ORGANIC CHEMISTRY old by Lizelle Swanepoel https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l en-us 2019-06-07 09:34:01 UTC 2025-09-16 06:53:03 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/2697.png WHAT IS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY? lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366313704 Organic chemistry is the study of the compounds of carbon, but does not include carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, carbides and the oxides of carbon.]]> 2019-06-07 09:36:35 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366313704 ORGANIC NOTES - FOR ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366314115 2019-06-07 09:39:37 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366314115 Just for laughs lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366476983 #ScienceHumor]]> 2019-06-08 10:33:39 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366476983 HOMOLOGOUS SERIES - Organic families lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366477211 There are numerous different “families” of organic compounds. Each “family” is called a “homologous series”. 
  • A homologous series is a group of compounds with the same functional group and the same general formula.
  • Examples:
    • Hydrocarbons (Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)
    • Haloalkanes (also called alkylhalides)
    • Alcohols
    • Carboxylic acids
    • Esters
    • Ketones
    • Aldehydes
]]> 2019-06-08 10:37:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366477211 PROPERTIES OF HOMOLOGOUS SERIES lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366477410 Homologous series have:
  •  the same general formula
  • similar chemical properties - the same functional group
  • physical properties that change gradually as their molecular masses               increase
]]> 2019-06-08 10:41:54 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366477410 Boiling points of the alkanes lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366481341 2019-06-08 12:00:03 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366481341 Explain the BP trend in alkanes lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366481547
  • The more carbons in the chain, the more electrons in the molecule. 
  • This creates greater momentary dipoles within the molecule. 
  • It induces momentary dipoles in the neighboring molecules. 
  • This generates stronger intermolecular London Forces between molecules. 
  • More energy is required to overcome the stronger London forces. 
  • Hence the boiling point increases with more carbons in the alkane chain.
    • ]]>     2019-06-08 12:05:44 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366481547     lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366483456 2019-06-08 12:43:54 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366483456 Organic Molecules Lab lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366485848 2019-06-08 13:23:10 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366485848 BP of alkanes vs alkenes lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366486659 2019-06-08 13:36:43 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366486659 Naming organic compounds using IUPAC Rules lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366998544 In general, the base of the name reflects the number of carbons in the parent chain. 
    • The suffix of the name reflects the type(s) of functional group(s) present on the parent chain. 
      • The following suffixes must be used for these functional groups:
        • Alkanes - suffix = "ane"
        • Alkenes - suffix = ene"
        • Alkynes - suffix = "yne"
        • Haloalkanes - The modified name of the halogen is used in the prefix, and is     constructed by dropping the "ine" ending of the halogen's name and adding "o".
          • e.g:
            • fluorine becomes fluoro
              chlorine becomes chloro
              bromine becomes bromo
              iodine becomes iodo
        • Alcohols - suffix = "ol"
        • Carboxylic acid - suffix =  "oic acid"
        • Esters - suffix = "oate"
    • Other groups which are attached to the parent chain are called substituted groups of substituents.
    • Start numbering the continuous carbon chain closest to the functional group, otherwise closest to a substituted group. (A functional group always "trumps" a substituted group in the numbering of the chain)
    • The substituted groups are named in alphabetical order in the naming, together with the numbered carbon they are attached to.
    • Prefixes (di, tri, tetra for example) used to designate several groups of the same kind, are not considered when alphabetizing.
    ]]>     2019-06-11 17:29:39 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/366998544     ANSWERS TO BOOKLET lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/367577630  ]]> 2019-06-14 10:31:01 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/367577630 ORGANIC REACTIONS lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/367985298 2019-06-17 20:32:04 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/367985298 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/367986169 2019-06-17 20:39:56 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/367986169 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/367986431 2019-06-17 20:41:32 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/367986431 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/367986472 2019-06-17 20:41:48 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/367986472 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/367986504 2019-06-17 20:42:08 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/367986504 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/367986558 2019-06-17 20:42:29 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/367986558 COMBUSTION lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/368273365 REACTION WITH OXYGEN]]> 2019-06-19 08:55:57 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/368273365 ADDITION REACTION lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/368275545 HYDROGENATION REACTION ANIMATED]]> 2019-06-19 09:09:34 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/368275545 ADDITION - HYDRATION AND HALOGENATION lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/368277033 2019-06-19 09:19:08 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/368277033 HYDROCARBONS lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/368277927 2019-06-19 09:24:57 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/368277927 Examples of structural vs condensed structural formulae: lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/456807497 2020-03-09 11:44:30 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/456807497 ORGANIC FORMULAE lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/457534798
  • MOLECULAR FORMULA
  • STRUCTURAL FORMULA
  • SEMI-STRUCTURAL FORMULA
  • CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA
    • ]]>     2020-03-10 12:45:28 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/457534798     TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ISOMERS lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/458103122
  • Chain isomers
  • Positional isomers
  • Functional isomers
    • ]]>     2020-03-11 04:42:08 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/458103122     lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/458449019 2020-03-11 15:27:12 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/458449019 ISOMERS lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/458991316 DEF:
    Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae.

    EXAMPLES:
    • 2-methylpropane and butane are isomers of each other.
    • pent-1-ol and pent-3-ol are isomers of each other.
    • propanoic acid and metyl ethanoate are isomers of each other. (see below for an example)
    ]]>     2020-03-12 09:49:17 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/458991316     TEST FOR SATURATION lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652750692 2020-07-12 20:54:44 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652750692 GENERAL REVISION - EXAM QUESTION lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652753585 2020-07-12 21:04:25 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652753585 Q lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652753760 2020-07-12 21:04:56 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652753760 A lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652753889 2020-07-12 21:05:21 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652753889 Q lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652753986 2020-07-12 21:05:40 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652753986 A lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652754796 2020-07-12 21:08:06 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652754796 A lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652755117 2020-07-12 21:09:11 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652755117 Q lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652755194 2020-07-12 21:09:30 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652755194 A lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652755306 2020-07-12 21:09:54 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652755306 Q lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652755466 2020-07-12 21:10:30 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652755466 A lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652755568 2020-07-12 21:10:49 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652755568 ORGANIC CHEM DOES NOT INVOLVE THIS TYPE OF REACTION lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652759990 This is an inorganic reaction between H2O2 and KI (with some dish-soap), yielding elephant toothpaste.]]> 2020-07-12 21:25:21 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652759990 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652761447 Some organic compounds are flammable.]]> 2020-07-12 21:30:35 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652761447 FOCUS POINTS FOR EXAM PREP lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652792137 You must be comfortable with the concepts of:
    • Representation (Molecular, structural, condensed structural formula)
    • Homologous series
    • Functional groups
    • Substituents
    • Physical properties (Bonding and intermolecular forces)
    • Chemical properties (Reactions)
    • IUPAC naming:
    1. Naming and drawing of organic compounds is restricted to one type of functional group per compound and to a maximum of two functional groups of the same type per compound, except for haloalkanes, where a maximum of two different halogen substituents (e.g. bromo- and chloro-) are allowed per molecule.
    2. The only substituent chains that are allowed in naming and reactions are: methyl- and ethyl- groups.
    3. A maximum of THREE substituent chains (alkyl substituents) are allowed on the alkane, alkene, haloalkane, alcohol or carboxylic acid parent chain.
    4. When naming haloalkanes, the halogen atoms do not get preference over alkyl groups. 
    5. Numbering should start from the end nearest to the first substituent, either the alkyl group or the halogen. In haloalkanes, where e.g. a Br and a Cℓ have the same number when numbered from different ends of the chain, Br gets alphabetical preference.
    6. When writing IUPAC names, substituents appear as prefixes written alphabetically (bromo-, chloro-, ethyl-, methyl-), ignoring the prefixes di- and tri-.
    7. When writing IUPAC names, the following conventions must be followed:
    • Numbers are separated from letters using a dash (−).
    • Numbers are separated from numbers using a comma (,).
    • Letters are not separated at all (i.e. no space is used), with the exceptions being esters (e.g. methyl ethanoate) and carboxylic acids (e.g. propanoic acid).
    1. In some (especially smaller) molecules numbering becomes redundant, but redundancy will not be penalised. For example, methylbut−2−ene may be written as 2−methylbut−2−ene without penalty. The only exception to this is if numbering is always redundant, e.g. for a carboxylic acid: butan−1−oic acid will be penalized, as it must be written as butanoic acid.
    2. For phonic purposes, the vowel "e" is generally removed from the name before the suffix, e.g. butan−1−ol instead of butane−1−ol. But this is not done for diols, e.g. butane−1,2−diol is correct, and not butan−1,2−diol.
    3. For phonic purposes, the vowel "a" must be added to the name before the suffix for dienes, e.g. buta−1,3−diene is correct, and not but−1,3−diene.
    ]]>     2020-07-12 23:08:35 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/652792137     lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/662315793 2020-07-25 10:16:25 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/662315793 STRUCTURAL VS SEMI-STRUCTURAL FORMULAE lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/663969909 2020-07-28 07:20:24 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/663969909 CAN YOU NAME THIS ESTER? lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/747293587 2020-09-15 11:20:11 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/747293587 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/747293588 2020-09-15 11:20:11 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/747293588 NAME THIS: lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/747293602 2020-09-15 11:20:12 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/747293602 NOMENCLATURE (NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS) https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1220216526  THE NAME HAS THREE PARTS:
    • PREFIX
    • PARENT (ROOT CHAIN)
    • SUFFIX

    Follow these steps to name an organic compound:
    1.         Identify the longest chain containing the main functional group.
    2.         Number the carbons in the chain - give it the parent name.
    3.         Identify functional groups and side chains.
    ]]>     2021-02-19 19:48:56 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1220216526     HOMOLOGOUS SERIES AND THEIR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1220253944 2021-02-19 20:01:00 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1220253944 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1220343516
  • Boiling point = The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a substance equals atmospheric pressure. 
    • The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the boiling point. 
  • Melting point = The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are at equilibrium. 
    • The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the melting point. 
  • Vapour pressure = The pressure exerted by a vapour at equilibrium with its liquid in a closed system. 
    • The stronger the intermolecular forces, the lower the vapour pressure.
    • ]]>     2021-02-19 20:32:07 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1220343516     https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1220424669 2021-02-19 21:03:11 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1220424669 https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1237709192 2021-02-24 18:07:03 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1237709192 CARBON AS BASIC BUILDING BLOCK OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1237936770 Definition:  Organic molecules are molecules containing carbon atoms.]]> 2021-02-24 18:49:39 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1237936770 https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1238019714 2021-02-24 19:05:30 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1238019714 CATENATION https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1238020963 Formation of chains of atoms]]> 2021-02-24 19:05:45 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1238020963 MULTIPLE BONDS https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1238071861 Where pairs of electrons are shared between two carbon atoms]]> 2021-02-24 19:16:09 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1238071861 HYDROCARBONS https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1238117814
  • Made up of only carbons and hydrogens.
  • Can be saturated or unsaturated.
    • ]]>     2021-02-24 19:25:30 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1238117814     THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBON https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1238181588 2021-02-24 19:38:24 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1238181588 https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1238333770 2021-02-24 20:13:35 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1238333770 WHAT IS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY? https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1383190290 THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBON]]> 2021-04-05 14:03:40 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/1383190290 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/2273669019 2022-08-28 07:13:39 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/2273669019 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/2311357109 2022-09-24 07:58:36 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/2311357109 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/3404215225 2025-04-10 08:56:15 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/3404215225 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/3404216066 2025-04-10 08:56:58 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/3404216066 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/3404216665 2025-04-10 08:57:38 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/3404216665 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/3404243272 2025-04-10 09:22:21 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/3404243272 lizellexs https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/3587080826 2025-09-16 06:51:40 UTC https://padlet.com/lizellexs/igq4v1ldzh2l/wish/3587080826