Tutorial Week 5 by Yin Sim https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus Please post your tutorial answers here. en-us 2018-02-14 01:56:07 UTC 2026-02-21 20:25:54 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/File.png Law Seng Chen https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231381095 1. haemoglobin which is a protein in the blood for the transportation of oxygen, binds to oxygen because oxygen molecules are recognised on its surface and very specific shape and can bind and be transported.
2. the function of red blood cells is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs whereas the function of white blood cells is provides defence mechanism to the body against infections.
3.the venous system is low pressure using either gravity from the upper body or muscle action from the lower body.  But when you hit an artery, that is high pressure blood carrying oxygen to tissues. 

]]> 2018-02-14 06:54:40 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231381095 Low Eng Ann https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231452043 1. Haemoglobin are made up of 2 alpha protein and 2 beta protein. Each protein contains a Heme group that binds with oxygen. When oxygen is bind to haemoglobin it become oxyhaemoglobin. This is because oxygen are recoginised on haemoglobin surface.
2. red blood cell has no nucleus while white blood cell has nucleus. the function of red blood cell is to carry oxygen from lung to body cell or tissue and take carbon dioxide away the tissue or body cell to the lungs. the function of white blood cell is provide defense mechanism to prevent body infection and white blood cell has five types of granules such as basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes.
3. when blood ooze out from venous wound, the pressure is low using either gravity from upper body or muscle action from the lower body. when artery is hit, the high blood pressure will carry oxygen to tissue and it is difficult to stop]]> 2018-02-14 12:41:48 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231452043 Ravien https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231463271 1. Hemoglobin molecule is an assembly of four globular protein subunits. Each subunit is composed of a protein chain tightly associated with a non-protein prosthetic heme group.Hemoglobin is contained in red blood cells, which efficiently carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissue and , carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions back to the lungs.
2.Red blood cells have nucleus and heamoglobin which helps in the transports of oxygen to the tissue while white blood cells dont have nucleus and heamoglobin and white blood cells  are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against infectious disease .
3.Blood ooze out from venous wound cause it has a low pressure using either gravity from the upper body or muscle action from the lower body while arterial wound has high blood pressure which causes the blood to spurt out.]]> 2018-02-14 13:19:22 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231463271 Clarence Liew https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231475613 1.Haemoglobin is an oxygen binding protein of red blood cells and is a globular protein with quaternary structure. It consists of four polypeptide subunits: 2 alpha chains and two beta chains, together with 4 heme groups. 1 heme group contains iron atom that binds to  oxygen and carbon dioxide molecule. As each Hb molecule could transport four oxygen molecules, the Hb molecule helps in efficient gaseous exchange between red blood cells and body tissues in our body.

2. - Red blood cells have no nucleus; white blood cells have nucleus.
 - Red blood cells has a smaller size; white blood cells have larger size
-  Red blood cells has Hb molecules, white blood cells have granules that contains hydrolytic enzymes.
-  Red blood cells help to transport oxygen molecules to body tissues; white blood cells is crucial to the body defense.

3. Vein transport  deoxygenated blood from body cells, while artery transport oxygenated blood from the heart. Thus, the blood pressure in vein is much lower as the pressure derives from either gravity from the upper body or muscle action from the lower body, compared to the high blood pressure in artery as the heart pumps blood forcefully in order to pump oxygenated blood to other parts of body. This is why vein contains less smooth muscles in its tunica media layer, while artery contains more smooth muscles in its tunica media in enhancing contraction.]]> 2018-02-14 13:49:39 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231475613 Tung Jean Lin https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231513477  
1.     Each haemoglobin has a quaternary structure and is a globular protein that consists of 4 polypeptide chains: 2 alpha-polypeptide chains and 2 beta-polypeptide chains). Each polypeptide chain contains a non-protein heme group, which is also known as the prosthetic group, that contains an iron atom; each iron atom attaches to one heme group which binds to one oxygen molecule. Thus, this makes each haemoglobin to be able to transfer 4 oxygen molecules during gas exchange between the alveoli and capillaries, producing oxyhaemoglobin. If the haemoglobin unbinds oxygen to let it diffuse to the cells, this produces deoxyhaemoglobin and when carbon dioxide is exchanged with oxygen during gas exchange between the capillaries and cells, it produces carbaminohaemoglobin. 
 
 
3.     Veins have lower pressures compared to arteries that have high pressures. Arteries carries oxygenated blood straight from the heart. When the heart pumps the blood through the arteries during systole, this causes high pressure in the arteries and thick walls to withstand the systolic pressure. Then, the arteries split into tiny vessels known as capillaries and this decreases the pressure in the arteries. At this point, the pressure has either already been absorbed by the walls of the arteries or even out during when the arteries split into capillaries. The deoxygenated blood travels from the capillaries to the low-pressure veins (due to the loss in blood pressure when it travels from arteries to capillaries); because the pressure of the vein is very low, valves are present to prevent the blood of back flowing. Thus, blood ooze out of a venous wound due to the low pressure in veins (not enough pressure to gush out blood) and blood spurts out of an arterial wound due to the high pressure in the arteries that forces the blood to gush out of the arterial wound.  
 

]]> 2018-02-14 14:57:09 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231513477 Lee Hern Xuien https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231523324 1. Hemoglobin's quaternary structure comes from its four subunits in roughly a tetrahedral arrangement. Hemoglobin is contained in red blood cells, which efficiently carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body. Hemoglobin also helps in the transportation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions back to the lungs.

2. Red blood cells do not have nucleus in the cell, white blood cells do ; Red blood cell is smaller than white blood cell ; Red blood cell has a biconcave disc shape, white blood cell have irregular shape ; Red blood cell carry oxygen through out our body, white blood cell engulf and dissolve bacteria.

3.  The venous system is low pressure using either gravity from the upper body or muscle action from the lower body. If the cut hit an artery. That is high pressure blood carrying oxygen to tissues.


]]> 2018-02-14 15:12:27 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231523324 Natalie Furrer https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231528414 1. Hemoglobin is an oxygen-carrying pigment in the red blood cell that is responsible for the red color in the red blood cell.  Hemoglobin is a globular protein which is a protein molecule that curls up into a ball like shape. This will ultimately show that the hemoglobin looks similar to a ball. Hemoglobin consist of 4 polypeptide chains, 2 alpha globin and 2 beta globin chains. In each polypeptide chain, a heme group is found. Each heme group contains an iron atom which will allow respiratory gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide to bind with it. One iron atom binds with one oxygen molecule. Therefore, one hemoglobin can bind with 4 oxygen molecules/8 oxygen atoms. Due to the 3D arrangement of 2 or more polypeptide chains, hemoglobin is a quaternary structure. 

2. 
i. Red blood cell involves in the transportation of respiratory gases while white blood cell involve in the immune system of the body.
ii. Red blood cell consist of one type while white blood cells consists of 2 types-granulocytes(eg. Eosinophil, Basophil, Neutrophil) and agranulocytes(eg. Monocytes, Lyphocytes).
iii. The size of red blood cells are smaller when compared to white blood cells which could be more than 2x the size.
iv. Red blood cells does not have a nucleus while white blood cells has a nucleus that can be in lobed or an irregular shape.

 3. Blood oozes out from a venous wound and spurts out of an arterial wound because the blood pressure in both blood vessels are different. A higher blood pressure will cause the blood to spurt out while a lower blood pressure will cause blood to ooze out. Blood oozes out of the arterial wound because of the high blood pressure in the artery which is caused by the adhesion of blood. This is why arteries has a thicker tunica media than arteries. For venous wound however, blood oozes out because the blood pressure in veins are lower than the blood pressure in the arteries. ]]> 2018-02-14 15:19:42 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231528414 Tong Lee Yee https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231546556 1. Haemoglobin is the oxygen binding protein of red blood cells and is a globular protein with quaternary structure. Haemoglobin consists of four polypeptide subunits ; 2 alpha chains and two beta chains.  Each of the subunits contains one heme group which can bind with 1 oxygen molecule. Hence, a haemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen molecules and 1 red blood cell which consists of million of haemoglobin molecules can have billion of oxygen molecules. The structure of the haemoglobin is crucial in cooperative binding of oxygen as the main function of the haemoglobin is to carry oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin or to carry carbon dioxide to form carbaminohaemoglobin. When an oxygen molecule binds with a heme group within a haemoglobin,  a conformational change  of the haemoglobin molecule is induced. As the consequence, the other subunits will gain an increased affinity towards oxygen and thus, the remaining heme groups are saturated with oxygen faster. The quaternary structure of haemoglobin is the key in cooperative binding to carry oxygen gas.

2 . White blood cell has nucleus whereas red blood cell does not have nucleus.
Red blood cell is bi-concave disc shaped whereas white blood cell is irregular in shape.
The life span of a red blood cell is 120 days but the lifespan of a white blood cell is 4-30 days depending on the body.
Red blood cells make up 36-50% of our blood whereas white blood cells only make up approximately 1% of our blood.
Red blood cells have no classification(come in just one type)whereas white blood cells present in various types with distinct functions in the blood.( e.g.neutrophils, lymphocytes,  lymphocytes (plasma cell) monocytes (macrophage), eosinophils, basophils. )
Red blood cells are vital in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout our bodies via circulatory system whereas white blood cells are the defense system in our bodies which protect the immune system against foreign particles like pathogen.

3. It is because arteries carry blood that pumped directly from the heart whereas the veins carry blood from tissue back to the heart. Therefore, the artery would have a very high pressure (the  pressure of the heart contraction is about 110 mmHg, higher than normal atmospherical pressure). If the artery is cut, that pressure would cause the blood to spurt out.
However the pressure of the vein is  lower because it is far from the heart, even in some point the pressure is nearly 0mmHg. The venous system is low in pressure because it is using gravity and muscle action to make the blood flowing smoothly back to the heart. So, the low pressure blood from vein will not spurt out of the wound. The differences in blood pressure between the artery and vein cause the differences in the speed of the blood flows out from our bodies.]]> 2018-02-14 15:45:20 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231546556 Wong Yong Hui https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231588707 1)      Haemoglobin is an iron-containing metalloprotein which is responsible for oxygen transport in red blood cell. It is a quaternary protein structure and the structure is hold by hydrogen bond, ionic bond, hydrophobic interaction and disulphide linkage. Each haemoglobin consists of 4 subunits, which are 2 alpha and 2 beta units. Each subunits has 1 goblin and 1 heme group. Iron atoms in each heme groups are used to bind to oxygen molecules. Hence, one haemoglobin can trap 4 oxygen molecules. In addition, the iron-containing heme pigment contributes to the red colour of red blood cells.

 2) Red Blood Cell 
 To transport oxygen /        Biconcave shape / Only one type / No nucleus /    Haemoglobin present /       Cannot squeeze through capillary walls, move in blood 
White Blood Cell
 Immune respond/   Irregular shape/  Granulocytes(neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil ) and agranulocytes(lymphocytes, monocytes)/  Has nucleus/ Haemoglobin absent/ Can squeeze through capillary walls (leaping across)

3) The venous system is low pressure, as the blood is deoxygenated blood which is far from heart and is on the way back to heart, so the blood will ooze out. However, the blood spurts out as the blood in arteries are under high pressure because they are oxygenated blood which is pumped out from the heart to other parts of body.

]]> 2018-02-14 16:51:36 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231588707 Ong Ee Chien https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231635905 1.      Haemoglobin is the oxygen binding protein of red blood cells and is a globular protein with quaternary structure. It consists of four polypeptide subunits, 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains and 4 heme groups. Each heme has a central iron atom in it that binds to oxygen molecule so that oxygen can be transported throughout the body in blood circulatory system. Each haemoglobin can transport 4 oxygen molecules thus 1 red blood cell contains millions of haemoglobin which gives rise to billions of oxygen molecules throughout the body. Besides haemoglobin maintained normal ph of blood through excreting carbon dioxide from blood and oxygen absorption through lungs. Red colour of blood cell is due to haemoglobin component iron as well. Shape of red blood cell is maintained by the iron due to its responsible for absorption of oxygen.
2.      Red blood cell contains haemoglobin but white blood cell does not contain haemoglobin. Red blood cell contains nucleus while white blood cell does not contain nucleus. Red blood cell is circular and biconcave in shape but white blood cell has irregular shape. Red blood cell transport oxygen and carbon dioxide gaseous while white blood cell is responsible for phagocytosis or production of antibody. Red blood cell is not able to squeeze out of capillaries while white blood cell is able to squeeze out of capillaries when needed during inflammatory response.
3.      Arterial bleeding is different from venous bleeding. There is high pressure of blood carrying oxygen to tissues through artery whereas the venous system is low pressure using either gravity from the upper body or muscle action from the lower body. It shows that there is little pressure of blood flow in vein. Thus higher difference in pressure causes the blood to spurts out when there is arterial bleeding while blood ooze out when there is venous bleeding which has lower difference in pressure.
]]> 2018-02-14 18:09:37 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231635905 Sarvesuwaran (FIS -Human Bio Tutorial 1 Online Tutorial) https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231809628 1. Hemoglobin is a red pigment found on red blood cell. It is made up of globin  (2 alpha and 2 beta protein chains) consisting of four iron-containing heme groups in each protein chain. Each heme group can bind to one oxygen molecule. So, one hemoglobin can bind to 4 oxygen molecules to form oxyhaemoglobin.
2. (a)RBC is small but WBC is large.
(b)RBC is in regular biconcave shape but WBC is in irregular shape.
(c)RBC has no nucleus but WBC has nucleus.
(d)RBC has haemoglobin pigment but not WBC.
(e)WBC can squeeze through narrow opening (eg. into tissue fluid) unlike RBC.
(f)RBC transport gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) to and from cells but WBC destroys pathogen that enter our body.
(g)WBC can carry out autolysis but not RBC, which has to be destroyed by liver/spleen.
3. Blood flows at high pressure in arteries since they are pumped directly from the heart. So blood spurts during arterial wound. As the blood passes into vein, all its pressure/energy is lost, overcoming gravitational force or fluid friction against walls of vessels. So, blood flows at lower pressure in veins since they are further from the site of heart which pumps blood. So, blood only oozes out of a venous wound. Furthermore, artery has larger area of lumen; causing increased blood pressure but vein has smaller area of lumen; causing decreased blood pressure in them]]> 2018-02-15 08:17:50 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231809628 Haizqal Mareekha https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231811388 1. Haemoglobin is a protein which is made up of 2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide chains and 4 heme group. Each heme group has an iron atom and it can bind to one Oxygen molecule. So, each haemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygens. When haemoglobin binds to oxygen, it becomes oxyhaemoglobin. Iron in Heme group also gives the red colour of blood.

2.
i)Red blood cells transport oxygen around the body and removes carbon dioxide. The haemoglobin in it allows this. White blood cells do not have haemoglobin so they cant transport gas. Instead they are responsible for antibody production and mechanisms which fights pathogens and foreign particles in our body
ii) White blood cell has a nuclei and organelles. It is also irregular in shape. Red blood cells is just biconcave in shape and contains haemoglobin.
ii) White blood cells are so much bigger than Red blood cells

3. The flow of blood in the arteries and the veins are different. It flows faster in arteries because blood is pumped directly into the arteries from the heart. Veins, in the other hand flows calmly and not fast. This is why veins has valves which will prevent the back flow of blood due to the nature of the blood flow in veins. So, when arteries are wounded, blood will spurt our more violently than if a vein is wounded.]]> 2018-02-15 08:25:37 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231811388 Reshmma Menon https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231838855 1) Haemoglobin consists of globin, which is two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains and four heme groups. Each folded protein contains a heme group which then binds to the oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin which then is transported to the blood stream. 
2) The red blood cells have biconcave disc shape and does not have a nucleus, while the white blood cells have an irregular shape with a nucleus. Secondly, there is only one type of RBC found in the body whereas there are many types of white blood cells found in the body such as neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes. Other than that, the RBC has a function of supplying oxygen to different parts of the human body producing CO2 as a waste product, while the WBC produces antibodies to develop immunity against infections. 
3) This is because the veins and arteries have different functions. Arteries carry blood directly from the heart. Hence, the pressure will be higher there. So, when there is a wound the blood will spurt out due to the high pressure because of the artery. Vein on the other hand, transports blood to the heart. The pressure here will be lower compared to the artery. Hence, the blood will ooze and will not spurt. ]]> 2018-02-15 10:39:06 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/231838855 Katrina Tegjeu https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/232233442 1. Hemoglobin is an iron containing protein in red blood cells. It is made of globin which consists of 2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide chains and 4 heme groups. Each heme group binds to one oxygen molecule, Hence, one haemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen molecules. When the oxygen binds to the heme groups, the haemoglobin becomes oxyhemoglobin. When this happens, oxygen can be transported to cells.
2. In terms of physical structure, red blood cells have a bi-concave disc shape and it contains no nucleus. White blood cells have an irregular shape and a nucleus. Red blood cells have a longer life span in comparison to white blood cells whereby red blood cells can live up to 120 days whereas white blood cells can only live up to 4 to 30 days. There  is only one type of red blood cells but there are a number of different types of white blood cells. The function of a red blood cell is to transport oxygen to cells and tissues but the function of a white blood cell is to produce antibodies to develop immunity against pathogens. White blood cells make up only 1% of our blood whereas red blood cells make up 36% to 50% of our blood.
3. Blood ooze out of venous wounds instead of spurting because, blood flows at a lower pressure in a vein then it would in an artery. This is because, as it flows through the vein, it is defying gravity and at the same time friction is being caused by the walls of the vessel hence, most of the pressure is lost. In addition, the lumen of an artery is smaller and is surrounded by thick walls of muscle cells thus allowing blood to flow at a high pressure. Unlike a vein where it has a big lumen but have thin walls of muscle cells surrounding it. Therefore, blood flows at a lower pressure and at a slower pace in a vein compared to an artery. Hence, blood ooze instead of spurting out of venous wounds

]]> 2018-02-16 06:46:14 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/232233442 Lim Siak Ling https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/232537022 1.Hemoglobin is the oxygen binding protein of red blood cells and is a globular protein with quaternarystructure. Hemoglobin consists of four polypeptide subunits; 2 alpha chains and two beta chains.Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood from the lungs to the rest of the body.Two alpha subunits and two other subinits that vary depending on th type of haemoglobin, either beta,delta, gamma or epsilon. Each subunit contains on heme group. Heme group contains four pyrol rings and a central iron atom. Central Iron has a high affinity for oxygen allowing the protein complex to efficiently transport oxygen.
2. The size of red blood cell are usually smaller than white blood cell which could be more than 2x the size. Red blood cell have only one type while white blood cell consists of two types which are granulocytes( eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil) and agranulocytes ( monocytes, lymphocytes). Red blood cell involves in the transportation of respiratory gases while white blood cell involve in the immune system of the body.
3. Artery transport oxygenated blood from heart while vein transport deoxygenated blood from body cells. Thus, the blood pressure in vein is much lower as the pressure  derives from either gravity from upper body or muscle from lower body. According to the high blood pressure in artery as the heart pumps blood in order to pump oxygenated blood to others part of the body. This is why vein contains less smooth muscle in tunica media layer while artery contains more smooth muscle in its tunica media to increase the contraction. 


]]> 2018-02-17 00:15:42 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/232537022 Jamie Lee https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/232559921 1) Haemoglobin is a protein molecule that is made up of 4 subunits. Each subunits is made up of an iron atom bound to a heme group. Each heme group is able to bind to an oxygen molecule.The function of haemoglobin is to transport oxygen to the cells.

2)Red blood cells has no nucleus while white blood cells has nucleus. Red blood cell has longer life span than white blood cell. Red blood cells is responsible for transporting oxygenated and deoxygenated blood while white blood cell is responsible for defending the body against pathogens. 

3) Blood ooze out from venous wound because it has larger lumen and lower pressure. Blood would sprut out from arterial wound because artery has smaller lumen and higher pressure of blood flow. ]]> 2018-02-17 08:43:39 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/232559921 Jamie Lee https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/232560978 1) Haemoglobin is a protein molecule consists of 4 subunits. Each subunits is made of a iron atom bound to a heme group. Each heme group is able to bind to an oxygen molecule. The function of haemoglobin is to transport oxygen to the cells. 

2) Red blood cells has no nucleus while white blood cells has nucleus. White blood cells has longer life span than red blood cells. Red blood cells is responsible for transporting oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood white the white blood cells is responsible for defending the body against pathogens. 

3) Blood would ooze out from venous wound because vein has larger lumen and lower pressure while blood would sprut out from arterial wound because artery has smaller lumen and higher pressure of blood flow. 
]]> 2018-02-17 08:59:51 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/232560978 Cherylanne Ignatius https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/232913449 1.Haemoglobin's quaternary structure comes from its four sub-units in roughly a tetrahedral arrangement. In most vertebrates, the haemoglobin molecule is an assembly of four globular protein sub-units. Each sub-unit is composed of a protein chain tightly associated with a non-protein prosthetic heme group. Each folded protein contains a Haem group which binds to oxygen. The advantage of having 4 proteins together is that once one of them is bound to oxygen, it makes it easier for the other forms to bind, creating Oxyhaemoglobin.

2. RBC

1. They do not have nucleus at maturity

2. They possess haemoglobin and are red

3. They help in transport of respiratory gases.

4. They are about 5 million/ mm

5. Life span 120 days

6. In the embryonic stage the RBC are formed in the live and spleen. But after birth, they are formed in the red bone marrow. The process of formation of RBC is known aserythropoiesis.

WBC

1. They have a large characteristic nucleus

2. They are colourless as they have no pigment

3. They help in defence mechanism

4. They are about 7000/mm

5. WBC have short life span of 5-21 days

6. WBC are formed in the red bone marrow. The process of formation of WBC is known as leucopoiesis.

3. The venous system is a low pressure system while the arterial system is a high pressure system directly reflecting the pumping force of the heart.
Hence, a venous cut oozes and is non-pulsatile while an arterial cut gushes is pulsatile corresponding with each heart beat.



]]> 2018-02-19 13:34:01 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/232913449 Tasheeni Vikaneshwaran tasheeni240300 https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/232921871
  • Haemoglobin is a protein molecule that consists of four subunits. It is made of globin which consists of 2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide chains and 4 heme groups. Each heme group binds to one oxygen molecule. One haemoglobin can carry four oxygen molecules. Binding of oxygen with haemoglobin forms oxyhemoglobin. Oxyhemoglobin is then transported to various parts of the body and is responsible for the overall amount of energy an individual has.  
  • Difference between Red Blood Cell & White Blood Cell
    • Red blood cells have a bi-concave disc shape, whereas a white blood cell has an irregular shape. 
    • Red blood cells are responsible for transport of respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), whereas the white blood cells provide defense mechanisms for fighting foreign microorganisms entering the human organism. 
    • Red blood cells do not contain a nucleus but a white blood cells do. The red colour of a red blood cell is made possible due to the presence of haemoglobin. White blood cells are colorless. 
    • Red blood cells are known to have a longer lifespan (120 days) than white blood cells (5 - 21 days). 
  • The venous system transports blood at low pressure using either gravity from the upper body or muscle action from the lower body, whereas the arterial system transports blood at high pressure. Hence, blood oozes instead of spurting out of the venous wounds. 
    • ]]>     2018-02-19 13:58:28 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/232921871     Yap Jen Tian https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/233275755 1.  Hemoglobin consists of globin (two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains) and four heme groups. Each heme group contains iron and the iron atom can bind to one O2 molecule. One hemoglobin molecule can transport 4 O2 molecule.

    2. RBC is biconcave disc shaped, and have no nucleus in mammals while WBC is irregularly shaped and have a nucleus. The main function of RBC is to transport O2 and CO2, WBC is to provide protection towards foreign organism and matter. There is only one type of rbc but 6 types of wbc (lymphocyte, monocyte, agranulocyte, basophil, eosinophil and neutrophil) 

    3. Blood ooze out from a venous wound because vein have lower pressure than arteries that spurt out blood.


    ]]>     2018-02-20 14:27:34 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/233275755     Soon Chee Haw https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/233633499 1. Haemoglobin is a globular protein made of four polypeptide chains with four heme-iron complexes that allow oxygen to bind to it

    2. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide while white blood cells provide defense mechanisms for fighting pathogens

    3. Artery runs blood at high pressure while vein has low pressure so a arterial wound will spurt blood our while venous wound oozes out blood]]>     2018-02-21 08:37:10 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/233633499     Tong Rui Chee https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/234092177 1. Haemoglobin is made up of 4 proteins named Alpha 1 and 2, Beta 1 and 2. Each folded protein contains a Haem group which binds to oxygen. The advantage of having 4 proteins together is that once one of them is bound to oxygen, it makes it easier for the other forms to bind, creating oxyhaemoglobin. 
    2. White blood cells have irregular shapes. Red blood cells have a biconcave disc shape. They also do not have nucleus while white blood cells have nucleus. Red blood cells have a longer life span, 120 days, while white blood cells have a life span of 4-30 days.
    3. Arteries carry blood directly from the heart. Therefore the artery would have a very high pressure. If the artery is cut, that high pressure would cause the blood to spurt out.
    However in the case of veins, the pressure of the vein is lower because it is far from the heart. Therefore if the vein is cut, the blood will not spurt out.]]>     2018-02-22 06:35:33 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/234092177     Francis Fabian Fernandez https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/234094453 1. Haemoglobin is made up of 4 proteins. 
    Alpha 1&2, Beta 1&2 
    Each folded protein contains a Haem group which binds to oxygen. The advantage of having 4 proteins together is that once one of them is bound to oxygen, it makes it easier for the other forms to bind, creating Oxyhaemoglobin. 
    2. Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, are the most abundant type of cells in the human organism. It has no nucleus and the space where the nucleus would have been is taken by haemoglobin which is responsible for spreading oxygen around the body.
         White Blood cells are responsible for immune response of the human organism. There 5 types of white blood cells divided into 2 sub-categories; granulocytes and agranulocytes. Leukocytes, Neutrophils and eosinophils are examples of granulocytes while leukocytes and monocytes are examples of agranulocytes.
    3. Blood oozes out of a venous wound because blood being transported by the vein have a lower pressure resulting in a slow blood flow. However, in a arterial wound, the blood is moving faster because of the higher pressure, resulting in a blood spurt.]]>     2018-02-22 06:54:00 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/234094453     Thin Jing Wen https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/234099210 1) Haemogoblin is a tetramer consisting of two dimers that binds to oxygen. Haemoglobin is the oxygen binding protein of red blood cells and is a globular protein with quaternary structure. Hemoglobin consists of four polypeptide subunits; 2 alpha chains and two beta chains. Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood from the lungs to the rest of the body.
    2) surface of red blood cell have protein attached on it while white blood cell does not have .
    3)In arterial bleeding, blood spurts from the wound .Arterial bleeding also is less likely to clot because blood can clot only when it is flowing slowly or not at all. However, unless a very large artery has been cut, it is unlikely that a person will bleed to death before the flow can be controlled.]]>     2018-02-22 07:30:06 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/234099210     Azzman Ariff bin Farid azzmanariff https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/234697794 1. A haemoglobin is a protein molecules in our blood that is made up of four polypeptide subunits: two alpha chains and two beta chains as well as a heme group at each polypeptide subunit. One heme group contains an iron atom which binds to one oxygen molecule. As a result, one Hb molecule can bind to four oxygen molecules which is then used for gaseous exchange in the respiratory system.

    2. Red blood cells are used in the transport of respiratory gases to cells throughout our body wheras, white blood cells are used to defend the body' immune system by protecting from infectious diseases and foreign invaders. Besides that, the structure of a red blood cell is circular and biconcave disc shaped but, the structure of white blood cells depend on if it is a granulocyte or  agranuloctye. Granulocytes are spherical shaped and contain lobed nuclei. Agranulocytes are also spherical shaped but with a oval or kidney shaped nuclei . Red blood cells do not have nuclei and organelles wheras, white blood cells contain nuclei and organelles.

    3. Veins have a much lower pressure than arteries hence why, why a venous wound would ooze out blood as oppose to an arterial wound that spurts out blood because of the higher pressure.]]>     2018-02-23 14:28:45 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/234697794     Farah Naqiyah binti Rosli https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/234993695 1) Haemoglobin is contained in red blood cell and it is a protein molecule that has 2 alpha polypeptide and 2 beta polypeptide chains and 4 heme group. Each heme group can bind to 1 oxygen molecule and 1 Hb molecule can transport 4 oxygen. This makes the respiration work efficiently.

    2) -Nuclei and organelles: The nuclei and organelles are absent in red blood cell but is present in white blood cell.
    -Shape: red blood cell is in circular biconcave shape and is smaller than white blood cell while white blood cell has an irregular shape and is larger than red blood cell.
    -Function: Red blood cell is mainly for respiratory gas transport while white blood cell is for body defence.

    3) The venous system is low pressure while the arterial system has a high pressure. Therefore, the blood from the arterial wound would spurts rather than ooze out.

    ]]>     2018-02-24 15:31:45 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/234993695     Shenbagapriya [edit]1.Hemoglobin is a complex protein molecule made up of four subunits of polypeptides, or globins, which are chains of amino acids. These globin subunits bind to non-ptorein heme groups containing an iron ion, which can bind to oxygen. These iron ions are in turn enclosed in rings called porphyrins. Hemoglobin has two proteins that allow it to carry and release oxygen. In adults, they are alpha globin and beta globin, but during pregnancy, gamma globin operates instead of beta globin in the fetal hemoglobin.2.- Both the red blood cells and white blood cells together form the cellular portion of the blood.- The RBC carries a pigment showing them in red color where as the WBC are colorless.-The amount of RBC found in blood is around 4.5 million per cubic mm and the WBC is only 4000 – 11000 per cubic mm which, changes with the degree of infection-The RBC lack any granules in their cellular cytoplasm whereas, there is both granulated and agrnulated cytoplasm in WBC.-An increase of WBC indicates a disease condition yet, the decrease of RBC such a condition.3.If bleeding is venous, the blood will flow evenly from the wound. If bleeding is arterial, the blood will spurt unevenly due to higher blood pressure in the vessel. Arterial blood is also very bright red in color, as venous blood is a darker red.There are a couple of ways:1. Arterial blood is brighter red than venous blood. This is because of hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying molecules in blood cells)binds with oxygen and appears bright red. In the absence of oxygen, such as in veins, hemoglobin appears darker.2. Blood leaving a vein tends to ooze out because there is little pressure in veins. Venous walls are soft while arterial walls are hard on order to maintain a certain blood pressure. Blood leaving an artery, in contrast, tends to spray because it's under high pressure https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/235059154 2018-02-25 08:01:19 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/235059154 https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/235092953 1.]]> 2018-02-25 14:28:26 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/235092953 Samantha Saha https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/235096326 1.      Haemoglobin is the oxygen carrying pigment which consists of 2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide chains. At the centre of each chain there is a heme group which is an inorganic group containing one iron atom. Each iron atom can combine with one O2  molecule and in total, 4 iron atoms combine with 4 O2 molecules. 
    2.      Red blood cells, are also known as erythrocytes, are the most abundant type of cells in the human organism. They are anucleated cells (does not contain nucleus). It has a bi-concave shape and contains a pigment called haemoglobin which combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin and transports oxygen around the body.
     
    White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, are responsible for immune response of the human organism. There are irregular in shape and have lobed nucleus. WBC are colorless because they have no pigment, as RBC does. 
    3.      Arteries have a narrower lumen than veins, therefore the pressure of the blood it carries is very high compared to a vein. As a result, blood spurts out off an arterial wound but the same does not happen for a venous wound, due to its lower pressure.  

     

     

    ]]>     2018-02-25 14:55:20 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/235096326     Samantha Saha https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/235096696 1.      Haemoglobin is the oxygen carrying pigment which consists of 2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide chains. At the centre of each chain there is a heme group which is an inorganic group containing one iron atom. Each iron atom can combine with one O2  molecule and in total, 4 iron atoms combine with 4 O2 molecules. 
    2.      Red blood cells, are also known as erythrocytes, are the most abundant type of cells in the human organism. They are anucleated cells (does not contain nucleus). It has a bi-concave shape and contains a pigment called haemoglobin which combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin and transports oxygen around the body.
     
    White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, are responsible for immune response of the human organism. There are irregular in shape and have lobed nucleus. WBC are colorless because they have no pigment, as RBC does. 
    3.      Arteries have a narrower lumen than veins, therefore the pressure of the blood it carries is very high compared to a vein. As a result, blood spurts out off an arterial wound but the same does not happen for a venous wound, due to its lower pressure.  

     

     

    ]]>     2018-02-25 14:58:22 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/235096696     Tarshiiny Raja https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/268672029 1) hemoglobin molecule is an assembly of four globular protein subunits. Each subunit is composed of a protein chain tightly  Haemoglobin is red blood cell and it is a protein molecule that has 2 alpha polypeptide and 2 beta polypeptide chains and 4 heme group. Each heme group can bind to 1 oxygen molecule and 1 hemoglobin molecule can transport 4 oxygen. this cause respiration to take place.

    2) red blood cell = red blood cells that revolve in the body and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to the tissues. These cells have hemoglobin and nucleus. In the embryonic stage the red blood cell are formed in the liver and spleen. But after birth, they are formed in the red bone marrow.They possess hemoglobin and are red. Life span 120 days.                          

    white blood cell = white blood cells which are without hemoglobin and nucleus in the body. the main function of these cells is to protect the immune system from foreign and viral particles .White blood cells are formed in the red bone marrow.hey are colourless as they have no pigment.BC have a life span of few months to even years according to the bodies needs.

    3)The venous system is low pressure using either gravity from the upper body or muscle action from the lower body. It has low pressure. artery has high pressure blood carrying oxygen to tissues. Depending on your blood pressure, It is very difficult to stop and usually requires medical intervention.]]>     2018-06-27 01:53:19 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/268672029     https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/325343062 2019-01-29 12:30:42 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/325343062 Marcus Ling https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/325443650 1. Each hemoglobin molecule is made up of four heme groups surrounding a globin group, forming a tetrahedral structure. Heme group contains iron atom which binds to oxygen molecule. Therefore, function of red blood cell is to transport oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin.

    2. RBC has no nucleus whereas WBC has nucleus. RBC is biconcave disc shape whereas WBC has irregular shape.

    3. Blood in vein has low pressure whereas blood in arteries has high pressure. Thus, blood just oozes out instead of spurting out to a far distance.]]>     2019-01-29 15:42:33 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/325443650     Gayatri Gopal gaya96 https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/326297493
    1. Haemoglobin is composed of four subunits each containing a cofactor known as a heme group that includes an iron atom center. The main component that binds with oxygen is the iron. Hence each molecule of haemoglobin is capable of carrying four oxygen molecules. In order to transport oxygen efficiently, corporation between the four subunits in a haemoglobin molecule becomes mandatory. In truth, all four subunits bind with oxygen collectively. When oxygen gets bound to one site among the four subunits, it also increases the chances of other remaining sites being bound to oxygen. Haemoglobin’s role in carrying oxygen through the blood from the lungs to the tissues is considered crucial for survival. When the concentration of oxygen becomes low, haemoglobin shows a low affinity towards oxygen. This has a lot of impact in our body and has helped us in adapting efficiently. The lower concentrations and lower affinity means that when we work out, our body’s oxygen supply becomes less. Since haemoglobin shows less affinity towards oxygen, they can drop off the oxygen easily on human tissues. This ensures a good supply of oxygen when faced with an oxygen dependent situation. Haemoglobin displays a higher affinity towards oxygen when the oxygen concentration is high and hence will not release oxygen when not required. 


    2. The main difference between red blood cells and white blood cells is in their respective functions. While red blood cells are responsible for transport of respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), white blood cells provide defense mechanisms for fighting foreign microorganisms entering the human organism.


    3. The arteries are the vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They are muscular, elastic tubes that transport blood under the high pressure of the hearts pumping action. The vein carries blood toward the heart. Most veins have one-way valves called venous valves to prevent backflow caused by gravity. They also have a thick collagen outer layer, which helps maintain blood pressure and stop blood pooling. A venous bleeding is not as dangerous and dramatic as arterial bleeding.

    ]]>     2019-01-31 15:07:37 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/326297493     Teoh Hui Chee https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/329566661 1.Haemoglobin is a conjugated protein with quaternary structure. It consist of four coiled polypeptide chains, two alpha and two beta chain. Each haemoglobin contain four heme group and each heme group can bind to one oxygen molecule. Hence, each haemoglobin can transport four oxygen molecule.
    2. Erythrocyte do not have any organelle including nucleus but white blood cell have nucleus and organelles. Erythrocyte is responsible to transport oxygen but white blood cell is responsible for the body defense. Erythrocytes are circular biconcave discs but white blood cell is spherical. 
    3.Blood ooze out of a venous wound because the blood pressure in vein is much more lower than in artery. Hence blood spurts out of arterial wound due to high pressure but ooze out of venous wound due to lower pressure.]]>     2019-02-10 08:00:40 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/329566661     Loh Xin Yee https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/329731702 1.Haemoglobin is a conjugated protein with quaternary structure. It consist of four coiled polypeptide chains, two alpha and two beta chain. Each haemoglobin contain four heme group and each heme group can bind to one oxygen molecule. Hence, each haemoglobin can transport four oxygen molecule.
    2. Erythrocyte do not have any organelle including nucleus but white blood cell have nucleus and organelles. Erythrocyte is responsible to transport oxygen but white blood cell is responsible for the body defense. Erythrocytes are circular biconcave discs but white blood cell is spherical. 
    3.Blood ooze out of a venous wound because the blood pressure in vein is much more lower than in artery. Hence blood spurts out of arterial wound due to high pressure but ooze out of venous wound due to lower pressure.]]>     2019-02-11 05:43:55 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/329731702     Lim Dhi Vya https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/331661966 1. Hemoglobin is a quaternary structure. One hemoglobin molecule is made up of four heme groups which surrounds a globin group. This forms a tetrahedral structure. In each heme group, it consists of iron atom that binds to one oxygen molecule. The red blood cells transport oxygen in a form of oxyhaemoglobin.

    2. The differences between red blood cells and white blood cells are red blood cells does not have a nucleus while white blood cells does. Red blood cells are in a biconcave disc shape while white blood cells are in a irregular shape.

    3. Blood ooze out of a venous wound while an arterial wound spurts out as the blood flowing in artery is in high pressure. Blood flows in vein are in a much lower pressure.  ]]>     2019-02-15 10:00:08 UTC https://padlet.com/yinsimtor/ibhvnr7evbus/wish/331661966