https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx en-us 2019-01-14 14:41:56 UTC 2019-01-28 15:00:20 UTC hello@padlet.com jamesshelbyward01 https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320331256 Someone who has seen or witnessed a crime, usually present at the time of the incident. They give testimony or a "reconstruction".

STAGES:

The witness:
Encodes detail of the event and persons involved into the LTM, encoding may be partial and distorted due to the rapid nature of crimes.

Evidence is retained for a period of time:
In this time, memories may be lost or modified. Activities between encoding and retrieval may interfere with the original memory.

Retrieval of memory storage:
The nature of questioning may interfere with accuracy of recall. 

When we retrieve memories from LTM we reconstruct them. 

]]> 2019-01-14 15:16:21 UTC https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320331256 jamesshelbyward01 https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320337930 Investigated the influence of wording on recall.

Procedure:
45 P's were shown a video of colliding cars
They were asked to estimate the speed.
One group was asked "how fast were the two cars going when they HIT each other" and the other groups were asked how fast they "bumped", "collided","contracted","smashed" replacing the word "hit".

The findings saw that speed limit given was different depending on the word used ( as the word increased in severity the speed limit estimate rose too ) ]]> 2019-01-14 15:26:42 UTC https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320337930 jamesshelbyward01 https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320342895 to investigate the influence of leading questions on EMT.

Procedure:
100 Participants viewed a short film showing a multiple car accident.
1/2 were asked after 'Did you see a broken headlight?'
1/2 were asked "Did you see the broken headlight?"

Findings:
Leading questions were more likely to report seeing something whether it was there or not.

Conclusion:
The difference in "a" and "the" creates an assumption.]]> 2019-01-14 15:34:08 UTC https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320342895 jamesshelbyward01 https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320348027 Occurs when there is more than one witness to an event/crime.  Witnesses may discuss what they have seen.
Consequently this may influence the accuracy of each witness' recall of events because their testimony becomes contaminated.

Conformity affect:
where co-witnesses may reach a consensus view of what actually happened.]]> 2019-01-14 15:41:53 UTC https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320348027 jamesshelbyward01 https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320349492 An unpleasant emotional state where we fear that something bad is happening.
People often become anxious when they are in stressful situations.
this anxiety tends to be accompanied with physiological arousal (increased heart rate, shallow breathing)
Due to this, much of the research in EWT is now focused on the affects of arousal.]]> 2019-01-14 15:44:20 UTC https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320349492 jamesshelbyward01 https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320350727 Leading Questions- Questions such as "what hat was the assailant wearing" which lead the witness to believe that the assailant wore a hat when in fact he might not have. They make the witness believe false information.

Post event discussion: - (see other post)

AO3 -

EWT has a real world application as the Criminal Justice System relies heavily on EWT's. Psychological research has been used to ward the justice system of problems with eyewitness identification evidence. Recent DNA exoneration cases have confirmed the warnings of eyewitness identification researches by showing that mistaken eyewitness identification was the largest single factor contributing to the conviction of these innocent people (as found by Wells and Olson in 2003)]]> 2019-01-14 15:46:03 UTC https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320350727 jamesshelbyward01 https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320351802 Performance improves with an increase in arousal up to some optional point whereupon it decreases with further arousal. Small to medium increases in arousal may increase the accuracy of EWT but high levels interfere with accuracy.]]> 2019-01-14 15:47:28 UTC https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320351802 jamesshelbyward01 https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320352807 Meta studied 18 studies
Looked at the effects of heightened anxiety on accuracy of EWT recall.
Found high levels of stress negatively impacted on the accuracy of EWT.
Also found that heightened stress had a debilitating effect on eyewitness recall for adults but not for children.

]]> 2019-01-14 15:48:57 UTC https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320352807 jamesshelbyward01 https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320353718 Questioned 58 witnesses of real bank robberies.
They found that those would had actually been threatened were more accurate in their recall, compared to those who were on lookers. 
This continued to be true 15 months later.
concluded that emotional arousal may actually enhance the accuracy of EWT]]> 2019-01-14 15:50:30 UTC https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320353718 jamesshelbyward01 https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320354772 This is where in violent crimes, arousal may focus the witness on more central details of the attack (eg: weapons) than the more peripheral details (eg: what else was going on and what did the perp look like)

AO3 -

Weapon focus may not be caused by anxiety. - It is suggested that the weapon focus effect comes from Pickel int 1998 who proposed that the reduced accuracy of identification could be due to surprise rather than anxiety.

No simple conclusion -
It has been suggested that the effect of weapon focus effect that the violence of a crime may affect the accuracy of recall. (as seen in the Christianson and Hubinette research) IT shows that there is no simple rule about the effect of anxiety on accuracy of EWT.

]]> 2019-01-14 15:52:12 UTC https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320354772 jamesshelbyward01 https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320357430 asked participants to sit in a waiting room where they heard an argument and then saw a man run through the room carrying either a pen or a knife covered in blood.
They were then asked to identify the person from a set of line up photos. 
They found that 49% of those in the pen condition identified the perp correctly and 33% of those in the knife condition identified the perp correctly. ]]> 2019-01-14 15:56:38 UTC https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320357430 jamesshelbyward01 https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320358633 Replicated Loftus
Found that if an interview was corrected in the right order (timeline wise) misleading information is less influential.]]> 2019-01-14 15:58:50 UTC https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320358633 jamesshelbyward01 https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320360961 Central Executive:
Functions like a control tower, focuses attention where it is needed.

Visuo-spatial sketchpad:
Used for visualising and spatial tasks.

Phonological Loop:
Deals with auditory information. Badderly (1986) futher devided the loop into:
The phonological store which holds the worlds ]]> 2019-01-14 16:02:37 UTC https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/320360961 jamesshelbyward01 https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/324917560 2019-01-28 14:06:56 UTC https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/324917560 jamesshelbyward01 https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/324920837 Geiselman et al (1984) developed an interviewing technique, which was based on proven psychological principles concerning effective memory recall. The original cognitive interview technique is characterised by 4 components.

1. Mental reinstatement of original context
The interviewer encourages the interviewee to mentally recreate both the physical and psychological environment of the original incident. The aim is to make memories accessible. People often cannot access memories that are there. They need appropriate contextual and emotional cues to retrieve memories.

2. Report everything
The interviewer encourages the interviewee to state every detail of the event without leaving things out. Memories are interconnected with one another so that recollection of one item may then cue other memories. Furthermore small details from each witness can be later pieced together to form a clearer picture of what happened.

3. Change order
The interviewer might try and reverse the order in which events occurred. The reasoning behind this is that our recollections are influenced by schemas. If you recall the events starting from the end of the event backwards this prevents your pre-existing schema influencing what you recall.

4. Change perspective
The interviewee is asked to recall the incident from multiple perspectives, for example by imagining how it would have appeared to other witnesses present at the time. This was done to disrupt the effect that schemas have on recall.

A03-
The technique while yielding a greater volume of information was found to give a greater percentage of incorrect information. This could be attributed to the more detailed recall increasing the chances of making mistakes as it takes more time to think about the events. Evidence to support this was found by Koehnken et al (1999) when he found that more incorrect information was recalled.

A strength of the cognitive interview was found that greater detail was given when the technique was employed. This is because the technique is more structured than the standard technique used and gave an appropriate thorough detail required for testimony.]]> 2019-01-28 14:11:39 UTC https://padlet.com/jamesshelbyward01/iih0cehjavtx/wish/324920837