Unit 7 by Ilakkiya Venkatachalam https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitseven Development en-us 2018-01-24 13:30:16 UTC 2018-05-02 10:39:52 UTC hello@padlet.com 1/24 ilakkiyaven2598 https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitseven/wish/224205132 Twin Studies
Tom Bouchard supports the argument of nature, focuses on identical twins reared apart. Twins reared together are more likely to become their own person than twins reared apart.
- similar brainwaves, behaviors, heart rates, religious ability, mannerisms
Gone to the Dogs
module 36 notes]]> 2018-01-24 13:49:59 UTC https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitseven/wish/224205132 1/25 ilakkiyaven2598 https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitseven/wish/224631753 At what age do we first...
- laugh: 2 months
- pedal a tricycle: 2 years
- sit without support: 6 months
- feel ashamed: 2 years
- walk unassisted: 12 months
- stand on one foot for 10 seconds: 4.5 years (because of sports)
- recognize and smile at mother or father: 4 to 5 months (get stranger anxiety after this point)
- kick a ball forward: 20 months
- think about things that cannot be seen: 1 year
- make two-word sentences: 20 to 22 months
Language Learning
Chomsky: universal grammar and language acquisition device, child is born with ability to learn language
Skinner: shaping of grammar by reinforcement of other stimuli, child is a blank slate with knowledge gained by experience
Cross-sectional vs longitudinal research
Cross-sectional: done on many subjects of different ages at the same time
  • advantages: inexpensive, short time, avoid attrition(drop-out) rate
  • disadvantages: different age groups aren't necessarily alike, subjects of same chronological age might not be same maturation age, a lot of confounding variables
Longitudinal: done on one group of subjects over many years
  • advantages: detailed info about subjects, studies developmental changes in depth
  • disadvantages: high attrition rate, expensive
Prenatal development, Newborn reflexes
- rooting: when stroked, turn to suckle
- swallowing: no acid refluxes
- sucking: but everything in their mouth, sanitize stuff
- babinski: stroke the bottom of the foot, toes curl; disappears at 2
- stepping: when they are picked up, lift up their feet
- moro "startle": when they are dropped, they reach out; disappears at 5 months
- prefer human voices and faces even though their eyes are not developed enough to distinguish features
Infancy+childhood, Cognitive development
- cognition: all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
- schema: a concept or framework that organizes and interprets info
Sensorimotor Piaget
- assimilation: interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas (smelling flowers/smelling bushes)
- accommodation: adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new info
- object permanence: the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
- baby mathematics: shown a numerically impossible outcome, infants stare longer, recognize quantity
]]> 2018-01-25 13:41:03 UTC https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitseven/wish/224631753 1/26 ilakkiyaven2598 https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitseven/wish/225049392 Egocentrism: the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view; see only their perspective, hard to think from others view
Theory of mind: ideas about your own and others' mental states, feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behaviors this might predict
Stranger Anxiety: about 4 months]]> 2018-01-26 14:08:40 UTC https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitseven/wish/225049392 1/29 ilakkiyaven2598 https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitseven/wish/225602771
  • Stage 2: preoperational, lack of conservation
    • Concrete Operational
    Conservation: the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects//same water no matter the container
    - kids take everything literally
    ]]>     2018-01-29 13:32:46 UTC https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitseven/wish/225602771     1/31 ilakkiyaven2598 https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitseven/wish/226538849 Parenting Styles
    Authoritarian-do not discuss, set rules, dad in fresh prince of bel-air
    Permissive-mom in mean girls, friends with kids, but kids don't respect them
    Authoritarian-the parents in the sit-com who shut down her daughter and make fun of her
    Konrad Lorenz and Imprinting
    - the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
    Mary Ainsworth and Attachment
    - secure vs. insecure attachments
    - secure attachment to mom, comforted when she comes back
    - insecure attachment is when the baby doesn't care even if the mom leaves
    Harry Harlow and Attachment
    - comfort/cuddles vs. nutrient/food
    - rhesus monkeys that stat with cloth mother instead of food wire mother]]>     2018-01-31 13:32:52 UTC https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitseven/wish/226538849     1/30 ilakkiyaven2598 https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitseven/wish/226555811 Parent Child Relationships
    - Basic Trust (Erik Erikson)
    • a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy
    - Self Concept
    • a sense of one's identity and personal worth
    Psychosocal development by Erikson
    1st year: trust vs mistrust
    2nd year: autonomy vs. shame and doubt
    3-5 years: initiative vs guilt
    6-puberty: competence vs. inferiority
    teen-20s: identity vs. role confusion
    20s-40s: intimacy vs isolation
    40s-60s: generativity vs. stagnation
    late60s-death: integrity vs. despair
    ]]>     2018-01-31 14:01:37 UTC https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitseven/wish/226555811     2/1 ilakkiyaven2598 https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitseven/wish/227015250 Lawrence Kohlberg - Moral Development
    Preconventional: morality of self interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards (rules for oneself)
    Conventional: morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval (rules of society)
    Postconventional: morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles, rules are relative (not everyone gets here, MLK, understand there needs to be change to help everyone)]]>     2018-02-01 13:27:52 UTC https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitseven/wish/227015250     2/2 ilakkiyaven2598 https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitseven/wish/227466597 Language
    Phonemes: smallest units of language, letters and their sounds, change phoneme, change meaning; ex: c-a-t
    Morphemes: smallest units that have meaning; ex: A, I, pre, ed, un
    Grammar: rules that help us communicates
    Semantics: helps us get meaning from words; a cat is a feline animal, it purrs (?)
    Syntax: rules for combining words; word order, commas, periods
    Stages
    Babbling: 3-4 months
    One word stage: 1-2 years
    Two word stage: 2.5, two word sentences
    Theories
    Benjamin Whorf: linguistic relativity, language determines the way we think
    BF Skinner: language is learned through association and reinforcement; praise for speaking
    Noam Chomsky: Universal Grammar Theory
    Words to Know
    Menopause - when the ovaries stop producing hormones; have hot flashes; no more babies
    Epigenetic Effect - how genes are influenced by the environment and that may change behavior and lifestyle
    Scaffolding - when parents or teacher give  a kid a way or the knowledge to solve a problem, Vygotsky's theory
    More Knowledgeable Other/ZPD - ZPD what a person can and can't do, MKO is the other person who helps them do what they can't
    Family Self - the feeling that children and parents change for each other
    "Storm and stress" - theory of adolescence, when they're experiencing turmoil
    Carol Gilligan - a theory based off of Kohlberg, women centered, how they are more subjugated, think about the group more
    Elizabeth Kubler-Ross - studied near-death and the mind, theory of the five-stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance]]>     2018-02-02 13:28:38 UTC https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitseven/wish/227466597