Unit 12 - Physiology of Human regulation and reproduction by Irum https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8 The Nervous and Endocrine system - Control and Coordination of the Human body en-us 2018-10-16 12:02:30 UTC 2025-04-27 21:25:24 UTC hello@padlet.com P3: Outline the organisation of the nervous system + M2: Explain the functions of the nervous system irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314956169 2018-12-16 11:09:21 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314956169 Structure + Organisation of the nervous system irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314956322 How a stimulus can generate an action potential?
When a neurone is stimulated an action potential is generated by a change in ion concentrations across the cell membrane. The resting membrane potential (the potential of charge across the membrane when the cell membrane is not being stimulated) is -60mV. When a neurone is stimulated sodium ion channels open causing sodium ions to move into the neurone, down the electrochemial gradient (as there are more sodium ions outside the cell compared to inside the cell). As sodium ions have a positive charge, when they enter the neurone, they cause the membrane potential to become more positive. If the number of sodium ions that enter the cell, cause the membrane potential to exceed the threshold potential, of approximately -50mV, this will cause voltage gated sodium ion channels to open, so there will be a large influx of sodium ions and the membrane potential will become more positive, and reach +4-mV. The process of sodium ions entering the neurone, is called depolarisation. Once the membrane potential has reached +40mV, the sodium ions channels close and potassium ions channels open, in order for the process of repolarisation to occur, so that the neurone does not remain stimulated once the stimulus has passed. This means that pottasium ions move out of the neurone, down the electrochemial gradient. As potassium ions also have a positive charge, when they leave the neurone, they cause the membrane potential to become more negative, and it decreases back to the original resting membrane potential. Potassium ions are slow to close, leading to hyperpolarisation, where the membrane potential goes below the resting membrane potential of -60mV for a very short period of time. When the membrane is at rest, the sodium-potassium ions pumps actively transport sodium ions out of the cell, and potassium ions into the cell (against their concentration gradients) so that the ions are in the correct positions, as they were originally before the neurone was stimulated.

Description of an action potential

Graph - Explain the graph]]> 2018-12-16 11:11:42 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314956322 Reflex arc irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314956394 How a reflex arc works? - A reflex is an involuntary response to a sensory stimulus. The pathway of neurones involved in a reflex is known as a reflex arc. A reflex arc - such as quickly moving your hand away from a hot flame - involves just three neurones.  A reflex arc begins with the stimulus - the heat from the hot flame. A receptor - such as the temperature receptors in the skin of the hand create a nerve impulse in a sensory neurone. A sensory neurone then passes the nerve impulse to the spinal cord. An intermediate (or relay) neurone links the sensory neurone to the motor neurone in the spinal cord. A motor neurone carries the nerve impulse from the spinal cord to a muscle in the upper arm. An effector - the muscle in the upper arm that is stimulated to contract produces the effect. Thus, the overall response is the hand pulling away quickly from the hot flame.

How messages are conveyed across the synapses, including the differences between afferent and efferent neurone]]> 2018-12-16 11:12:46 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314956394 Nerve Impules irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314956429 How the nerve impulses are part of the control system?

How measurements of nerve impulses can be recorded?]]> 2018-12-16 11:13:24 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314956429 Structure + Function of the nervous system irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314956516 How vital body functions such as the heart beat are controlled via the nervous system

Nervous control of heart beat]]> 2018-12-16 11:14:50 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314956516 Organisation of the nervous system irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314956567 How the nervous system is organised?

The Central nervous system

The peripheral nervous system

The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system


]]> 2018-12-16 11:15:30 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314956567 Electrical Impulses irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314956650 How electrical impulses are passed around the body as a communication system?]]> 2018-12-16 11:16:39 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314956650 Somatic + Autonomic irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314957056 The difference between somatic and autonomic control?]]> 2018-12-16 11:22:38 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314957056 Action of a Synapse irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314957222 How a synapse works?

How a synapse works from the impulse arriving to the repackaging of the actetylcholine?]]> 2018-12-16 11:24:54 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314957222 Myogenic control of the cardiac cycle irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314957426 Structure of the heart

What a cardiac cycle consists of - Explain atrial systole, ventricular systole and diastole in detail

Functions of the SA node and AV node

Functions of the bundle of HIS

Regulation of heartbeat rate due to baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

Nervous control of heart rate including the action of the vagus nerve and the accelerator nerve under the action of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. (including diagrams) ]]> 2018-12-16 11:27:52 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314957426 P4: Outline the organisation of the endocrine system irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314957909 2018-12-16 11:34:58 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314957909 Structure + Function of the endocrine system irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314957956 Examples of where structures and hormones work together to bring about changes in the body

Thyroxine, FSH, LH

Choose examples of hormones that are controlled by hypothalamus, pituitary target organ]]> 2018-12-16 11:35:38 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314957956 Homeostatic environment irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314958037 How the endocrine system acts to maintain a homeostatic environment?]]> 2018-12-16 11:36:49 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314958037 Organisation of the endocrine system irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314958088 Examples of how it functions to bring about changes in the body 

Endocrine organs
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland

What the functions of endocrine organs are]]> 2018-12-16 11:37:34 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314958088 Hormones + Glands irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314958141 How different hormones and glands function

Labelled all of the glands and hormones they produce]]> 2018-12-16 11:38:23 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314958141 M3: Explain the functions of the endocrine system irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314958240 2018-12-16 11:39:49 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314958240 Glands irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314958297 Hypothalamus - The hypothalamus is located on the under surface of the brain. It lies just below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland, to which it is attached by a stalk. There are two sets of nerve cells in the hypothalamus that produce hormones. One set sends the hormones they produce down through the pituitary stalk to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland where these hormones are released directly into the bloodstream. These hormones are anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin. Anti-diuretic hormone causes water reabsorption at the kidneys and oxytocin stimulates contraction of the uterus in childbirth and is important in breastfeeding. The other set of nerve cells produces stimulating and inhibiting hormones that reach the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland via a network of blood vessels that run down through the pituitary stalk. These regulate the production of hormones that control the gonads, thyroid gland and adrenal cortex, as well as the production of growth hormone, which regulates growth, and prolactin, which is essential for milk production. The hormones produced in the hypothalamus are corticotrophin-releasing hormone, dopamine, growth hormone-releasing hormone, somatostatin, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone.

Pineal gland - The pineal gland is located deep in the brain in an area called the epithalamus, where the two halves of the brain join. In humans, this is situated in the middle of the brain; it sits in a groove just above the thalamus. The major hormone produced by the pineal gland is melatonin.

Pituitary gland - The pituitary gland is a small gland that sits in the sella turcica (‘Turkish saddle’), a bony hollow in the base of the skull, underneath the brain and behind the bridge of the nose. The pituitary gland has two main parts, the anterior pituitary gland and the posterior pituitary gland. The gland is attached to a part of the brain (the hypothalamus). The anterior pituitary gland is connected to the brain by short blood vessels. The posterior pituitary gland is actually part of the brain. The anterior pituitary gland produces the following hormones and releases them into the bloodstream:
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone, which stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete steroid hormones, principally cortisol
  • growth hormone, which regulates growth, metabolism and body composition
  • luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone, also known as gonadotrophins. They act on the ovaries or testes to stimulate sex hormone production, and egg and sperm maturity
  • prolactin, which stimulates milk production
  • thyroid stimulating hormone, which stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones.
Each of these hormones is made by a separate type of cell within the pituitary gland, except for follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone, which are made together by the same cell. Two hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and then stored in the posterior pituitary gland before being secreted into the bloodstream. These are:
  • anti-diuretic hormone (also called vasopressin), which controls water balance and blood pressure
  • oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions during labour and milk secretion during breastfeeding.
Between the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary lies the intermediate pituitary gland. Cells here produce:
  • melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which acts on cells in the skin to stimulate the production of melanin.

Thyroid gland - The thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck just below the Adam's apple (larynx). It is butterfly-shaped and consists of two lobes located either side of the windpipe (trachea). A normal thyroid gland is not usually outwardly visible or able to be felt if finger pressure is applied to the neck. The thyroid gland produces thyroxine, which is a relatively inactive prohormone and lower amounts of the active hormone, triiodothyronine. Collectively, thyroxine and triiodothyronine are referred to as the thyroid hormones. Twenty percent of the body's triiodothyronine is made by the thyroid gland; the other 80% comes from thyroxine converted by organs such as the liver or kidneys. The thyroid gland also produces calcitonin from cells called C-cells. Calcitonin is understood to play a role in regulating calcium levels in the body, but its exact function in humans remains unclear. 

Parathyroid gland - The parathyroid glands are small pea-sized glands located in the neck just behind the butterfly-shaped thyroid gland. Most people have four parathyroid glands, with two parathyroid glands lying behind each 'wing' of the thyroid gland. The parathyroid glands produce a hormone called parathyroid hormone.

Thymus gland -

Adrenal gland -

Pancreas -

Ovaries -

Testes -

How the gland and hormones interact to control a body system


]]> 2018-12-16 11:40:33 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314958297 D2: Explain the interrelationship between the nervous + endocrine system irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314958447 2018-12-16 11:42:21 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314958447 The coordination system irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314958636 Description of organisation of the endocrine and nervous system

Explanation of the the differences between the two systems

Explain how the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system are different and their roles in ensuring a homeostatic state is maintained

Explain the interrelationship between the nervous and endocrine system in a given situation, for example digestion of food ]]> 2018-12-16 11:45:10 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314958636 Fight or flight irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314959520 Explain how the endocrine and nervous system combine to activate the body in stressful or threatening situations 

The impacts if one of the systems were to malfunction 

Compare and contrast the main differences between the nervous and hormonal control ]]> 2018-12-16 12:01:07 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314959520 The Nervous System irum247 https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314959801 2018-12-16 12:05:51 UTC https://padlet.com/irum247/i4j0aoeb4sd8/wish/314959801