 6

1. Health-education programs which are designed to help people who are less educated and poor can, to some extent, provide them from CVD and AIDS.

2. Methods other than treatment, such as prevention, are also useful to control the rates of disease. They are less expensive and efficient because simple actions such as providing safe water and sanitation can prevent a number of infectious diseases.

3. Some effective treatments are simple. For example, oral rehydration therapy (ORT) was used by health workers in Nigeria to reduce the death rates of diarrhoea by 82%.

4. The healthcare costs should be increased in developed countries because the elder in this countries can survive longer, and the healthcare services they used have increasd the expenditure of healthcare system.

 

Exercise 7

The summary only include the main information of the source text. It also changes long sentences into nouns or short phrases, but maintains the original meaning.

 

Exercise 10

Language is the means of people’s communication, but sometimes it is a barrier. Some people have dreamed of setting up a language which could be used by all the people in order to ties countries closer.

 

Exercise 11

Organizations in retailing are searching for a competitive edge to distinguish them from their competition because the advantage of large price differentials has disappeared. One of the strategic routes is increasing concentration on customer satisfaction. If successfully applied, companies providing high service quality as perceived by their customers, tend to be the most profitable companies.  

2. Methods other than treatment because of the cost. And provention is realist if people have enough water and Appropriate sanitation.

3. Some effective treatments are simple. However, we did not find these treatments for other difficulty problems.

4. The healthcare costs are increasing in developed societies because these citizens' longer lifespans.

Exercise 7
The summary only remains the main ideas and supporting ideas ,removing the details
Exercise 10

Language is the main means of communication but so many different languages prevent understanding among peoples. People want to invent an international language  then cultural and economic ties might be much closer, and good will might increase between countries.
Exercise 11
Today, organisations are searching for a competitive edge, a distinguished strategic uniqueness.Retailing focus on other mechanisms rather than large price differentials.

One of the strategic routes  is increasing customer satisfaction which can improve profits, increase market share and customer loyalty. While poor service is the primary reason why customers switch to competitors. 

1. The summary should include main ideas and the most important support ideas

2. It is a good way to show others that you already totally understood the ideas in the article.

a. It has the same structure and gramma with the original sentence.

b. It has the same meaning with original but the gramma, structure and words have been changed.

c. It only changed the sequence of the original sentence.

1. A: The sequence of information in the paragraph has been changed.

    B: The synonym was changed from like to such as. 
    C: The sequence of information in the paragraph has been changed.

2. D: The noun phrase ‘the provision of healthcare’ was changd into ‘healthcare systems’. 
     E: The passive voice ‘are being faced’ replaced the active voice  ‘are experiencing’.

3. F: ‘United States’ changed as ‘the US’.

    G: The sentence was modified to noun phrase.
    H: The sentence was modified to noun phrase.

1. From 2001 to 2011, regions with high infection rates has enlarged the usage of nets to a half percentage and the amount of patients has reduced by a quarter.
2. The popular of malaria can be harmful to local economy as no companies are willing to offer investment to the place that people are all patients.
3. In addition, manual labour is almost impossible for recovers from malaria even for years after the treatment.

1. Many educated programs about CVD and heart diseases for citizens were proved useful in countries.

2. Reducing the infection rates through some ways like use clean water and improve sanitation are accessible and effective.

3. Some basic treatment have no necessary to use high-technology facillities. Just ORT used in a region in Nigeria can save over a half from diarrhoea.

4. People in developed countries usually can live at least 80 years which lead them need to spend more money for healthcare than youngers.

Summary need to contain all the key information without changing the meaning and adding new information. And the other parts in text can be deleted.

Language is a tool used for communication but different languages divorce peoples. It will be much convenient for people all around the world say the same language.

Recently low price already lost its attractive for people in any place, but the high service quality is becoming a good way to appeal people.