1. Structure:

   • It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules.

   • Sometimes Cytoplasm acts like watery solution and sometimes it is more of like a gel-like consistency

   • It is located between the cell membrane and nuclear membrane

2. Function:

   • Cytoplasm role in the cells are to holds the internal components inside the cells to protects it from any damage.

Bahasa Indonesia Version

1. Struktur:

   • Terdiri dari air, garam, dan berbagai molekul organik.

   • Kadang-kadang Sitoplasma bertindak seperti larutan encer dan kadang-kadang lebih seperti konsistensi seperti gel

   • Terletak di antara membran sel dan membran inti

2. Fungsi:

   • Peran sitoplasma dalam sel adalah untuk menahan komponen internal di dalam sel untuk melindunginya dari kerusakan.

Citation:

Austin, Christopher P. “Cytoplasm.” Genome.gov, 2019, www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Cytoplasm.

Wakim, Suzanne, and Mandeep Grewal. “5.5: Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton.” Biology LibreTexts, 21 Dec. 2018, bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/05%3A_Cells/5.05%3A_Cytoplasm_and_Cytoskeleton.

Stewart, Sophie. “Cytoplasm.” Kenhub, 15 June 2023, www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/cytoplasm.

Fletcher, Kathryn. “What Is Cytoplasm? - Definition & Functions - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com.” Study.com, 2019, study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-cytoplasm-definition-functions-quiz.html.

Vakuola tidak memiliki bentuk dasar dan terletak di area tengah sel, vakuola biasanya sangat besar dan menyimpan air dalam jumlah yang sangat banyak, terkadang vakuola dapat menempati sebagian besar ruang sel tumbuhan, komposisi vakuola adalah protein, garam mineral, asam organik, asam amino, protein, gula, asam nukleat, dan glikosida, peran vakuola pada tumbuhan adalah untuk menjaga keseimbangan air dalam tumbuhan dan untuk hewan untuk membantu mengisolasi produk limbah.

Translated with

DeepL.com (free version)

Gahl, William. “Vacuole.” National Human Genome Research Institute, william, 2019, www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Vacuole. Accessed 30 Jan. 2025.

Zhang, Chunhua, et al. “Molecular Composition of Plant Vacuoles: Important but Less Understood Regulations and Roles of Tonoplast Lipids.” Plants, vol. 4, no. 2, 11 June 2015, pp. 320–333, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4844321/, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants4020320. Accessed 30 Jan. 2025.

roger, William. “Where Is the Vacuole Located? | Homework.Study.com.” Homework.study.com, william, 2024, homework.study.com/explanation/where-is-the-vacuole-located.html. Accessed 30 Jan. 2025.

Lysosomes are spherical and made up of enzymes. They also break down excess or worn-out cell parts.

citation

Gahl, William. “Lysosome.” Genome.gov, National Human Genome

Research Institute, 2019, www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Lysosome.

Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles.

WHAT IS WORK OF IT

Mitochondria is one of the immortal part for the cell because it's give energy to cell so cell can perform various function. That energy is produced by having chemicals within the cell go through pathways, in other words it get converted.

HOW MITOCHONDRIA FORM

It replicate by dividing in two, using a process similar to the simple, asexual form of cell division by bacteria and they are maded in nucleus.

WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF MITOCHONDRIA IS NOT PRESENT IN THE CELL

If cell doesn't have mitochondria it will die because of no energy.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANIMAL AND PLANt MITOCHONDRIA.

Evrey cell have different size types of mitochondria because cell need of energy can be different and the mitochondria of animal cells are accountable for the generation of a large amount of energy as they cannot use the energy from the sunlight to carry forward their biological processes. In-plant cells, sunlight can be utilized as a source of energy, and thus, the purposes of mitochondria are eased.

WHAT IS MITOCHONDRIA MADE OF

The mitochondrion is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, cristae, and matrix

INNER PART OF MITOCHONDRIA

The inner mitochondrial membraneis a highly specialized structural membrane . The layer of the inner membrane has a high content of the double phospholipid cardiolipin, which is composed of four fatty acids instead of two which may be responsible for the impermeable nature of this membrane to ions.

HOW MITOCHONDRIA WORKS

The classic role of mitochondria isoxidative phosphorylation, which generates ATP by using the energy released during the oxidation of the food we eat . ATP is used in turn as the primary energy source for most biochemical and physiological processes, such as growth, movement and homeostasi

DOES MITOCHONDRIA IS A LIVING

Mitochondria are symbionts that are no longer free living . Some of there essential genes have been incorporated into the hosts genome and some remain within the mitochondria themselves. After billions of years of coevolution, they have, for the most part become organelles, and are considered to be organelle

STRUCTURE OF A MITOCHONDRIA

Mitochondria are surrounded by a double-membrane system, consisting of inner and outer mitochondrial membranes separated by an intermembrane space.

HOW DOES MITOCHONDRIA SURVIVE

Mitochondrial nutrients provide substrates and co-factors that support and/or stimulate mitochondrial enzyme activity, they enhance cellular antioxidant defenses, they scavenge free radicals and protect mitochondria from oxidation, and they protect and repair mitochondrial membranes.

so inshort mitochondria is a power house of a cell and it have many nutrients and many parts.

jadi singkatnya mitokondria adalah pembangkit listrik sel dan memiliki banyak nutrisi dan banyak bagian

CITATION

“What Is Mitrocondia.” Brainly.in, 26 Aug. 2019, brainly.in/question/12025505. Accessed 30 Jan. 2025.

Brand, M.D., et al. “The Role of Mitochondrial Function and Cellular Bioenergetics in Ageing and Disease.” British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 169, no. 2, 21 June 2013, pp. 1–8, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4321783/, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12208.

Translate =

Dinding sel dibuat oleh selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan pektin. Dinding Sel berada di bagian luar sel Hewan, dan dinding sel merupakan lapisan struktur yang mengelilingi beberapa jenis sel. Pada Dinding Sel terdapat lamela tengah, dinding sel primer, membran plasma (sel), hemiselulosa, pektin, dan mikrofibril selulosa. Perannya adalah untuk menopang, membentuk, dan melindungi sel di dalamnya.

Citation

Iqbal, M. (2023, February 15). Eukaryotic cell wall: Structure, chemical composition, and function. https://microbialnotes.com/eukaryotic-cell-wall-its-structure-chemical-composition-and-function

Khan Academy. (n.d.). https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ms-biology/x0c5bb03129646fd6:cells-and-organisms/x0c5bb03129646fd6:cell-parts-and-functions/v/comparing-animal-and-plant-cells#:~:text=Plant%20cells%20have%20a%20cell,while%20animal%20cells%20do%20not.

Admin. (2023, October 6). Cell wall - definition, cell wall function, cell wall layers. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/biology/cell-wall/#:~:text=The%20main%20function%20of%20the,and%20out%20of%20the%20cell.

Cell membrane provide a protection for a cell , it also provides a fixed environments inside the cells. It have several different functions one is to transport the nutrients into the cells and aso to transport a toxic substance existing the cells . Cell membrane will have a protein on it and it will interact with another cells. Cell membrane also provides some structural support for a cells.

Aparatus Golgi adalah bagian dari sel tumbuhan. Aparatus Golgi terbuat dari kantong-kantong bertumpuk yang disebut cisternae. Aparatus Golgi bertanggung jawab untuk mengangkut protein dan lipid ke dalam vesikula. Letaknya di dalam sitoplasma di sebelah retikulum endoplasma dan di dekat inti sel.

Rogers, Kara. “Golgi Apparatus.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 23 Jan. 2020, www.britannica.com/science/Golgi-apparatus.

Structure

Ribosomes are cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis, found both freely in cells and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes. Each ribosome consists of two subunits: 40S and 60S in eukaryotes, 30S and 50S in prokaryotes, assembled in the nucleolus. Composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins, they convert genetic information into proteins. rRNA catalyzes peptide bond formation, linking amino acids to build proteins.

Function

Ribosomes synthesize proteins by translating mRNA into polypeptide chains. This occurs in two steps: initiation, where the ribosome assembles at the start codon, and elongation & termination, where tRNA delivers amino acids until a stop codon ends the process. Ribosomes can be free-floating (for intracellular proteins) or RER-bound (for secretion or membrane proteins).

CITATION

The. “Ribosome | Definition, Function, Formation, Role, Importance, & Facts.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 July 1998, www.britannica.com/science/ribosome?. Accessed 30 Jan. 2025.

“Search: Ribosomes Are Small.” NCBI, 2025, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/all/?term=Ribosomes%20are%20small. Accessed 30 Jan. 2025.

Indonesia

Struktur

Ribosom adalah struktur seluler yang bertanggung jawab untuk sintesis protein, ditemukan secara bebas di dalam sel dan melekat pada retikulum endoplasma pada eukariota. Setiap ribosom terdiri dari dua subunit: 40S dan 60S pada eukariota, 30S dan 50S pada prokariota, berkumpul di dalam nukleolus. Terdiri dari RNA ribosom (rRNA) dan protein, mereka mengubah informasi genetik menjadi protein. rRNA mengkatalisis pembentukan ikatan peptida, menghubungkan asam amino untuk membangun protein.

Fungsi

Ribosom mensintesis protein dengan menerjemahkan mRNA menjadi rantai polipeptida. Hal ini terjadi dalam dua langkah: inisiasi, di mana ribosom berkumpul di kodon awal, dan pemanjangan & penghentian, di mana tRNA mengirimkan asam amino hingga kodon penghenti mengakhiri proses.Ribosom dapat mengambang bebas (untuk protein intraseluler) atau terikat RER (untuk protein sekresi atau membran).

Bahasa : Bentuk dari nukleus adalah bulat atau oval. Inti atom terdiri dari proton dan neutron yang terletak di pusat atom. Nukleus berisi semua kromosom sel, yang mengkode materi genetik. Nukleus adalah organel bermembran ganda yang berisi materi genetik dan instruksi lain yang diperlukan untuk proses seluler. Inti hanya terdapat pada sel eukariotik dan juga merupakan salah satu organel terbesar.

citation : “Composition and Size of Nucleus, Atomic Masses, Isotopes and Isobars.” Unacademy, 28 Apr. 2022, unacademy.com/content/neet-ug/study-material/physics/composition-and-size-of-nucleus-atomic-masses-isotopes-and-isobars/. Accessed 30 Jan. 2025.Redaksi Halodoc. “Ketahui Fungsi Inti Sel Dan Bagian-Bagiannya Di Sini. | Chat Dokter ✔️ Beli Obat ✔️ Booking Rumah Sakit ✔️ #Te.” Halodoc, 8 Sept. 2022, www.halodoc.com/artikel/perlu-tahu-ini-fungsi-inti-sel-dan-bagian-bagiannya?srsltid=AfmBOoqgaFT9d9BAH6D-MUMR9S--xwh3AnuPsOAZJo-D6iGH_OBCDH9t. Accessed 30 Jan. 2025.