Above Mastery TSW 3, 4 & 5:

7. A very brief summary of what the article is all about( 2-3 sentences) (TSW 3)

8. Brief reflection of the source. Is it biased? Toward which perspective? Who funded the source? What are your thoughts of it? (TSW 5)

   Is it credible, accurate and useful as a source for this research question? How do you know? (TSW 4)

   Does this source add to the variety of voices or points of view you’ve gathered in your research? How? (TSW 3)

   
   

1. Notes MUST be in your own words.

2. Notes must NOT be in complete sentences (unless it’s a direct quote).

3. Notes should be bulleted.

For example:

• Greenpeace monitors whale beachings

• Publishes data; since early 1950s

• Helps govts track whale deaths

Use only one or two direct quotes per source. You must note the writer’s/speaker’s name with the quote and place it in quotation marks.

For example:

“Greenpeace have faulted researchers in the past for making erroneous assumptions about the cause of whale beachings in the area.” — Sharon Cakes, author of article

• first line is all the way to the left

• lines after this for the same source are indented

• all are in alphabetical order by last name or title of article

• doubled spaced

• every part of the source is separated with a comma

• title of a book needs to be italics, as does magazine/newspaper/journal/website

• The “Title of the Article” is in quotation marks

• author last name always comes first

• Author, title of the article, title of website, dates all separated by commas with a period at the end unless you are providing the URL address

• if you have other authors--> write the first author last name, name and then write the other author’s name normally (ex. Smith, Stephen and Matthew Marino)

  
  

Use this guide to create signal verbs in your research paper.

2. "Out Front on Airline Safety: Two Decades of Continuous Evolution"

3.https://www.faa.gov/

4. N/A

5. 2 August 2018

6. 16 February 2025

7. The article covers the significant improvements made in avation safety in the recent decades, focusing on collaborative efforts, data analysis, and safety management systems. It then highlights how these improvements have contributed to making travel safer than ever today.

8. The article is not biased, but might be giving a positive view on aviation safety advancements. The fact that it is published by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) may show their goal in highlighting the efforts they do in the aviation safety domain. The article is funded by the FAA,a government agency, and is aimed at informing the public. Therefore this tells us that the article is not influenced by private industries. I believe this article is crucial for my research as it is very informative and provides a nice overview of the recent significant improvements in aviation safety. It has a lot of trusted data, which is crucial evidence that I can use to back up my research question. I deem this article to be highly credible, since it is published by the FAA, which employs professionals who are focused on ensuring that aviation regulations are followed and try to improve aviation practices. It is also based on research coming directly from a government agency, which ensures to me that the information is reliable. This makes it a crucial source for my research, and adds to my perspectives since it is the first source coming from a government perspective.

Today's technologies play a key role in improving safety throughout the aviation domain. As reported in an article by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) "the commercial aviation system in the United States operates at an unprecedented level of safety. During the past 20 years, commercial aviation fatalities in the U.S. have decreased by 95 percent as measured by fatalities per 100 million passengers." These results are due to numerous factors, but mainly from improvements in regulations, technolgies, and in the industry. It is also a result of the emphasis on proacitive safety strategies, which minimize the likelihood of fatal accidents. To get these results, airlines may also implement the Safety Management Systems (SMS). The SMS is a systematic and data driven approach to identifying and mitigating risks, before they escalate into serious incidents (Airline Safety...). Airlines do this through structured safety procedures, such as risk assemsments, reporting mechanisms, and continisouly monitoring operational hazards. SMS is obligatory for airlines, and is enforced by the FAA, to ensure that safety is integrated in all aspects of airline operations. This system has been proven to help airlines adress minor safety concerns before they turn into critical failures, in turn further preventing accidents. Similar to the SMS system, the industry now uses advanced data analysis. Airlines and aviation authorities rely on sophisticated data analysis tools, which helps detect patterns that could indicate emerging safety risks. Many systems contribute to this in-depth analysis. Technologies such as the Flight Data Monitoring (FDM) and Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing (ASIAS) allow airlines to collect and analyze flight data, which helps identify potential issues early (Airline Safety...). Real-time monitoring systems warn anomalies in aircraft performance, pilot behavior, and external conditions. This enables rapid correcting actions before they become dangerous. This approach in data analysis has led to a shift from reactive safety measures, to proactive risk management, therefore reducing the frequency of accidents. The industry has also played a key role in preventing accidents. The aviation industry has established strong bonds between airlines, manufacturers, and regulatory bodies, ensuring safety is top priority. Programs have also been put in place such as the Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST) which brings together key stakeholders. Together these stakeholders analyze safety data, and then proceed to reccomend improvements (Airline Safety...). Key players in the industry like Boeing and Airbus now work closely with airlines and the FAA to enhance aircraft designs, implement new safety technology, as well as refining pilot training programs. This constant exchange of safety information between airlines, regulators, and manufacturers ensures that best practices are shared across the industry, fostering a culture of safety (Airline Safety...).

It should be in MLA format and should include a Works Cited page at the end (as the last page).

Your draft should be at least 2,000 words long.

You should also put it into TURNITIN.com with the same file name

You should also put it into TURNITIN.com with the same file name

It should be in MLA format and include the Works Cited page at the end

• "Airline crashes are exceedingly rare events. In 2018, for example, according to the Netherlands-based Aviation Safety Network, there were 15 fatal airliner accidents, resulting in a total of 556 fatalities. But with 37.9 million flights worldwide. That works out to a rate of one fatal accident per 2.52 million flights" -Patrick J. Keiger

• Airline crashes are extremely rare

• Pilot error:

• incr. tech. makes easier for humans to make mistakes

• pilot error consists of 50% fatal crashes reasons

• often caused by carelessness in checklists

• Mechanical failure:

• more tech. that can break down

• Weather:

• more hazard. for small planes

• biggest contributors -> turbulence, wind

• Intentional:

• sabotage -> bombs, deliberate crashes (2001)

• suicide

• Other human mistakes:

• ATC, maintenance engineers, ground crew, runway obstructions.

According to Patrick J. Keiger, "airline crashes are exceedingly rare events". In 2018, for example, Keiger, a writer with the Netherlands-based Aviation Safety Network, says there were 15 fatal airliner accidents, resulting in a total of 556 fatalities. But with 37.9 million flights worldwide, that works out to a rate of one fatal accident per 2.52 million flights. There are many factors that may contribute to an accident, but a few stand out. Pilot error is the most common cause of accidents, consisting of 50% of the reasons for fatal crashes (Keiger). The increased technology now makes it much easier for pilots to make mistakes. Pilots may be also subject to carelessness when completing checklists, resulting in key safety aspects to be left out. Mechanical failure is often a common cause to accidents as well. Parts and technology can easily break down, if not taken care of properly. These parts also may not be subject to enough maintenance, and the isssue may not be adressed early on (Keiger). Weather is another contributor to these accidents, and can be more hazardous for smaller planes. Often times during critical phases of flight like takeoff and landing, these smaller airplanes may be subject to turbulences or winds (Keiger). In recent decades, another factor has emerged, the intentional one. Terrorists intentionally place explosive devices on aircraft, or commit acts of suicide, like during the Twin Towers Incident on the 11th of September 2001. These factors are the most important contributors to these accidents, among the many existing factors (Keiger).

OR

I can convincingly explain why my research question did not change and develop throughout my research.

Write your answers to the above here:

Throughout my research process and adventure on airline accidents, despite advancements in safety technology and measures, I found that there was no need to change or further develop my research question. This lack of change was due to the question being specific from the start. I knew that this question allowed an extensive and comprehensive exploration of the topic, and that the issue would be central to my investigation. My research question was very clear from the beginning: "Why do airline accidents still occur despite advancements in safety technology, and what measures are put in place today to mitigate those risks?" From the time I created this question, I knew that it would allow me to examine it in depth, and to view the multiple aspects of aviation safety. This helped greatly keep my research on track and allowed me to re-center if needed. Also, this question allowed me to be broad, while not overwhelming myself. This helped keep the research guided and relevant, allowing me to re-focus if what I was researching was not directly addressing my question. This broadness allowed the question to be flexible too, as I could explore various topics that I felt needed to be covered more in depth, while still constantly addressing the research question. To add on, the research question was also very relevant throughout. For example, the technological advancements and new safety advancements I researched further highlighted the importance of my initial research question. In a way the question served as guideline to what I had to analyze and forced me to condense the information I gathered from research into comprehensive and focused material. To conclude, the reason my research question did not change throughout my investigation is because it was made to be both clear and adaptable to the various topics I had. It provided me with a very strong base for my research that allowed me to explore various aspects of the issue in depth without going off track. The relevance of the question, and its alignment with my thesis made sure that no modifications were necessary. This consistency allowed me to have a focused and thorough investigation into the ongoing issue of airline accidents, despite advancements in safety technology.

2. "Cockpit Automation - Advantages and Safety Challenges"

3. https://skybrary.aero/

4. SKYbrary

5. 10 September 2024 (Found in page source)

6. 4 February 2025

7. The article covers the topic of automation in aviation. It mainly focuses on how automation has the potential to cause incidents when not handled correctly. It also covers how automation may result in an aircraft developing an unwanted state from which it is difficult or impossible to recover using traditional manual flying techniques.

8. I believe this article is not prone to being biased, as it is written by experts in this industry like Eurocontrol and other aviation organizations. However, potential biases could include an emphasis on safety concerns, as it may focus more on risks rather than the benefits of automation. However, my subquestion focuses more on the risk, so this is to my advantage. This source is credible, even though the lack of author may spark doubt. The lack of a singular author is explained by various facts. The author is Skybrary, who is managed by Eurocontrol which is a leading European aviation safety organization. This ensures that the work is produced by industry experts. Adding on, this platform's goal is to gather information from a multitude of sources, rather than a single author. This includes pilots, aviation professionals, and regulatory bodies. Lastly this article is supported by famous and reputable aviation organizations, such as the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Orgnization) and FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). This source adds to the various voices I have had in my research, since this is my first source written collectively, rather than by a single individual.

How has the role of human error evolved with the increasing automation of aircraft systems?

The role of human error has significantly evolved with the increasing automation of aircraft systems. The role of aircraft automation is to minimize common pilot errors by handling repetivtive and precise tasks. However this overeliance can cause the pilot to become poor in manual flight control ("Cockpit Automation..."). Furthermore, too much trust may be put in aircraft systems, causing a delay in response if things were to go wrong. Adding on, when pilots rely on automation, they may not be completely aware of the aircrafts surrounding, and lose their situational awareness. This switch to increased automation causes pilots to switch from active controllers, to system monitors ("Cockpit Automation..."). This increased automation also causes new types of errors, thay may be minsinterpreted by the pilot. According to the article "Cockpit Automation - Advantages and Safety Challenges" "automation may result in an aircraft developing an undesirable state from which it is difficult or impossible to recover using traditional hand flying techniques." Therefore, nowadays training must focus on automation management and manual flying recovery skills, in order to ensure safe flying of the aircraft.

2. "How Has Aviation Safety Improved Over The Years?"

3. https://simpleflying.com/

4. Simple Flying

5. 1 October 2022

6. 16 February 2025

7. This article covers the ways aviation safety has improved over the recent years. It does this in a structured manner, beginning the article with an example going against its claim, then it goes on to give evidence to support its claim. The article's evidence to support its claim are mainly new crash-prevention technologies, and rigorous safety guidelines that must be followed.

8. The article expresses a slight positive bias towards the aviation industry. It gives us a lot of information on how these new technologies and regulations have improved safety, but does not highlight the ongoing challenges faced by the industry. Simple Flying is not funded by a specific body or airline. Therefore this tells us that this is an independent media. The purpose of the Simple Flying media is to focus exlusively on commercial airline news, and provides news written by experts who rely on industry and airline reports, and aviation professionals. In our case, Mark Finlay has worked at Simple Flying for the past 7 years, with some of his work cited in Forbes along other publications. The author's extensive experience in the topic ensures credibility, and that he is knowledgeable on the topic. This article is useful for my research, since it gives me a broad perspective of these new technologies and regulations, while not diving into very specific details. This ensures that I only extract the most important and crucial facts to respond to my SubQ, without including statistics and facts that would not be as useful. However, if I were to need these specific facts I could always dive into documents from the FAA, ICAO, or NTSB, to complement my research. This source adds to the perspectives I have gathered, since it gives me an overall and balanced view on the question, coming straight from an aviation news organization.

2. "It's Personal, How To Fly Safely and Productively"

3. AOPA

4. Flight Training

5. 1 March 2022

6. 12 February 2025

7. This article covers memory joggers and techniques for pilots, that help adress and prevent upcoming risks during training. This memory jogger is called Pilot Aircraft VenVironment External pressures (PAVE).

8. For me, this source is not prone to being biased. It is written by aviation professionals to ensure the safety of other pilots. The perspective strongly emphasizes the importance of safety in the aviation domain. The AOPA magazine is funded by the membership's of its readers and advertisements present in the magazine. The AOPA foundation itself is a charitable organization. This source is particularly useful for my question, as it offers a very original approach to how pilot training can affect decision making during problems/failures, through the use of mnemonics. The credibility of the article is also evident due to the author. John W. Olcott is an airline transport pilot, CFII (certified flight instructor), and remote pilot, as well as former president of the National Business Aviation Association. Therefore, this ensures to me that this author is knowledgable and can be trusted for my research purposes. This source adds to the voices ive gathered in my research, since this is the first article ive gathered from a aviation-specialized magazine, giving me trust in trusting this magazine further for my research.

During pilot training, various measures are taken to address potential risks that they may be subject to. Since the pilot is the one flying the plane, he must take preventative measures to minimize risks. Acording to the FAA, "the pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final auhtority as to, the operation of that aircraft." Therefore, pilots must be able to adress these potential risks. Risks of flight come from four sources. The pilot, the aircraft, the environment and exrternal factors are all potential risks that must be adressed. To do this, pilots learn during training the PAVE mnemonic. The P in PAVE stands for perceive. This implies that the pilot must set realistic minimumus for his own wellbeing. For example, a pilot may feel competent to fly with a runny nose, but knows to draw the line when affected by a cold (Olcott). A pilot must set his limits, especially in commercial aviation where no flight and duty times exist. They must set boundaries during sleep and rest. Another boundary they must set is drinking limits. Pilots must not drink alcohol 8 hours before flying, and must have a alcohol blood concentration of less than 0.04% (Olcott). Food and fluid intake are immportant, and should be part of their personal checklist. The A in PAVE stands for airplane. The pilot musk ask himself questions before flying his airplane. Do I have enough experience in the specific airplane planned for the operation? Is the aircraft performance appropriate considering density altitude and my skill? Am I familiar enough with this type of avionics? These are questions the pilot must ask himself before flying, to ensure his safety and the safety of others (Olcott). The V in PAVE stands for environment. The pilot must actively analyze his environment before flying. He must set the correct route, analyze the terrain, and plan his operations accordingly depending on the time of day. The pilot must also analyze the weather, and define if it is safe for him to fly. This may depend on the pilot's rating, recent experience, and level of confidence. A correct knowledge of the environment defines how safely and aircraft will be able to operate (Olcott). Lastly the E in PAVE stands for external factors. The pilot's personality plays a significant role in his ability to resist external factors. It is what defines his ability to resist outside pressures and make good decisions. Peer pressure may also pose a threat to safety, as the pilot may be asked to do something that he may not be experienced enough to do (Olcott). The pilot's power in resisting external factors is what will define his aptness to fly safely and minimize potential risks.

2."Fatigue in Aviation: Safety Risks, Preventive Strategies and Pharmacological Interventions"

3.frontiersin.org

4. Frontier Media

5. 6 September 2021

6. 10 February 2025

7. This article covers the challenges in pilot fatigue, and the various complex causes that may cause this fatigue. It also adresses the performance degradation that this fatigue causes in an cause-effect format. The article ends by covering the reasons why this fatigue may be hard to regulate.

8. This source I found is from a platform where there are many peer-reviewed academic journals. For me the fact that it was a peer reviewed platform meant that it aimed to be objective and research-based rather than opinionated or biased. On the right side of the web page where the article is presented, it is listed who has reviewed the article and who has edited it, after the 4 authors wrote it. This is crucial, as it ensures credibility for me, and tells me that this is well suited for academic research, since professionals have looked over the document. This source is very useful for my research, as it has more than enough information on the causes and effects of pilote fatigue. This ensures I have enough to write about. This source taught me the skill of skimming/filtering, as it is a very long article, so I had to learn to extract the information most necessary to my SubQ, and filter out information unrelated to the SubQ. This source adds to the viewpoints collected earlier in this research, since this is my first source with a scientific and physiological viewpoint. The multitude of backgrounds that the authors come from is extremely important, and gives me a varied viewpoint. Some come from aviation bodies, while other originate from psychology and neuroscience backgrounds.

• Regula. challenges

• Flight time regul. exist to prevent extr. fatigu., but they do not comple. elimi. the risk. Some pilots may still experience fatigue due to factors beyond just flight hours -> personal sleep quality, stress, or commuting time before shifts

• Fatigue Risk Management Systems (FRMS) are in place to monitor and address pilot fatigue BUT these systems rely on self-reporting, which is not always accurate DUE TO concerns about job security or personal judgment.

• The avia. indus. struggles to balance operational demands (keeping flights on schedule) w/ the need to provide pilots with adequate rest.

  
  

  According to Yara Q. Wingelaar-Jagt et al. "fatigue in aviation results from a combination of sleep loss, extended wakefulness, circadian rhythm misalignment, and workload demands, all of which degrade cognitive performance and increase safety risks." This fatigue is not caused by a single factor, but rather by a combination of factors. Prolonged wakefulness during long flights can disrupt a pilot's circadian rhythim, and therefore lead to sleep deprivation. Along with this, the mental and physical workload during flying makes the combination of these factors diffulcult to find a "one size fits all" solution for this fatigue management (Wingelaar-Jagt et al.). Adding on, different pilots may experience fatigue diferently, as some pilots are more resilient than others, or might have different sleep habits. This fatigue has a heavy effect on performance degreation for pilots. It impairs cognitive function, attention, decision making, and reaction time which all contribute to an increased risk of pilot error. This repeated exposure to fatigue may lead to chronic fatigue. This type of fatigue then leads to an overall decline in health, which then affects long term job performance, and increases the likelihood of errors in high-pressure situations (Wingelaar-Jagt et al.). Fatigue in avation is also very challenging to regulate. Measures such as flight time regilation exist to prevent extreme fatigue, but they do not completely eliminate the risk. Some pilots may still experience fatigue due to factors beyound just flight hours, such as personal sleep quality, stress, or even commuting time between shifts. There are also programs put in place, such as the fatigue risk management systems (FRMS). This program is put in place to monitor and adress pilot fatigue, but this system relies on self-reporting, which is not always accurate. Often times due to concerns about job security or personal judgement. This is an ongoing struggle faced by the aviation industry. Trying to balance operational demands with the need to provide pilots with adequate rest (Wingelaar-Jagt et al.).

  
  

2. "The Role Of Air Traffic Controllers In Aviation Accidents: Responsibilities And Legal Implications"

3. barnettlegal.com

4. N/A

5. 21 November 2024 (Found in page source)

6. 29 January 2025

7. The article covers various topics relating to the role of air traffic controlers in commercial aviation. It begins by adressing their responsibilities, weaknesses, and the legal implications they may have in crashes. All of this backed up by infromation from the fedaral aviation administration.

8. When first discovering this source, I was skeptical that an attorney was writing the article that he would likely be biased and unqualified towards the topic. I thought that his position as an attorney would only highlight the negative sides of ATC, and not cover what I was looking for. However, upon research, this source prooved to be extremely accurate and useful for my subquestion. Upon researching the author, Jackson Barnett, I learned that he held his own private pilot's license, erasing my doubts about him being biased. This showed me that he had actual experience and time in the field, as the license is not easily obtainable, and requires extensive knowledge and communication with ATC. Adding on, when writing this article, the author used probably the best source he could have chosen, by using a manual from the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). By using this source to write his article, I can be extremely sure that his information is credible, since I know where it comes from. This source adds to the point of views I have had in my research, as I have not yet used information from an attorney, only a journalist.

Air traffic controllers (ATC) also play a pivotal role in preventing accidents. As said by Jackson Barnett, holder of a private's pilot's license says "air traffic controllers are entrusted with critical responsibilities aimed at maintaining safe air traffic operations." ATC plays a key role in providing clearances and instructions, for pilots to follow. To begin with, they ensure proper seperation between aircraft, in order to prevent collisions. Aircraft must maintain horizontal and vertical seperation, from instructions given by the ATC. ATC also overlooks flight operations through the use of radar and surveilance systems, and proceeds to intervene when poteletial conflicts arise (Barnett). This may include mid-air collisions, where ATC must alert the pilots immediately before they occur. ATC's role is also to provide pilots with radar traffic and safety alerts. They must warn pilots about potential hazards, such as other aircraft or birds. Responsibility is also held by them to issue emergency alerts in case of airspace intrusions or operational concerns. Additionaly ATC is responsible for monitoring weather conditions at all times, and track weather patterns that may impact flight safety. This may include storms, turbulence and heavy winds which all pose a threat to proper aircraft operation (Barnett). Therefore, they must comunicate critical weather updates to pilots, and assist them in making course adjustments based on weather conditions. Lastly, ATC holds the responsibility of coordinating operations with other ATC. This ensures smooth transition between different ATC areas, aswell as shared flight data with other controllers to maintain situatuanol awareness (Barnett). Together, they coordinate reroutes and adjustments, to prevent congestion or delays. Without ATC, aircraft would not be able to operate in a safe environment and accidents would be a much more frequent occurance, without the guidance of ATC.

2. "Exploring the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Aviation Safety: Enhancements and Innovations"

3. accaircharterusa.com

4. N/A

5. 1 July 2024

6. 14 February 2025

7. The article covers how AI is implemented in aviaton, and how it can play a key role in commercial aviation. It then goes on to cover the enhancements and innovations done by this AI. It also covers the various types of AIs used in aviation.

8. This source comes from ACC Aviation Charter, which is a company who is involved in commercial aviation services. It might have a little bias on only higlighting the benefits involved with AI, and not higlighting the potential risks that may be involved. But, for my SubQ, I only need to find how this AI has benefited, so it is not a problem. The funding of this source is quite interesting for my reasearch as it is funded by ACC Aviation Charter, which is a private aviation charter. This means that this promotion of AI advancements may be for an economic goal, to attract future customers. This article is credible, since it has been checked and approved by the National Buiseness Aviation Association (NBAA). Mike Jennings can also be trusted, since he has extensive experience in the aviaiton domain (approx 20 years), and writes monthly articles for ACC. This article adds to the perspectives of my research, since this article is written from the industry perspective, and is aimed more at making commercial profit. However, this source is very beneficial to my research, as it provides me with a complete picture of AI is used in aviation.

Artificial inteligence (AI) is alreading beginning to transform numerous industries, the aviation industry being part of this great transition. According to Mike Jennings, who has worked in the aviation domain for more than 20 years states; "the aviation industry stands at the forefront of adopting these cutting-edge technologies. Flight safety is a critical concern, where even minor improvements can yield significant benefits. AI applications range from predictive maintenance of aircraft to advanced air traffic management systems, all aiming to reduce human error and increase efficiency." AI has evolved greatly since its first introduction in aviation. Before, AI used to perform basic automation, such as autopulot. Now it is used for complex applications such as predictive maintenance, auntonomous aircraft operation, and even live safety monitoring. In the airlines, AI can yield a significant benefit in fuel optimization, flight scheduling and traffic managaement, which reduces delays and improves safety. In maintance, AI can detect defects in aircraft parts, that would otherwise not be visible to the human eye (Jennings). However, with all these uses in the aviation domain, the European Union Safety Agency (ESEA) emphasizes the use of AI to support human decisions rather than replacing pilots, ATC, and mechanics. AI in the aviation domain works using a mix of machine learning and data science, in order to make decisions. Machine leaning uses computers to learn from aviation data without direct programing. This machine learning then creates an algorithm, where it analyzes past incidents to predict potential risks. These predictions are then used to improve the responses for events like mechanical failures and weather disruptions (Jennings). Alternatively, data science relies on vast amounts of data, including maintenace logs, passenger data, weather reports and even flight recorders. The role of data science is to feed favorable data into AI, which enables accuration prediction and automatic decesion making to prevent accidents (Jennings). Together, data science and machine learning work together to prevent accidents. Examples of this collaboration can be seen in various instances. In AI weather prediction which helps pilot navigate unexpected weather, such as storms, high winds, and turbulence. In AI automatic pilot assistance where it helps prevent loss of control, which is one of the leading causes of aviation accidents (Jennings). These system and many other's main role is to analyze live flight data, which ensures a faster response to potential hazards leading to overall greater safety.

2. "What IT can learn from aviation safety"

3. bcs.org

4. N/A

5. 15 July 2024

6. 31 January 2025

7. The article covers how air crashes are investigated and discusses how lessons from that industry might be applicable when IT and AI projects experience disastrous outcomes. Focuses on what airlines do after crashes and what they try to do after they occur.

8. This article doesn't express any strong bias or promote a particular perspective but rather emphasizes the value of incident analysis in enhancing safety across the aviation industry. This source has an original point of view as it suggests that this approach could also benefit other industries, such as IT. I believe the source is credible, since Blay Whitby has expertise in the investigation of air crashes. He discusses the methodologies of these investigations and draws relevant lessons applicable to other fields, such as IT. His background and focus on safety and lessons learned from the aviation industry give us credibility to his insights

Studying and analyzing past accidents is crucial, in order to develop future safety methods. When analyzing an accident, the main focus is to learn from the incidents, and not to assign blame (Whitby). It is first needed to analyze these accident to find the causes. This is done through the in-depth examination of flight recorders, witness reports and maintenance logs. This then gives a rounded understanding of the factors causing the crash. After these factors are analyzed to find weaknesses and potential hazards, that must be prevented for future flights. There may also need to be updates in current training and regulations (Whitby). These regulaitons may ask for modifying procedures to enhance operational safety. This constant studying and analysis allows to boost the safety culture in the aviaiton industry. It not only promotes transparency but also learning from mistakes. In turn, it encourages staff to share safety concerns openly. It also reinforces the safety mindset to aviation personell. If needed, there may also be simulations made of the eventss, to keep ATC and pilots prepared for these situations (Whitby). Overall, the main goal is to implement improvements based on past finidings. Such actions drive innovation in aircraft design, and stimulation aviation bodies to revise their safety standards based on accident analysis.

2. "The Impact of Expert Maintenance on Airplane Safety"

3. https://www.spearmanaircraft.com/

4. Spearman Aircaft

5. 29 August 2024

6. 6 February 2025

7. This article covers the importance of professional maintenance in aircraft safety. It also gives us the effects of what this professional maintenance does to passengers, and the planes. It also includes an FAQ section, adressing possible questions.

8. This article may express a slight commerical bias, which would be towards emphasizing the importance of professional maintanence, which align with the company's services. The information provided is accurate and highlights valid points about aircraft safety, but it's important to recognize that the perspective may be influenced by the company's interest in promoting its maintenance services. However this source perfectly suits my subquestion, and after comparing this source with some from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the main points argued are accurate and valid. The author, James Spearman has extensive experience in the aviation domain. He is a pilot, FAA Inspector, FAA Ck Airman, FAA Airspace (Navaids) System Pilot, FAA AWO, prior Corporate Pilot, Retired US Army - CW4 (1993). This ensures that the writer has prolonged experience in this domain, and that he is knowledgable for the subject of which he wrote.

Modern aviation maintenance practices help reduce the likelihood of accidents significantly. Maintenance ensures that "every aircraft is maintained to the highest standards and is ready to operate safely," acording to James Spearman who holds prolonged experience working for the FAA. Aircraft maintenance has numerous benefits, in not only safety but for the airline too. With correct maintance, mechanical issues can be prevented. Parts like engines who are subject to wear and tear can be inspected regurlarly, and if needed replaced. This practice ensures that the aircraft is safe and efficient, and reduces the likelihood of in-flight problems, which may be catastrophic (Spearman). Maintance also increases the aircraft's reliability. It ensures that components and systems are functioning correctly, and that they are not prone to failure. Maintenance examines an entire airplane, from the landing gear all the way to the flight systems. By examining each component, maintenance experts can address problems before they affect the aircrafts performance, which in turn reduces the risk of problems in flight. This maintenance extends the aircraft's life as well. The constant service and inspection of parts keeps the plane in best conditions for a long time. It reduces cost for the airlines as well since there is no need for costly overhauls or replacements (Spearman). It also ensure the aircraft is available, as the less time it spends in maintence, the less delays it will experience. This helps prevent cancelations, delays, and other disruptions. Maintance also reaches beyond the aircraft's reliability, since it can significantly boost passenger trust. For a passanger boarding a well maintained aircraft, it give the assurance that the airline has take all requirements to ensure safety. Passengers are reassured if the airline is devoted to safety, which then promotes a positive flying experience (Spearman).

Answer your main research question with one to two sentences in the most succinct, general way here. This answer will then appear in your opening paragraph to quickly alert readers to your findings and your take on the research question.

Your thesis and paper indicate your formulation of a response or solution based on research of multiple sources. (TSW 6)

ABOVE MASTERY TSW 6

Your thesis and paper indicate that your response or solution is clear and concise and reflects independent critical thinking related to the topic and research.

It should be one full page with the title Works Cited at the top. Follow the guidelines given on this padlet (in the first column).