Global Health Governance is defined as “the use of formal and informal institutions, rules, and processes by states, intergovernmental organizations, and non-state actors to deal with challenges to health that require cross-border collective action to address effectively.

1)Global Health Governance refers mainly to organisations and processes of global governance which have explicit health mandates, e.g. World Health Organization

2)Global Governance for Health refers mainly to organisations and processes of global governance which have either a direct and/or indirect health impact, e.g. United Nations, and World Trade Organization

3)Governance for Global Health refers to organisations and mechanisms established at National and/or Regional Level that contribute to Global Health Governance and/or to Governance for Global Health e.g. National and/or Regional Global Health Strategies or Initiatives

References:

1-Kickbusch I. The need for a European strategy on global health. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2006; 34: 561–565

2-Kheir-Mataria WA, El-Fawal H, Bhuiyan S, Chun S. Global Health Governance and Health Equity in the Context of COVID-19: A Scoping Review. InHealthcare 2022 Mar 15 (Vol. 10, No. 3, p. 540). MDPI.

-->aim of protecting domestic populations within certain defined geographical boundaries through such practices as quarantine, cordon sanitaire, and internationally agreed standards governing the reporting of infectious disease, trade and population mobility. All of these efforts have been focused on the point of contact, the national border of

states.

-->The COVID-19 pandemic reminds us that no country acting alone can respond effectively to health threats in a globalized world. Global governance is necessary to coordinate the global health response. Yet, the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed deep fissures in global health governance, with international organizations facing obstacles from nationalist governments in managing a common threat. The COVID-19 pandemic is reframing global health governance. Considering key structural limitations in meeting enormous challenges, how can we best realize global solidarity in an age of populist nationalism? With the sheer scale of human, social, and economic upheaval, we face an imperative to strengthen global health institutions and governance.

On the contrary, certain issues in GHG are oblivious to state boundaries

Thus, global health must also involves NGOs, multinational corporations, citizens' movements

• --> global system of health governance begins with the recognition that a broad range of determinants impact on population health including social and natural environments.

• -->recognised to some extent through the increased involvement of other forms of expertise in health policy making (e.g. economics, anthropology) and links with other social sectors (e.g. education, labour).

• -->Eg ; ministries of health and international health organizations have sought to engage more directly with sectors traditionally seen as relatively separate from health (e.g. trade, environment, agriculture) in recognition of “cross sectoral” policy issues at play.

1. Managing Global Health Threats

2. Promoting Health Equity

3. Setting International Health Standards

4. Fostering Research and Innovation

5. Responding to communicable and Non-communicable Diseases

6. Addressing Environmental and Social Determinants of Health

7. Improving Health Systems Globally

8. Ensuring Global Health Security

Mandate of the World Health Organisation has 6 Core Functions:

1. Provision of collective health leadership,

2. Shaping of research as well as the generation and dissemination of knowledge

3. Setting of norms and standards and the promotion and monitoring of their implementation

4. Production of ethical and evidence-based policy options

5. Provision of technical support and capacity-building

6. Monitoring of health situations and trends

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