My padlet by Britani Nazario https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f en-us 2023-05-15 17:54:45 UTC 2023-06-23 01:32:09 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f431.png Definition bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2605494111 Oral language encompasses both speaking and listening. Oral language skills include learning how spoken words sound, what words and sentences mean, and how to communicate ideas. Nurturing oral language skills provides a strong foundation for learning to read. (Oral language 2023) 

Deeper definition:
Oral language refers to the knowledge and skills that we use to produce and understand spoken language. Language knowledge and skills also serve as the foundation for learning to read and write. Oral language is composed of five main components:

  • Phonology (understanding and use of the speech sounds in words)
  • Morphology (understanding and use of meaningful word parts, e.g., pre, un, ion)
  • Vocabulary or Semantics (understanding and use of the meaning of words)
  • Syntax (understanding and use of the grammatical aspects of language)
  • Pragmatics (understanding and use of language in various contexts) (Oral language impairments and dyslexia 2020) 
]]> 2023-05-26 01:27:23 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2605494111 Definition bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2605494495 Phonological awareness is the ability to recognize and manipulate the spoken parts of sentences and words. Examples include being able to identify words that rhyme, recognizing alliteration, segmenting a sentence into words, identifying the syllables in a word, and blending and segmenting onset-rimes. The most sophisticated — and last to develop — is called phonemic awareness. (Phonological and phonemic awareness: Introduction 2022) ]]> 2023-05-26 01:27:42 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2605494495 Definition bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606274121 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJMsWoVeBjk&t=554s

Phonics - a method of teaching people to read by correlating sounds with letters or groups of letters in an alphabetic writing system. (Oxford)

"Phonics instruction teaches the relationships between the letters of written language and the sounds of spoken language. To read, children need to understand the alphabetic principle — the idea that letters represent the sounds of spoken language. Decoding is when we use letter-sound relationships to translate a printed word into speech." (Phonics and decoding 2023)  ]]> 2023-05-26 14:35:50 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606274121 Definition bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606274312 "Fluency is the ability to read a text accurately, quickly, and with expression. Fluent reading builds stamina for reading lengthy or complex texts. Reading fluency serves as a bridge between word recognition and comprehension." (Fluency 2023) 

Mathematics definition:
"Mathematical fluency is the ability to quickly and accurately recall mathematical facts and concepts. It’s made up of 5 key parts – accuracy, flexibility and appropriate response, efficiency, automaticity, and number sense." (Best, 2021) ]]> 2023-05-26 14:36:03 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606274312 Definition bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606275077 "Comprehension is the understanding and interpretation of what is read. To be able to accurately understand written material, children need to be able to (1) decode what they read; (2) make connections between what they read and what they already know; and (3) think deeply about what they have read." (Comprehension 2015) ]]> 2023-05-26 14:36:51 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606275077 Definition bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606275408 "Vocabulary refers to the words we must understand to communicate effectively."

"Educators often consider four types of vocabulary: listening, speaking, reading, and writing."
Listening - refers to the words we need to know to understand what we hear
Speaking - consists of the words we use when we speak
Reading - refers to the words we need to know to understand what we read
Writing - consists of the words we use in writing]]> 2023-05-26 14:37:11 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606275408 Definition bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606275674 Writing - the activity or skill of marking coherent words on paper and composing text (Oxford dictionary)

"Writing is a complex process that requires a wide range of skills — a strong vocabulary; an understanding of genre, text structure, and voice; basic mechanical skills (grammar and punctuation); organizational skills; and higher order thinking." (Writing 2023) ]]> 2023-05-26 14:37:29 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606275674 Citations bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606276066 Regional Educational Laboratory Southeast, R. E. L. S. (2023, January 16). What does 20 years of research say about teaching language and literacy in preschool?. Reading Rockets. https://www.readingrockets.org/article/what-does-20-years-research-say-about-teaching-language-and-literacy-preschool

Oral language. Reading Rockets. (2023, March 15). https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/oral-language

Oral language impairments and dyslexia. International Dyslexia Association. (2020, April 1). https://dyslexiaida.org/oral-language-impairments-and-dyslexia-2/

Phonological and phonemic awareness: Introduction. Reading Rockets. (2022, October 3). https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading101-course/modules/phonological-and-phonemic-awareness-introduction

Singh, M. (2022, September 24). How does math help in building phonics skills?. Number Dyslexia. https://numberdyslexia.com/math-and-phonics/

Phonics and decoding. Reading Rockets. (2023b, January 17). https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/phonics

National Reading Panel. (2017, August 12). Phonics instruction. Reading Rockets. https://www.readingrockets.org/article/phonics-instruction

Bardell, T., & Archibald, L. (2023, April 19). Oral Language Skills and Learning Disabilities. LD@school. https://www.ldatschool.ca/oral-language-skills/

Print awareness. Reading Rockets. (2023c, January 17). https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/printawareness

Fluency. Reading Rockets. (2023a, January 17). https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/fluency

Best, J. (2021, April 6). Here’s why mathematical fluency is critical for problem-solving and reasoning. 3P Learning. https://www.3plearning.com/blog/mathematical-fluency-problem-solving-reasoning/#:~:text=Mathematical%20fluency%20is%20the%20ability,%2C%20automaticity%2C%20and%20number%20sense.

NCTM. (n.d.). Access and Equity in Mathematics Education. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. https://www.nctm.org/Standards-and-Positions/Position-Statements/Access-and-Equity-in-Mathematics-Education/

Comprehension. Reading Rockets. (2015, March 23). https://www.readingrockets.org/helping/target/comprehension#:~:text=Comprehension%20is%20the%20understanding%20and,about%20what%20they%20have%20read. 

Comprehension for English and maths? taking a cross-curricular approach. Oxford Education Blog. (2018, October 9). https://educationblog.oup.com/primary/comprehension-for-english-and-maths#:~:text=It%20is%20not%20only%20about,also%20crucial%20to%20English%20success.

Reading comprehension. Reading Rockets. (2023, January 17). https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/comprehension

National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. (n.d.). Supporting Each and Every Student: Equity and Diversity. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. https://www.nctm.org/conferences-and-professional-development/Tips-for-Teachers/Tips-on-Supporting-All-Students_-Equity-and-Diversity/

Reading Rockets. (2023b, January 17). Vocabulary. Reading Rockets. https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/vocabulary

Writing. Reading Rockets. (2023c, January 17). https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/writing

Franklin, & Marshall. (1994). Writing in Mathematics. Lancaster; fandm.edu.

What is academic writing?: DOS and don’ts for students. Scribbr. (n.d.). https://www.scribbr.com/category/academic-writing/#:~:text=Academic%20writing%20is%20a%20formal,and%20dissertation%20in%20academic%20style. 

American Psychological Association. (2021). Inclusive language guidelines. https://www.apa.org/about/apa/equitydiversity-inclusion/language-guidelines.pdf ]]> 2023-05-26 14:37:57 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606276066 Application bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606295179 Oral language can be applied to students' learning in multiple ways. One way can be interactive reading. By asking students to rephrase a math problem or relate it to real life, students can gain understanding and recognition with oral language. It is through oral language that we can help students to gain a deeper understanding of mathematics by asking questions, such as why we do things, or why it works the way it does.
Another way oral language can be applied and developed is through small group activities. "When teaching language, students perform better when the intervention occurs in one- on-one or small group settings." (What does 20 years of research say about teaching language and literacy in preschool? 2023). Small group activities give students the opportunity to practice their oral language skills with one another, and possibly even the teacher.]]> 2023-05-26 14:58:52 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606295179 Importance in a math classroom bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606336002 Oral language is important in a mathematics classroom for multiple reasons. Since oral language is used to communicate thoughts and ideas, its use in mathematics is varied. We need oral language to convey what the symbols mean, what the numbers mean, and what is being asked to do in a particular problem. It is through speaking and listening that we, as teachers, explain the use of mathematics to students and how to understand what is being asked.]]> 2023-05-26 15:49:19 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606336002 Equity and Inclusivity bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606368981 When it comes to oral language, not all people learn the same way. Although most children develop a knack for recognizing sounds and word patterns from a very young age, some people might have disorders, such as dyslexia, preventing them from being able to recognize and recall specific sounds.

"Children with dyslexia most often have the following problems with the phonological component of language:

  • Phonological awareness (explicit awareness of the sounds of language)
  • Phonological memory (memory for the speech sounds in pronunciations of labels (e.g., letter names), parts of words, or entire words)
  • Phonological retrieval (word and name retrieval)
  • Phonological production (pronunciation of multisyllabic and phonologically complex words, e.g., aluminum, specific)" (Oral language impairments and dyslexia 2020) 

Possible solutions to teaching students with DLD (developmental language disorder) are:
  • Consult with a speech-language pathologist
  • Teach using the acronym SMART (S - slow down, M - [E]mphasize, A - add visuals, R - repeat instructions, T - time to respond)
  • Increase awareness of DLD (Bardell & Archibald, 2023) 
]]> 2023-05-26 16:31:17 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606368981 Application bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606385725 Application of phonological awareness in a mathematics classroom can look like a lot of things. For one, it can look like enunciating specific words so that students understand that there is a difference between one word and another word that may sound similar. For another, it can look like pointing out the prefix of words to better understand what the word means and how to recognize it in future scenarios. And, for yet another, it can look like breaking down a word problem into smaller pieces to get a better understanding of the information that is given and what we should do with the information. These are only a few examples of application of phonological awareness in mathematics, and there are endless examples that get applied daily in a math classroom.]]> 2023-05-26 16:54:23 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606385725 Importance in a math classroom bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606407842 "Mathematical skills and abilities shape how a person associates language and phonics. Two main reasons are there that contribute to this particular trait. Mathematics is a subject that involves learning both numbers and words. So, when learners read a mathematical problem, they develop phonological awareness. Secondly, both math and language involve the use of memory. Language develops phonological memory, and math develops numerical memory. Together, a number-word learning process is initiated... Thus, math skills help improve phonic skills by improving phonological awareness." (Singh, 2022) ]]> 2023-05-26 17:25:12 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606407842 Equity and Inclusivity bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606412450 Paying special attention to phonological awareness and all of the categories that fall under this umbrella term will help students of all types, whether they are English Language Learners, have dyslexia, or have any other sort of characteristic that might put a strain on the learning of mathematics. To be sure to reach all types of students, we should use the Universal Design for Learning (UDL). This includes using multiple means of representation, multiple means of engagement, and multiple means of action and expression.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDvKnY0g6e4]]> 2023-05-26 17:31:51 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2606412450 Application bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2609626692 Application of phonics in a math classroom will look a lot like the application of phonological awareness. In mathematics, we must be careful to enunciate when teaching brand new concepts, making sure to explicitly say the new word clearly and definitively. One way to apply phonics is to teach using analogy phonics and relate words using analogies, if possible. This means recognizing the rime segment in a word is familiar and relating it to another known word. Other methods can be used, too, such as analytic phonics, embedded phonics, phonics through spelling, and synthetic phonics. (Phonics Instruction 2017)  No matter which method is chosen, it is important for students to understand that the language of math is a very precise language.]]> 2023-05-30 22:14:53 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2609626692 Importance in a math classroom bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2609626906 In a mathematics classroom, print awareness is important because it "is the understanding that print carries meaning, that books contain letters and words. Print awareness also includes an understanding of what books are used for and how a book "works" — how to turn pages, how to find the top and bottom of a page, and how to identify the title and the front and back covers." (Print awareness 2023) 
Students need to be aware that everything in a mathematics classroom has meaning and they must be taught that meaning. Every symbol has a purpose, every word in a problem has a purpose, and math textbooks can be read to learn in addition to listening to the teacher.]]> 2023-05-30 22:15:21 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2609626906 Equality and Inclusivity bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2609627087 Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is just one reason students may need additional support in a mathematics classroom. A way to support these students is by teaching using the S.M.A.R.T. acronym, which will ultimately benefit all students, regardless of disorders or language spoken.

S - Slow down the rate of speech
M - (E)mphasize key words during instruction
A - Add visuals such as pictures or gestures
R - Repeating instructions two or three times has been shown to be beneficial for students with DLD
T - Time to respond. We must give students time to process and also to craft a response]]> 2023-05-30 22:15:43 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2609627087 Application bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2610754171 3 ways to enhance fluency in a mathematics classroom are: 
  1. Practice repetition using games. Other benefits to games are:
  • They encourage thinking about mathematics on a strategic level
  • They need less teacher input and encourage autonomous learning
  • They build students computational fluency
  • They connect the classroom environment to the home learning environment
    2. Daily mathematics fluency activities
  • Mathematics skills become strong when they’re done regularly. After a concept has been introduced, you should look to have activities planned to cement students’ knowledge until you’re confident they can work on it or use it independently.
    3. Give students time to discover
  • Plan lessons that allow students time to discover number patterns, structures, and concepts and test them out in different situations to see if what they discovered works. This builds autonomy and gives students the chance to reflect on their learning. (Best, 2021) 
]]> 2023-05-31 16:39:29 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2610754171 Importance in a math classroom bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2610754500 Fluency builds the foundations students use to tackle more complex, multi-step questions in problem-solving and reasoning activities, and it’s crucial to their success.

-Mathematical fluency saves energy (saving more energy for the harder problems)
-Mathematical fluency saves time (which is beneficial in test-taking scenarios and helps focus) 
-Mathematical fluency builds confidence and reduces math anxiety, and 
-Early mathematical fluency will help the development of math concepts later.]]> 2023-05-31 16:39:48 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2610754500 Equity and Inclusivity bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2610754764 Achieving access and equity requires that all stakeholders—

  • ensure that all students have access to a challenging mathematics curriculum, taught by skilled and effective teachers who differentiate instruction as needed;
  • monitor student progress and make needed accommodations; and
  • offer remediation or additional challenges when appropriate.

Taking these steps requires that mathematics teachers work collaboratively with other education specialists, including those in special education, gifted education, instructional technology, and English language development. (Access and Equity in Mathematics Education n.d.) 
]]> 2023-05-31 16:40:04 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2610754764 Application bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2617292895 Application of comprehension in a classroom involves multiple steps. It involves building on students' background knowledge while also supplying students with the knowledge necessary to visualize, infer, question, and summarize. Teachers can teach words and definitions before they read, they can teach text structures, and they can teach strategies to use before, during, and after reading to help aid in text comprehension.

"Teachers can play a critical role in helping students develop their comprehension skills. Reading research has shown that comprehension instruction can help students do a better job of understanding and remembering what they read. Good instruction can also help students communicate with others, verbally and in writing, about what they’ve read." (Reading comprehension 2023) ]]> 2023-06-07 16:04:11 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2617292895 Importance in a math classroom bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2617293130 When we think about comprehension in mathematics, it's easy to jump right into word problems. This video explains how reading comprehension affects students when solving math problems and explains how to teach students to break it down step by step, modeling your thinking.

However, comprehension in mathematics is more than just solving word problems. "...it is about teaching children to understand,  to comprehend the meaning of symbols, numbers and more. It’s about making connections – a skill also crucial to English success." (Comprehension for English and maths? taking a cross-curricular approach 2018) "Without solid comprehension skills, children who are otherwise strong in maths skills can underperform."]]> 2023-06-07 16:04:24 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2617293130 Equity and Inclusivity bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2617293527 To support equity and inclusivity, there are a few things to keep in mind.
1. Equity does not mean equal. When considering how equitable one's teaching and expectations are, we must consider the diverse needs and strengths of individual students, as well as the needs and strengths of the whole class.
2. Focus on the individual. The more we understand and respect the individual's background and strengths, the more we understand their particular needs.
3. Create an environment for success. The expectations that we hold for our students send clear messages of how we feel about their education.
4. Identify your biases, and then get over them. As teachers, we are responsible for helping EACH and EVERY student succeed, not just the ones that fit into our "box" of people who should do well.
5. Create an equitable curriculum that supports diverse needs and celebrates diverse strengths. Not every student learns the same way, so we must vary our approaches to lessons and provide students with manipulatives, visuals, projects, technology and group work to reach as many minds as possible.
6. Be aware of your questioning and listening techniques. How we ask questions, who we direct them to, and our interest in student responses can have lasting impacts on our students' achievement. (Supporting Each and Every Student: Equity and Diversity n.d.) ]]> 2023-06-07 16:04:52 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2617293527 Application bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2624729125 "The scientific research on vocabulary instruction reveals that most vocabulary is learned indirectly and that some vocabulary must be taught directly." (Vocabulary 2023)  Because of this, application of vocabulary is done in multiple ways. When students learn vocabulary indirectly, it is generally due to reading or engaging in written and spoken language. When students learn vocabulary directly, it is generally taught by breaking the words down into smaller parts and analyzing them, or being directly told the word and definition by someone.

]]> 2023-06-15 17:00:29 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2624729125 Importance in a math classroom bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2624729299 This video explains how math vocabulary is extremely important, and that it must be taught in a way that is "clear and concise". The video goes on to use the example of the word "negative" and how it has a double meaning. Outside of math, people associate the word "negative" with something bad, however, in math it is an amount that is less than zero.
Other examples are the words, "sum" versus the word "some," and the words, "hole" versus the word, "whole".]]> 2023-06-15 17:00:46 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2624729299 Equity and Inclusivity bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2624729411 I am including this video in this category even though I also included it in another category, because the speaker in the video makes a fantastic point about English Language Learners and their use of vocabulary. We, as educators, must explicitly teach words and definitions to students due to words that sound similar but have different meanings. This can be especially confusing for students whose first language is not English. To scaffold the use of specific vocabulary in math, it would be helpful to have a "word wall" or posters with relevant vocabulary on it for students to reference.]]> 2023-06-15 17:00:57 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2624729411 Application bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2630461903 "Different fields of study have different priorities in terms of the writing they produce. For example, in scientific writing it’s crucial to clearly and accurately report methods and results; in the humanities, the focus is on constructing convincing arguments through the use of textual evidence." (What is academic writing?: DOS and don'ts for students n.d.) 
Application of writing varies among the disciplines, but the general idea is that writing application involves making use of the correct vocabulary and terminology to convey a coherent point, message, or persuasion. ]]> 2023-06-22 23:36:59 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2630461903 Importance in a math classroom bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2630462019 "Professional mathematicians spend most of their time writing: communicating with colleagues, applying for grants, publishing papers, writing memos and syllabi. Writing well is extremely important to mathematicians, since poor writers have a hard time getting published, getting attention from the Deans, and obtaining funding. It is ironic but true that most mathematicians spend more time writing than they spend doing math.
But most of all, one of the simplest reasons for writing in a math class is that writing helps you to learn mathematics better. By explaining a difficult concept to other people, you end up explaining it to yourself." (Writing in Mathematics 1994) ]]> 2023-06-22 23:37:12 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2630462019 Equity and Inclusivity bruch91 https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2630462143 Inclusivity in writing means using the correct terminology when referring to different groups of people. For example, "authors who write about identity are encouraged to use terms and descriptions that both honor and explain person-first and identity-first perspectives. Language should be selected with the understanding that the individual’s preference supersedes matters of style. In person-first language, the person is emphasized, not the disability or chronic condition." (Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion, 2021) The same applies when referring to peoples' cultures, races, ethnicities, and more. (Of course, some people use these descriptors as identifiers; in which case, we should refer to them in the way that they wish). We need to always be mindful of the words we use to ensure inclusivity for all groups of people.]]> 2023-06-22 23:37:27 UTC https://padlet.com/bruch91/ic09h6cm5ad6tm2f/wish/2630462143