• English
• French.

• Cantonese
• Mandarin
• Punjabi
• German
• Tagalog
• French
• Korean
• Spanish
• Farsi 

• One of Canada's two official languages is English. English is the mother tongue of around 57% of the population, and the first official language of approximately 75% of the population. High levels of immigration from non-English-speaking nations have reduced the number of native English speakers to slightly over half of the metropolitan population in Toronto and Vancouver. 

• It is also worth mentioning that not all native English speakers in Canada speak Canadian English, as some are immigrants who grew up learning English in other countries and they speak other dialects. The term "Canadian English" will be used to refer to the sort of English spoken by people who learned it as a native language while growing up mostly in Canada (Boberg, 2016).

The Treaty of Paris of 1763

• Ended the Seven Years' War and opened most of eastern Canada to English-speaking settlement. 

The American Revolution of 1775–1783

•  Prompted the first large group of English-speakers to migrate to Canada. 

The Industrial Revolution in Britain

• Prompted an even larger group to migrate to Canada in the 19th century.

• Boberg (2016), also stated that current immigration to Canada from all over the world has had very little impact on the development of Canadian English. Today's immigrants' children can  quickly assimilate to the patterns of English already spoken by the majority of people as  there are a huge population of Canadian-born people to blend in with. 

• Nonetheless, Canadian English, like all dialects and languages, evolves with each generation of speakers, with minor alterations. Even while the core characteristics of Canadian English are largely consistent, new words and ways of stating things emerge on a regular basis, while older idioms fade away. 

• It is indeed fair to presume that Canada's history of English-speaking settlement has resulted in a hybrid form of English with a distinct blend of American and British elements. Nonetheless, the English spoken by most Canadians today, is unmistakably a kind of North American English, most closely resembling that of the western United States and General American English. 

• This is especially true of its grammar:
  • The way words and sentences are put together, (morphology and syntax).
  • The most systematic features of its pronunciation, (phonology and phonetics).

What are the different types of phonemes? 

• Consonants
• Short vowels
• Long vowels
• Diphthongs
• Triphthongs

What is the difference between phonetic and phonemic?

• Phonemic transcriptions depict how humans understand sounds.
• Phonetic transcriptions provide additional details on how the sounds are actually pronounced. 
• To encompass phones or sounds, we use square brackets.
• To enclose phonemes, we use slashes. 

• Many languages use length distinctions, so that they have long and short vowels. In most languages, segments that begin with a voiced consonant are longer than segments that begin with a voiceless consonant. In English, emphasis serves as a grammatical distinction between nouns and verbs.

• The resulting pitch variations can have an impact on the overall meaning of the sentence or the meaning of individual words. Pitch pattern is also known as intonation. Through switching from a predominantly rising to a mainly falling intonation, the meaning of a sentence in English can be transformed (Ladefoged, 2021).

• Syllabic Prosody - Each line in syllabic prosody has a fixed number of syllables, with accent, tone, and quantity playing a secondary role.
• Accentual Prosody - While the overall number of syllables in a line of verse may vary, accentual prosody measures solely the accents or stresses within the line.
• Accentual-syllabic Prosody - Each line in accentual-syllabic prosody is measured for both syllables and accents.
• Quantitative Prosody - Based on the duration of syllables rather than the number of syllables. The amount of time spent on pronunciation, such as in a free-verse poem with unmeasured lines, can be used to determine this.

• According to British Library (2021), most native speakers have a variety of words for conveying the same idea, and we change our lexical choices depending on the situation and audience. 

• As an example, when chatting to young children or foreigners, we tend to avoid using phrases like 'knackered' (which means 'tired,' yet most of us use it without problem among friends. 

• Individuals differ in whether or whether they use knackered in front of older family members, strangers, or superiors at work.

• Welsh in Wales 
• Cornish in Cornwall, England
• Gaelic and Scots in Scotland
• Irish and Ulster Scots in Northern Ireland

• The settlement in Britain of Jutes, Saxons, and Angles in the 5th and 6th centuries.

• The arrival of St. Augustine in 597 and the subsequent conversion of England to Latin Christianity.

• The Viking invasions of the 9th century.

• The Norman Conquest of 1066.

• The Statute of Pleading in 1362 (this required that court proceedings be conducted in English).

• The setting up of William Caxton’s printing press at Westminster in 1476.

• The full flowering of the Renaissance in the 16th century; the publishing of the King James Bible in 1611.

• The completion of Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary of 1755. 

• The expansion to North America and South Africa in the 17th century and to India, Australia, and New Zealand in the 18th.

• The consonant /r/ sound in the word 'quarter' [ˈkwɔrtər] both in the middle and the end of the word is highlighted by the speaker. 
• The speaker also accentuate the /r/ sound vigorously in the word 'morning' [ˈmɔrnɪŋ], 'never' [ˈnɛvər], and 'girls' [gɜrlz] when pronouncing the words. 
• In addition, words like 'throwing' [ˈθroʊɪŋ] and 'three' [θri] were also emphasized by the speaker in the recordings. 

• The consonant [r] sound in the word 'embarrassing' /ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ/.
• The consonant [r] sound in the word 'quarter' /ˈkwɔrtər/ both in the middle and the end of the word is highlighted by the speaker. 
• The speaker also accentuate the [r] sound vigorously in the word 'morning' /mɔrnɪŋ/ and 'never' /ˈnɛvər/, when pronouncing the words. 

• The use of /aɪ/

• /h/ deletion 

• /t/ deletion 

• ‘Ing’ fronting 

• Tapping

• Canadian raising is a very common occurrence for Canadians as they tend to raised the /ay/ and /aw/ sound in their speech. 
• The speaker put heavy accentuation of those sounds when pronouncing words like 'date' [deɪt], 'eight' [eɪt], 'gate' [geɪt], and 'late' [leɪt]. 
• Since all of those words consists of voiceless consonant /t/ in the spelling, the emphasized sound of /ey/ [ei] is even more prominent in as pronounced by the speaker.

1. Tonic stress - Refers to the syllable in a word that receives the most emphasis. There is only one tonic stress in an intonation unit. It's vital to keep in mind that a sentence can include multiple intonation units, and multiple tonic stresses.
   • This stress is highlighted in the sentence "I have got a date at a quarter to eight; I’ll see you at the gate, so don’t be late" as the speaker only put stress at the end of each words in the sentence.
2. Emphatic stress - This stress calls attention to the extraordinary nature of what you want to emphasize in a sentence. 
   • This stress is emphasized in the sentence "do you think you’re a big boy, throwing three stacks? I will show you how to ball, you’re  a mismatch. Opinionated, but I'm always spitting straight facts. Throw it back, I might throw this on an eight-track" as the speaker put stress in his preferred part of the sentence. 
3. New information stress - When a question is asked, the sought information is naturally emphasized more.
   • This stress is highlighted in the sentence "why can’t you be a normal human being for once? It’s embarrassing" as the sentence is a form of a question.

1. Low-rise intonation - Begins at the lowest pitch and gradually climbs to about mid pitch. Low rise has a cautious, unconfident, and unfinished quality to it.
   • This intonation is emphasized in the sentence "one morning, I shot an elephant in my pajamas; how he got into my pajamas, I'll never know" as the speaker sound cautious and unconfident while uttering the sentence.
2. Fall-fall intonation - To show sarcasm, arrogance and snobbishness.  
   • This intonation is very bold in the sentence "why can’t you be a normal human being for once? It’s embarrassing" as the speaker sounds rather annoyed and sarcastic when uttering the sentence.

• Using rhoticity English as the speaker tend to accentuate on the /r/ sound in his speech. 
• The speaker also accentuate the /r/ sound vigorously in words like 'morning' [ˈmɔrnɪŋ], 'never' [ˈnɛvər], and 'girls' [gɜrlz]. 
• In addition, words like 'throwing' [ˈθroʊɪŋ] and 'three' [θri] were also emphasized by the speaker in the recordings. 
• Accentuation of the diphthongs /ay/ [ei] and /aw/ [aʊ] in his speech, also known as the Canadian Raising. 
• The speaker put heavy accentuation of those sounds when pronouncing words like 'date' [deɪt], 'eight' [eɪt], 'gate' [geɪt], and 'late' [leɪt]. 

• Using rhotic English due to the fact that the consonant [r] is stressed more heavily.
• The heavy sound of /aɪ/ and is spoken clearly unlike the speaker from British Columbia who pronounces it normally. 
• Often omits a consonant or vowel in the words for instance /h/ and /t/ which can sometimes cause confusion to the listeners while the speaker from British Columbia pronounces the words nice and clear.
• Stresses more in the 'ing' form in words causing it to have more volume when speaker unlike the speaker from British Columbia.
• The tapping is often heard when the speaker is talking fast and the words contain a lot of /t/ in them. 

• Using tonic stress which the speaker only put stress at the end of each words, emphatic stress which the speaker put stress in his preferred part of a sentence and new information stress as some sentence is a form of question. 
• The speaker uses low-rise intonation which the speaker sound cautious and unconfident and fall-fall intonation which the speaker sounds rather annoyed and sarcastic.

• Stresses the words at the initial syllable.
• Intonation of the speaker is under the fall-rise category which starts off with a sharp fall to low pitch with a little rise at the end of the sentence.

• The speaker's pronunciation and vocabulary is clear and precise and listeners can easily understand them.  
• The speaker also has his own way of pronouncing and putting the stress in the sentence.
• The speaker might use a few different word choice in the given sentences.
• The speaker's has a good overall speech articulation and lexicon usage. 

• Speaks clear and with her own pace although it is sometimes fast and sometimes moderate.
• Clear pronunciations overall although they were minor issues in the way she says a certain word that can cause misunderstandings..
• The way she speaks can identify what words are singular and what words are in plural form.
• Definitely has some words that she would say it differently from other countries.
• Has a good lexicon usage.