Lets Explore Cell Structure & Function by MDM NASHIMAH HABEEB

MadamNash — 2021-08-11 12:42:07 UTC

1. Please write your name
2.Based on this video, identify what you should present? Must include which subtopic
3. Please state your presentation should include what? ( example: function/location/ characteristics)
4. Please share your presentation template at this platform. (drawing/ power point/mind map)

MadamNash — 2021-08-11 12:42:07 UTC

Nurizzatul Aqmar

2021-08-12 02:40:46 UTC

A'ISYA & ANTASYA

2021-08-12 02:41:53 UTC

Mira Jalay

2021-08-12 02:42:35 UTC

subtopic 2.2(structure and function of organelle)
1.nucleus
2.endoplasmic reticulum

NURANI & AFRINA

m3409865 — 2021-08-12 02:46:21 UTC

Quinn & Neelaam

2021-08-12 02:55:00 UTC

Magdalena S.

2021-08-12 02:58:02 UTC

Muiz and Sze Ian

2021-08-12 04:57:43 UTC

𝐀𝐥𝐞𝐞𝐲𝐚

aleeyashuhadah — 2021-08-12 05:15:51 UTC

QASRINA

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neutron // nerve cell
motor neuron

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3 types of neuron you guys should know !!!

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_{Sensory neurons}
_{Motor neurons}
_Interneurons

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_{if you guy don't know how neuron works inside our body here is the video.}

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^{FUNCTION OF NEURON}

FUNCTION OF MOTOR NEURON

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_-_{Motor neurons}_{carry signals}_{from the central nervous system (CNS) to the outside parts of the body
-}_{Receive nerves impulse}_{from interneurons and transmit impulses to effector organs ( muscle and gland )
- Specialised to}_{produce and conduct electrochemical}_{events or impulses
- Neurons}_{provide communication}_{between receptors and effectors}

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2 TYPE MOTOR NEURON THAT YOU SHOULD KNOW

_{upper motor neuron -}_{originate from the cerebral cortex}
_{lower motor neuron -}_{located in the brainstem and spinal cord}

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^{CELL BODY}^:^{contains nucleus and organelle, and it serve as the control centre}^{DENDRITES :}^{short and highly branched which covered by snaps, they receive electrical signals called nerves impulse}^AXON^{: long fibre that transmits impulses away from the cell body}^{MYELIN SHEATH}^{: a layer of fatty substances surrounding the axon, it serves as an efficient electrical insulator.}^{NODES OF RANVIER}^{: parts of an axon which are uncovered by myelin sheath, it helps to speed up the transmission of impulse along the axon}^{TERMINAL AXONS :}^{located at the end of the neuron and responsible for responsible for sending impulse to other neuron}

muhammad

m10833061 — 2021-08-13 01:41:52 UTC

Zarin & Farahana

2021-08-13 01:42:26 UTC

Aqmar and Julia

juliahelentia02 — 2021-08-13 01:43:40 UTC

NURUL NABILAH

2021-08-13 01:47:17 UTC

GAYATHRI

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CELL THEORY

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What mean by 'fluid mosaic model' ?

balkistasya — 2021-08-13 03:58:25 UTC

1.Fluid Mosaic Model was introduced by J. S. Singer
and G. Nicolson (1972)

2. Fluid due to the lateral movement of lipids &
proteins in the membrane.

3. Mosaic due to the pattern of the protein
embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

4. Characteristic: Plasma membrane is selectively
permeable.

5. Function: It regulates the movement of substances
across the membrane.

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

balkistasya — 2021-08-13 04:02:03 UTC

Meaning of Myology

2021-08-13 04:11:53 UTC

Myology is the study of the muscular system, including the study of the structure, function and diseases of muscle.^[1] The muscular system consists of skeletal muscle, which contracts to move or position parts of the body (e.g., the bones that articulate at joints), smooth and cardiac muscle that propels, expels or controls the flow of fluids and contained substance.

Types of Muscle

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1. Smooth Muscle
2. Cardiac Muscle
3. Skeletal Muscle

CELL THEORY [THREE BASIC PRICIPLES OF CELLS THEORY]

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a] Cells are the basic units structure in living things
b] Cells contain heredity material
c] Cells are the functioning unit of life

Smooth Muscle

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(1) Muscle that shows no cross stripes under microscopic magnification.
(2) It consists of narrow spindle-shaped cells with a single, centrally located nucleus.

FUNCTION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
-Smooth muscle tissue, unlike striated muscle, contracts slowly and automatically.
-It constitutes much of the musculature of internal organs and the digestive system.

What cause lateral movement and flip flop ?

balkistasya — 2021-08-13 04:18:08 UTC

Because of kinks in the tails where double bonds are located, the tails cannot pack together as closely unlike saturated hydrocarbon tails, and this makes the membrane more fluid.
Lateral movement causes our phospholipid bilayer to move and shows a wave like the fluidity
Flip-flop rarely happen like once a month only
It helps to transport in and out substance from the cell since our cell surrounded by intertestial fluid
So in order untuk bagi substance keluar masuk,it have to move to make it easier

Cardiac Muscle

2021-08-13 04:18:08 UTC

(1) Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in your heart.
(2) the cardiac muscle fibre, like the skeletal muscle fibre, exhibits cross-striation because it's also has actin and myosin filaments arrange into sarcomeres. However, it's contains only one or two nuclei which are centrally located. Like smooth muscle, it is involuntary.
(3) The cardiac muscle is myogenic which means the contraction is initiated by the muscle itself and not by outside stimulus.

FUNCTION OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
- It causes contraction of the atria and ventricles of the heart. As a result, the rythmic beating of the heart circulates blood throughout the whole body.

Skeletal Muscle

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1) Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in the vertebrate body (40-50% of the body mass).
2) skeletal muscles are striated and control voluntary movements which can be consciously controlled.

FUNCTION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
-Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons, and they produce all the movements of body parts in relation to each other. Unlike smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle is under voluntary control.
-It's maintain body posture and body position.
-It's also released the heat from the activity of the skeletal muscles help maintain the body temperature.

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What is Sarcolemma ?

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Sarcolemma is the thin, transparent, extensible membrane covering every striated muscle fiber. Its structure and design is essential in receiving and conducting stimuli. At every end of the muscle fiber, the outer layer of the sarcolemma fuses with tendon fibers, which in turn collect into bundles to form muscle tendons.

IN SUMMARY !

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STRUCTURE OF PHOSPHOLIPID

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Phospholipid are amphipatic

_{Heads are}_hydrophilic
_{Tails are}_hydrophobic
_{Arranged as bilayer}

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WE ARE GOING TO SEE JUST A LITTLE BIT INTRO ABOUT PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC CELLS

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Major Component of Plasma Membrane

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PLASMA MEMBRANE COMPONENT

_{- lipid}

_{- membrane protein
- membrane carbohydrates
- cholesterol}

^{Cell membrane consist three classes of lipids}
^{1. Phospholipids
2. Glycolipids
3. Steroids}

MEMBRANE CARBOHYDRATES

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- BRANCHED OLIGOSACCARIDES

- TWO TYPES OF MEMBRANE CARBOHYDRATES IN CELL MEMBRANE

^{GLYCOPROTEIN (covalently bonded to protein)}
^{GLYCOLIPID (covalently bonded to lipids)}

- FUNCTION

^{play a key role in cell-cell recognition}

^{allowing immune system to recognize which cell they should and shouldn't attack}

Vascular Tissues

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-embedded in the ground tissues
-involve in transport water and dissolved minerals
-consists of fibers for additional support

Xylem and Phloem

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-Hyaline Cartilage

Subtopic 2.2: Structure and fuctions of organelles

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1)Mitochondria
2)Chhloroplast
3)Centrosome and centrioles

1)MITOCHONDRION

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what is organelle?

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any of several membrane -enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.

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Nucleus

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the largest organelle

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2.3 Cell Structures and Functions

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Types of plants cells and structures

2)Chloroplast

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2.3 CELLS ARE GROUPED INTO TISSUES

m3409865 — 2021-08-13 07:01:59 UTC

i. Animal cells and tissues

< EPITHELIAL CELLS >

What will we cover about? 👇

● WHAT IS EPITHELIAL CELL?

● CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
➤ EPITHELIAL TISSUE SHAPES
➤ STRATIFICATION

● TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
- LOCATIONS, CHARACTERISTICS & FUNCTIONS

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3)Centrosome and centrioles

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Simple Diffusion

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2.4 Passive Transport Across Membrane

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Apical Meristem

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𝟐.𝟒 𝐀𝐂𝐓𝐈𝐕𝐄 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐒𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐓 𝐀𝐂𝐑𝐎𝐒𝐒 𝐌𝐄𝐌𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐄

aleeyashuhadah — 2021-08-13 07:18:26 UTC

Diagram of Apical Meristem

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ANIMAL CELL AND PLANT CELL

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TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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-hyaline cartilage
-compact bone
-blood

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SIMILARITIES & COMPARISON BETWEEN ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS

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Active Transport :

aleeyashuhadah — 2021-08-13 07:31:34 UTC

Definision
• Movement of a substances against concentration gradient or from lower concentration to higher concentration gradient

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What is plasmodesmata?

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WHAT IS CONNECTIVE TISSUES

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- mainly to bind and support other tissue
-have a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix

What is gap junctions?

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Learning outcomes

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Explain passive transport across membrane
Explain various types of transport under passive transport
Explain passive transport across membrane~simple diffusion
Explain passive transport across membrane~facilitated diffusion
Explain passive transport across membrane~osmosis

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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-smooth endoplasmic reticulum
-rough endoplasmic reticulum

Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma Tissues

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Parenchyma, in plants, tissue typically composed of living cells that are thin-walled, unspecialized in structure, and therefore adaptable, with differentiation, to various functions. The cells are found in many places throughout plant bodies and, given that they are alive, are actively involved in photosynthesis, secretion, food storage, and other activities of plant life. Parenchyma is one of the three main types of ground, or fundamental, tissue in plants, together with sclerenchyma (dead support tissues with thick walls) and collenchyma (living support tissues with irregular walls).

Collenchyma, in plants, support tissue of living elongated cells with irregular cell walls. Collenchyma cells have thick deposits of cellulose in their cell walls and appear polygonal in cross section. The strength of the tissue results from these thickened cell walls and the longitudinal interlocking of the cells. Collenchyma may form cylinders or occur as discrete strands and is one of the three ground, or fundamental, tissues in plants, together with parenchyma (living thin-walled tissue) and sclerenchyma (dead support tissue with thick cell walls).

Sclerenchyma, in plants, support tissue composed of any of various kinds of hard woody cells. Mature sclerenchyma cells are usually dead cells that have heavily thickened secondary walls containing lignin. The cells are rigid and nonstretchable and are usually found in nongrowing regions of plant bodies, such as the bark or mature stems. Sclerenchyma is one of the three types of ground, or fundamental, tissue in plants; the other two types are parenchyma (living thin-walled tissue) and collenchyma (living support tissue with irregular walls). Sclerenchyma cells occur in many different shapes and sizes, but two main types occur: fibres and sclereids.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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HYALINE CARTILAGE

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-abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in a matrix made of a substances called chondroitin sulphate/chondrin
-chondrocytes/chondroblast,live within spaces called lacunae,secrete collagen and chondriotin sulphate (ceels of cartilage)
-strong yet flexible
-location=nose,ears and vertebral disk

m3409865 — 2021-08-13 07:56:44 UTC

• Arranged in continuous sheets in single or multiple layer
• Forms the coverings and linings throughout the body (internal & external body surfaces)
• Cells are closely packed, almost no intercellular spaces
• Always have a free surface
• Seperated by underlying connective tissue called basement membrane

Parenchyma Diagram(labeled)

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Collenchyma Diagram(labeled)

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Osmosis🌊

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for more understanding about the feature of hyaline cartilage

➊ Na-K Pump

aleeyashuhadah — 2021-08-13 08:07:37 UTC

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➋ Endocytosis

aleeyashuhadah — 2021-08-13 08:13:59 UTC

Definition :
• A process in which bulk substances are taken into the cell

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Sclerenchyma Diagram(labeled)

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➌ Exocytosis

aleeyashuhadah — 2021-08-13 08:19:20 UTC

Definition :
• A process in which cells release substance out of the cell

Distribution of Tissues

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Tissues under the microscope

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m3409865 — 2021-08-13 08:24:03 UTC

COMPACT BONE

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structure of compact bone
-osteon also known as harvesian system
-Osteoblast,bone- forming cell ,deposit a matrix of collagen and calcium phosphate that make bone harder than cartilage
-once osteoblast become trapped in their own secretion ,they are called osteocytes
-

Tissues under microscope

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Facilitated Difussion

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● CLASSIFICATION

m3409865 — 2021-08-13 08:31:29 UTC

Summary of the topic

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aleeyashuhadah — 2021-08-13 08:38:59 UTC

DETAIL STRUCTURE OF COMPACT BONE

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b) Pinocytosis

aleeyashuhadah — 2021-08-13 08:44:25 UTC

Definition :

A process in which dissolved solutes are taken into the cell

➤ EPITHELIAL TISSUE SHAPES

m3409865 — 2021-08-13 08:44:40 UTC

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volkmann canals=any of the small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone

aleeyashuhadah — 2021-08-13 08:53:45 UTC

a) Phagocytosis

aleeyashuhadah — 2021-08-13 08:56:36 UTC

Definision :

A process in which large, solid particles is taken into the cell

➤ STRATIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

m3409865 — 2021-08-13 09:01:55 UTC

BLOOD

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-as connective tissue because contain abundant extracellular material ,fluid plasma (matrix)
-plasma consist of water,salts,and dissolved proteins
-plasma from which fibronogen and other clothing factor have been removed is called the SERUM
-suspended in plasma are erythrocytes,leukocytes and platelet

m4482862 — 2021-08-13 09:08:22 UTC

● WHAT IS EPITHELIAL CELL?

m3409865 — 2021-08-13 09:12:52 UTC

● TYPES OF EPITHELIUM CELLS

m3409865 — 2021-08-13 09:14:20 UTC

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aleeyashuhadah — 2021-08-13 09:19:22 UTC

RBC

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-bioncave shape=high ratio of surface area to volume allowing efficient diffusion
-during maturation they lose their nucleus , mitochondrian and endoplasmic reticulum

Passive Transport

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aleeyashuhadah — 2021-08-13 09:30:50 UTC

WBC

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-heve nuclei and mitochondrian but lack pigment of hemoglobin
-manufactured in bone marrow

GRANULOCYTES
-large,lobed nuclei and distinctive granules in their cytoplasm

AGRUNULOCYTES
-lack large distinctive granules
-nuclei are rounded or kidney-shaped
LYMPHOCYTES: T-lymphocytes & B-lymphocytes

Osmosis

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Osmosis (plant cell)

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aleeyashuhadah — 2021-08-13 09:44:59 UTC

Osmosis(animal cells)

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Water Potential

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SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

m4482862 — 2021-08-13 10:14:14 UTC

m4482862 — 2021-08-13 10:14:36 UTC

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPHITELIUM

m4482862 — 2021-08-13 10:15:36 UTC

m4482862 — 2021-08-13 10:16:16 UTC

m4482862 — 2021-08-13 10:16:54 UTC

CHOLESTEROL

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FUNCTIONS

^{act as a}^buffer^{to stabilized the membrane as the temperature changes}
^{when temperature}^low^{, it prevent them from clustering together,}^{increasing fluidity}
^{when the temperature is}^high^{, it increases its melting point, pulls the phospholipid together,}^{decreasing fluidity}

MEMBRANE PROTEIN

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TYPES OF MEMBRANE PROTEIN

^{1. integral protein}

^{embedded to the phospholipid bilayer}

^{2. peripheral protein}

^{not embedded to the phospholipid bilayer}

SATURATION

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^{phospholipid tails can be saturated or unsaturated}
^{Saturated tails have no double bonds and as a result have straight, unkinked tails. Unsaturated tails have double bonds and, as a result, have crooked,}^kinked^tails
^{saturated phospholid can easily packed together}^{decreasing the fluidity}
^{the kinks makes the unsaturated phospholipid cannot pack together ,}^{increasing fluidity}

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FACTORS AFFECTING CELL MEMBRANE FLUIDITY

temperature
saturation of fatty acid tails
cholesterol content of the bilayer

MEMBRANE FLUIDITY ;)

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TEMPERATURE

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LOW TEMPERATURE

kinetic energy low
causing phospholipid clustering together
decreasing membrane fluidity

HIGH TEMPERATURE

kinetic energy high
have enough energy to overcome the intermolecular forces
increasing fluidity

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WHAT IS NEURON ?

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2.3 Describe the structure, function & distribution of plant tissues ~ xylem and floem

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-transport water
-complex tissues
-tube shaped cell
-dead at functional maturity

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Structure of tracheid

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-No nucleus (dead cells) at maturity
-Elongated, thin
-Tapered ends which overlap & interlock with one another
-Small empty lumen
-Thick lignified secondary wall
-Have pits in cell walls
-Which allow water to flow from 1 tracheid to the other

structure of vessels

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-No nucleus (dead cells) at maturity
-Shorter & wider than tracheid
-Tubular / less tapered than tracheid
-Wide empty lumen
-Thick lignified secondary wall
-Both ends are highly perforated/open
-Cells are stacked from end to end to form a continuous hollow tube
-Pits are present to allow lateral movements of water

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xylem

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Function
-Transport water & minerals from root to other parts of plant
-Give mechanical support (lignified vessels & tracheid can resist compression & tension)
-Parenchyma stores food
-Fibres provide support

Distribution
-Vascular bundle

**Xylem is called dead tissue or non-living tissue, because all the components present in this tissue are dead, except xylem parenchyma.

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What I'm presenting

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RIBOSOMES

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RIBOSOMES CHARACTERISTICS

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granule : a small compact particle of a substance

DIAGRAM

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RIBOSOMES LOCATION

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RIBOSOMES FUNCTIONS

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GOLGI APPARATUS / GOLGI BODY

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DIAGRAM

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CHARACTERISTICS

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LOCATION

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FUNCTION

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LYSOSOMES

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CHARACTERISTICS

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DIAGRAM

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LOCATION

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FUNCTION

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AUTOPHAGY

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AUTOPHAGY DIAGRAM

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AUTOLYSIS

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INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION

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SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

m3409865 — 2021-08-17 23:36:13 UTC

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

m3409865 — 2021-08-17 23:52:46 UTC

m3409865 — 2021-08-17 23:53:27 UTC

m3409865 — 2021-08-17 23:55:43 UTC

lysosomes under microscope

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golgi body under microscope

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m3409865 — 2021-08-17 23:58:33 UTC

Ribosomes under microscope

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balkistasya — 2021-08-18 00:24:25 UTC

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Muscles are classified as

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(a) Voluntary or involuntary based on function,
(b) Striated or smooth based on structure.

Difference between pinocytosis and phagositosis

aleeyashuhadah — 2021-08-19 01:18:13 UTC

aleeyashuhadah — 2021-08-19 01:18:38 UTC

aleeyashuhadah — 2021-08-19 01:22:56 UTC

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That's all about muscle tissues and cells

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Thank you for lending us your ears

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aleeyashuhadah — 2021-08-19 09:29:57 UTC

aleeyashuhadah — 2021-08-19 09:36:16 UTC

CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE

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juliahelentia02 — 2021-08-20 00:15:49 UTC

Apical meristematic tissue: Apical meristematic tissue is found in all higher plants.

Lateral meristematic tissue: Lateral meristematic tissue occurs only in trees, shrubs, and some grasses.

Location
Apical meristematic tissue: Apicalmeristematic tissue is located at the top of the root and stem and their branches.

Lateral meristematic tissue: The lateral meristematic tissue forms cylinders located parallel to the long axis of the stems and roots.

Types
Apical meristematic tissue: Depending on its location, the apical meristematic tissue is root apical meristematic tissue or stem apical meristematic tissue.

Lateral meristematic tissue: The lateral meristematic tissues are cambium, phellogen (cork cambium), procambium, pericycle.

Growth
Apical meristematic tissue: The apical meristematic tissue contributes to the growth of roots, stems, and their branches in length, forms primordia of leaves and lateral buds.

Lateral meristematic tissue: The lateral meristematic tissue is responsible for the plant widening/thickening.

Formed tissues
Apical meristematic tissue: The apical meristematic tissue forms the xylem, phloem, epidermis, and ground tissue.

Lateral meristematic tissue: The lateral meristematic tissue forms wood, inner bark, and outer bark.

Apical vs Lateral Tissue

juliahelentia02 — 2021-08-20 00:21:43 UTC

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Meristematic tissues

juliahelentia02 — 2021-08-20 01:16:40 UTC

Lets Explore Cell Structure & Function by MDM NASHIMAH HABEEB

Nurizzatul Aqmar

A'ISYA & ANTASYA

Mira Jalay

NURANI & AFRINA

Quinn & Neelaam

Magdalena S.

Muiz and Sze Ian

𝐀𝐥𝐞𝐞𝐲𝐚

QASRINA

3 types of neuron you guys should know !!!

FUNCTION OF MOTOR NEURON

muhammad

Zarin & Farahana

Aqmar and Julia

NURUL NABILAH

GAYATHRI

CELL THEORY

What mean by 'fluid mosaic model' ?

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

Meaning of Myology

Types of Muscle

CELL THEORY [THREE BASIC PRICIPLES OF CELLS THEORY]

Smooth Muscle

What cause lateral movement and flip flop ?

Cardiac Muscle

Skeletal Muscle

What is Sarcolemma ?

IN SUMMARY !

STRUCTURE OF PHOSPHOLIPID

WE ARE GOING TO SEE JUST A LITTLE BIT INTRO ABOUT PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Major Component of Plasma Membrane

MEMBRANE CARBOHYDRATES

Vascular Tissues

Xylem and Phloem

Subtopic 2.2: Structure and fuctions of organelles

1)MITOCHONDRION

what is organelle?

Nucleus

2.3 Cell Structures and Functions

2)Chloroplast

2.3 CELLS ARE GROUPED INTO TISSUES

3)Centrosome and centrioles

***Simple Diffusion***

2.4 Passive Transport Across Membrane

Apical Meristem

𝟐.𝟒 𝐀𝐂𝐓𝐈𝐕𝐄 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐒𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐓 𝐀𝐂𝐑𝐎𝐒𝐒 𝐌𝐄𝐌𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐄

Diagram of Apical Meristem

ANIMAL CELL AND PLANT CELL

TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

SIMILARITIES & COMPARISON BETWEEN ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS

Active Transport :

What is plasmodesmata?

WHAT IS CONNECTIVE TISSUES

What is gap junctions?

*Learning outcomes*

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma Tissues

rough endoplasmic reticulum

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

HYALINE CARTILAGE

Parenchyma Diagram(labeled)

Collenchyma Diagram(labeled)

*Osmosis*🌊

➊ Na-K Pump

➋ Endocytosis

Sclerenchyma Diagram(labeled)

➌ Exocytosis

Distribution of Tissues

Tissues under the microscope

COMPACT BONE

Tissues under microscope

**Facilitated Difussion**

● CLASSIFICATION

Summary of the topic

DETAIL STRUCTURE OF COMPACT BONE

b) Pinocytosis

➤ EPITHELIAL TISSUE SHAPES

a) Phagocytosis

➤ STRATIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Simple Diffusion

Learning outcomes

Osmosis🌊

Facilitated Difussion

Passive Transport

Osmosis

Osmosis (plant cell)

Osmosis(animal cells)

Water Potential