Life Sciences Grade 12 by MRV MALATJI https://padlet.com/44314825/ibvm2nydyazq8ur5 Human reproduction en-us 2023-05-04 19:04:49 UTC 2023-05-04 19:18:08 UTC hello@padlet.com Human reproduction 44314825 https://padlet.com/44314825/ibvm2nydyazq8ur5/wish/2578742673 Male reproduction
  • The male reproductive system is positioned in the pelvis region and comprises a pair of testes in addition to the accessory glands, ducts, and external genitalia.
  • A pouch-like structure known as the scrotum encloses the testes located outside the abdominal cavity.
  • Each testis has close to 250 testicular lobules(compartments). These lobules comprise 1-3 seminiferous tubules wherein the sperms are produced. The lining of these tubules consists of two types of cells – male germ cells and Sertoli cells.
  • The exterior of these tubules consists of spaces containing blood vessels and Leydig cells.
  • Male sex accessory ducts comprise rete testis, vasa efferntia, epididymis and vas deferens.
  • The urethra opens externally to the urethral meatus.
  • The male external genitalia, the penis, is covered by the foreskin, which is a loose fold of skin.
Female reproduction
The female reproductive system is made up of internal and external sex organs, which consist of a pair of ovaries and oviducts, cervix, uterus, vagina and the external genitalia situated in the pelvic region. Along with the mammary glands, these female reproductive organs are combined both structurally and functionally in order to support the complete processes of reproduction, including ovulation, fertilisation, pregnancy, and the birth of a child.

  • The female accessory ducts are constituted by the oviducts, vagina and uterus.
  • The section closer to the ovary is a funnel-shaped infundibulum that possesses the fimbriae – finger-like projections facilitating the assimilation of the ovum post ovulation.
  • The infundibulum directs to a wider section of the oviduct known as the ampulla.
  • The last section of the oviduct, the isthmus, has a narrow lumen joining the uterus.
  • The uterus is also known as the womb.
  • The cervical cavity is known as the cervical canal, which goes on to form the birth canal along with the vagina.
  • Female external genitalia comprises – mons pubis, labia minora, labia majora, clitoris and hymen.
Both the male and female reproductive systems play an important role in the process of reproduction. Other than these reproductive organs, there are sex hormones which are produced by the respective glands and are mainly involved in the development of secondary sexual characteristics and proper functioning of the reproductive tracts.




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The process of reproduction in all humans is carried out phase-wise, as discussed below:

  • Pre-fertilisation – Gametes are formed and transferred
  • Fertilisation- formation of zygote after a sperm fertilises the egg
  • Post-fertilisation- Mitotic division of zygote leading to the formation of an embryo. This reproductive stage is referred to as embryogenesis.
Duration and Stages of Pregnancy
Human gestation lasts for an average of 266 days or 38 weeks or 9 months and these intervals are called as trimesters.

  • 1st trimester (1st 3 months or week 1 – 12) – pre-embryonic and embryonic development.
  • 2nd trimester (next 3 months: week 13 – 24) – The fetal development begins.
  • 3rd trimester (next 3 months: week 25 – birth) – At this stage baby continues to grow and mature.
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