Bookmarks by Ali Aman https://padlet.com/tlaaman331/Bookmarks Made with a bold sensibility en-us 2020-10-13 20:37:26 UTC 2023-10-14 05:19:23 UTC hello@padlet.com Glycolysis (50 %) tlaaman331 https://padlet.com/tlaaman331/Bookmarks/wish/826609731 In an average 50m freestyle sprint swimming, glycolysis produces around 50 % of the energy required for that distance interval.. Glucose is high in potential energy, which means that even though it is static, it has energy that can be used once it is in action. This potential energy is converted to kinetic energy, which is the energy used during the reaction. An example is ATP which is a result of the conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy. That is why glucose is important to consume for a swimmer. Thus, when glucose is consumed, it breaks down in the mitochondria of the cells. This is called glycolysis. The end goal of this glycolysis process when swimming is to produce the by products: net of 2 ATP (total 4),  2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules. 

The diagram below shows the basic diagram of this anaerobic process which is responsible for the 50 percent of energy produced to power swimming:]]> 2020-10-13 20:38:31 UTC https://padlet.com/tlaaman331/Bookmarks/wish/826609731 Krebs Cycle (25-30 %) tlaaman331 https://padlet.com/tlaaman331/Bookmarks/wish/826800387 The Krebs cycle along with Oxidative Phosphorylation produces the rest of the 50 % of energy during the 50m freestyle sprint. The goal in this Krebs cycle is to utilize those 2 Pyruvate molecules produced in Glycolysis and produce a total of 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, and 4 CO2. Note: This cycle repeats twice because there two pyruvates to begin with. 

The basic diagram below illustrates the anaerobic Krebs Cycle which is responsible for about 25-30 percent of energy produced to power swimming:]]> 2020-10-13 22:22:59 UTC https://padlet.com/tlaaman331/Bookmarks/wish/826800387 Oxidative Phosphorylation (25-30 %) tlaaman331 https://padlet.com/tlaaman331/Bookmarks/wish/827028342 This consists of the Electron Transport Chain which is used to produce the rest of the energy during an average 50 meters freestyle sprint. The goal of a single cycle in the electron transport chain is to produce around 18 ATPs which can be considered an overkill of energy production. The ETC regulates the hydrogen proton gradient by pumping hydrogen atoms through the 3 of the 4 complexes. They pump because they get charged by the electrons which are donated by the NADH and the FADH2. The electrons are transported through the complexes by the coenzymes CoQ and Cyt C. If we were to include the ATP generated by the other two steps (Glycolysis and Krebs) and include the byproducts then we'd get around 32 ATP, 10 NAD, 2 FAD, and 12 Waters. 

The diagram illustrates the Electron Transport Chain along with the ATP Synthase which finishes off the Oxidative Phosphorylation process which is responsible for 25-30 percent of energy produced to power swimming:

]]> 2020-10-14 00:43:29 UTC https://padlet.com/tlaaman331/Bookmarks/wish/827028342 Overview: Cellular Respiration tlaaman331 https://padlet.com/tlaaman331/Bookmarks/wish/829693214 The body of a swimmer during an average 50 m freestyle sprint is continuously respirating on a cellular level. Cellular respiration (uncluding Glycolysis, Krebs, and Oxidative Phosphorylation) is a catabolic process, which means that is "breaking down" molecules. Glycolysis for example breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules. 

If we were to do the opposite of cellular respiration (photosynthesis) that would be considered anabolic, since we are "producing" or "building" from smaller molecules. Photosynthesis uses CO2 and H2O in order to produce a larger molecule (glucose). 

Cellular respiration is an exergonic reaction since it produces more energy than it consumes. Photosynthesis on the other hand would be endergonic since it produces less energy.

Some cellular respiration enzymes are controlled by the binding of regulatory molecules at one or more allosteric sites, which are sites other than the main active site. When a regulator binds to the allosteric site of an enzyme it can cause it to work less effectively.
The molecules that bind to cellular respiration enzymes act as informers and give the enzyme information about the energy state of the cell. This information helps the regulator to control the effectiveness of the chemical reaction. ATP and ADP are examples of molecules that can regulate cellular respiration enzymes. These molecules can also cause feedback inhibition.
For example ATP can act as a warning signal which can inform that high levels of ATP are being produced. This will cause the reaction pathway to slow down or completely shut down.
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