(n.d.). Speech and Language Disorders. Penn Medicine. Retrieved July 28, 2023, from https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/speech-and-language-disorders 

3)Comprehension (i.e. -Pictures/visuals paired with reading passages)
4)Reading and Written Expression (i.e. word bank (list of vocabulary terms that a student can use in a writing assignment)
5)Executive Functioning [attention, Organization, Work/Study Skills] (i.e. break down assignments into smaller units)
6)Social Interaction (i.e. Peer buddy system)
7)Emotional and Self-Regulation (i.e. access to a trusted adult for processing of emotions/problem-solving)

 

 

·         World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders#:~:text=About%201%20in%20100%20children,not%20diagnosed%20until%20much%20later., 29 March 2023

·         Cannon disability law, DISABILITY BENEFITS FOR AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER – LISTING 12.10, WHAT IS AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER?, https://cannondisability.com/blog/disability-benefits-for-autism-spectrum-disorder-listing-12-10/ 

·         Austism Parenting Magazine, https://www.autismparentingmagazine.com/giving-voice-non-verbal-kids/, November 2, 2021

·         X Minds, Improving education for autistic students in Montgomery County, MDhttps://xminds.org/accommodations, Copyright © 2022

·         National Autistic Society, https://youtu.be/d4G0HTIUBlI, 2014

·         Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/signs.html, March 28, 2022

Distance vision impairment:

Near vision impairment:

 

Some other causes of vision loss are:

 

For those who are blind, the main assistive technology are screen readers, braille displays, and speech recognition software.³

The lady above is seen using a screen reader to complete her school work.  These technologies allow the blind student to continue her literacy development alongside her peers. The screen reader is a very important tool for all blind people. 

Apple has the most mature accessible smartphone on the market, allowing for reliable features to work for most blind users. Apple bakes accessibility into its native controls and framework. Thus, apps that are written for iOS are more likely to be accessible, without even meaning to be.

Smartphones have opened up new possibilities to blind users. Now, they have created apps that help them recognize money, identify colors, scan bar codes and read product information, and help them navigate in new cities. 

With the above-mentioned possibilities, these apps/devices allow the blind person to become far more independent than in previous years.

These accommodations are intended to help reduce and/or eliminate the interference of the disability in a learning environment. It is a way to make the environment inclusive for students of ALL learning methods. Integrating disability equipment allows the student to have a fair chance at obtaining the same knowledge as the other students. 

Globally, among 7.79 billion people living in 2020, an estimated 49.1 million were blind. 221.4 million people had moderate visual impairment, 33.6 million had severe visual impairment.⁵  

¹=Medline Plus, https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003040.htm, 

²=World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment, October 13, 2022

3 = Level Access, https://www.levelaccess.com/blog/understanding-assistive-technology-how-does-a-blind-person-use-the-internet/#:~:text=Assistive%20Technology%20Used%20by%20Blind%20People&text=For%20those%20who%20are%20blind,displays%2C%20and%20speech%20recognition%20software. © 2023 

4= Teaching Students With Visual Impairments, https://www.teachingvisuallyimpaired.com/accommodations--modifications.html, March 13. 2016

5 = Investigate Ophthalmology and Visual Science, https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2767477#:~:text=Results%20%3A%20Globally%2C%20among%207.79%20billion,UI%3A%2029.7%2D38.0%20million), June 2020

-Deafunity.org

Assistive Technology Devices

FM System- FM systems send the teacher's voice from a wireless microphone directly to a receiver worn by a student with hearing loss. It can be connected to a hearing aid or cochlear implant, or a headset/ earbuds.
-Edutopia.org

Visuals
Most students who are deaf are primarily visual learners (Nover & Andrews, 1998). Many educators and researchers suggest to establish visually rich learning environment, such as sign language, print visuals, written instructions, and video components. Visual strategies are important, even for students with perfect hearing.
- Lessonpix.com Articles > For Therapy > Visual Strategies for Students who are Deaf or Have Hearing Impairments

-UTSA.edu

What is assistive technology for hearing impairment in the classroom?

FM systems are the HATS used most often with children. These systems are easy to move around and are not easy to break. They are useful in noisy places, like your child's classroom. It is good to start using HATS when your child gets her hearing aid or cochlear implant.-Asha.org
What sorts of assistive technologies are children with a hearing impairment likely to use?

-deafnessforum.org.au

Developmental delay can be caused by -

Early intervention and appropriate therapies can often help children with developmental delay catch up to their peers and reach their full potential.

Wheelchairs , walkers or gait trainers

This can result in various difficulties such as 

Orthopedic Impairments can be congenital or acquired and maybe caused by conditions such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, spina bifida and amputation.

Students with Orthopedic Impairments may require assistive devices, physical therapy and other support to help them with mobility and daily activities. 

This allows students to dictate their ideas instead of physically typing or writing.
ex- Dragon NaturallySpeaking and Docs voice typing

These devices overlay digital content such as images, vedios or text in to the users real world environment creating an interactive and immersive environment. 

Behavior Charts allow students to visually track behavior changes and positive outcomes

http://latitudes.org/behavior-charts/

Vision Boards allow students to visually keep track of goals and reminders for appropriate behavior.

Point/Incentive Sheets allow students to keep track of positive reinforcements and

can be a great motivational tool.
Mid-tech AT Supports

The Talklight - its light flashes according to noise in the room. Helps teach self-monitoring of noise levels and positive reinforcements.

http://www.talklight.ws/index-3.html#Cafeteria

Music Players - musical devices can be used in the classroom to play music and sounds to promote focus and calm.

Reminder Devices - simple vibrations or other observable signals remind a student of their focus behavior

http://issuu.com/motivaider/docs/helpkidschange?e=2932338/2596567
e.g：Motivaider. The main feature is a timer that buzzes after a set time, helping children stay focused. It acts as a reminder, fostering student independence.
Hi-tech AT Supports

Multi-sensory Integrated Technology Programs offer complete sensory cues, prompts, and lessons for social and emotional engagement. Scientifically designed to improve the communication between the heart and brain through the nervous system.

http://thinkingmoves.com/

Reference：（https://prezi.com/ptlrwxm4zqgk/assistive-technology-for-emotional-and-behavioral-disorders/?frame=1750ebb0be9216a18e781f465133cc57b0ed4989）

Reference
https://www.yourtherapysource.com/blog1/2022/03/11/accommodations-for-students-with-emotional-and-behavioral-disorders/

A person may use different types of AAC because there are many ways that we all communicate. An AAC system means all of the tools of this type that a person uses.

Reference:
https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/aac/

Reference:
https://www.rcld.uga.edu/accommodations-and-instructional-strategies

Assistive Technologies for Students with Intellectual Disabilities: