Example:

direct speech: 'I work in a bank,' said Daniel.
indirect speech: Daniel said that he worked in a bank.

In indirect speech, we often use a tense which is 'further back' in the past (e.g. worked) than the tense originally used (e.g. work). This is called 'backshift'. We also may need to change other words that were used, for example pronouns.

-In your group's column, you will find a link to a news article. This is your group's article to work with.

-As a group, read your article carefully.

-Identify key statements that you can report using the "that clause".

-Make notes of these statements in your group's column on the Padlet.

-Assign roles within your group (such as a reporter, an eyewitness, or an expert).

-Prepare a short speech/report in your assigned role, using the statements you've noted and converting them into reported speech.

-Record your group's news report. You can do this as a video or an audio clip.

-Upload your recording to your group's column on the Padlet.

-After all groups have uploaded their reports, watch and listen to the other groups' presentations.

-Use the comment feature to ask questions or provide feedback, focusing on the use of reported speech.

Still, other signs also pointed to sleep while chewing. The reindeer were calm while chewing, often with their eyes closed.

“They were in a very relaxed state that resembles the body position of non-REM sleep,” Furrer says.

Together, these strands of evidence “convincingly demonstrate that reindeer are able to sleep while ruminating,” says neurobiologist Niels Rattenborg of the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence in Seewiesen, Germany, who was not involved in the study. 

Unlike fur seals, ducks and long-haul flying frigatebirds, the reindeer show signs of sleeping with both sides of their brains while chewing (SN: 6/30/16). Figuring out exactly how reindeer pull this off would be interesting, Rattenborg says.

Neuroscientist and study coauthor Gabi Wagner notes that Indigenous reindeer herders have a concept that roughly translates to “pasture peace.” Reindeer “need time and space to be quiet and to have peace, to ruminate,” says Wagner, of the Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research in Tromsø.

“Without the pandemic, we would not have been able to understand the impact of a long-lasting adverse event,” Stamoulis notes. 

The data show that kids with weaker links between these areas were more likely to feel sad and stressed during the pandemic, Stamoulis reports. “Stronger and more resilient brain networks predicted better mental health, lower stress and lower sadness.” 

As our brains develop, they respond to many experiences and factors in our surroundings. If those are positive, Stamoulis says, they can be “protective factors for the brain and how its circuits evolve and become wired.” 

Givi: There’s probably hundreds of norms in gift giving. Generally, givers tend to overweigh the importance of these given norms. For example, we would never want to give a used thing. But for recipients, if this used thing is what they want to receive, that’s fine.  

Givi: There are a few different papers on this topic. One shows that we don’t give experiential gifts as often as recipients want. Another shows that the majority of the time people give material gifts, but experiences actually make people happier than material gifts. That’s a finding throughout the consumer world. It’s called the experiential advantage. A third finding is that experiential gifts bring recipients closer to givers than to material items.

SN: You wrote in an article in The Conversation about how givers should resist the urge to give a novelty item like a chocolate fondue fountain. Why?

Givi: This falls under temporal focus. Gift givers tend to focus on that “aha” moment, the moment when the ribbons and bow come off. Recipients focus more on long-term utility. Research shows that people are misguided on how much surprise is important. Recipients actually like things that they request better.

The chocolate fondue fountain is an example that I think makes so much sense. Sure a person would go ‘Wow, a chocolate fondue fountain!’ But think about how often throughout the year they might use that. Whereas if somebody gave them a coffee maker, they’d be thrilled. 

SN: How should gift givers handle picky or difficult recipients?

Givi: I don’t have an answer for you when it comes to very difficult people. My understanding of that research is that researchers have examined how givers behave when they are dealing with difficult recipients. But they don’t necessarily get the recipients’ perspective. It would probably be hard to get a bunch of difficult people to participate in a study.

But here’s something you could potentially do with a difficult recipient. One of my papers shows that it’s a lot easier to make people happy when you’re giving in the absence of a special occasion. What we find in the paper is you can spend $10 on a random Tuesday in March giving a person a gift versus $50 on Christmas for gifts, and that generates similar levels of happiness.

What you could do with difficult people is sprinkle gifts throughout the year.

The ESA is “about protecting wildlife for our future generations,” Frick says.

So far, the act has helped keep 99 percent of species under its protection from extinction, researchers concluded in a 2019 study in Peer J.

Across the globe, some one million species of plants and animals are at risk of going extinct, warned a 2019 United Nations report.

One of the biggest humpback success stories is the Hawaiian-born population, which migrates each summer to dine in Alaska. Now numbering about 11,000 animals, they have “likely met or exceeded their historic abundance,” says Suzie Teerlink, a humpback whale biologist based in Juneau, Alaska, who works for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The Endangered Species Act gives whales and their habitats additional protections from other human-related threats, Teerlink points out.

One important way that ESA protects at-risk plants and wildlife is by requiring the U.S. government to consider how development might affect threatened or endangered species (SN: 11/27/01). Such projects could include new roads, bridges or pipelines, as well as logging, mining or building wind turbines.

This law “makes people stop and look first,” before they tear up or through the environment, says Derek Goldman, national field director out of Missoula, Mont., for the Endangered Species Coalition, a mix of 400 groups that works to protect imperiled species.

“They believe it slows down development,” Goldman says.

He stresses, however, that the ESA isn’t intended to prevent projects from happening. It just asks developers to find ways to limit harm to the local plants and animals that might be affected.

“The Endangered Species Act has two parallel goals,” says ecologist Erich Eberhard of Columbia University and coauthor of the PLOS ONE study. “One is to prevent the extinction of species. The other is to recover listed species.”

Teerlink, who focuses on ocean critters, agrees. “Extinction is forever. The future depends on us being considerate and intentional in what we leave behind.”

Aylin:Expert

Mehmet:Expert

Expert:Derya

Expert:Burak

Expert:Seda

Expert:Hande

Expert:Cem

Expert:Yasemin

Expert:Merve

Expert:Kerem

Expert:Zeynep