• India was the largest producer of cotton, paying the lowest wages in the world.

• Agriculture was very productive that laborers were supported with very low cost.

• With a large population, the textile manufacturing was very productive with no machines.

• India wasn’t industrialized.

• Cotton helped spawn British industrialization.

• Cotton textile drove early revolution that’s why British was so eager to produce cotton.

• Cotton created the market, so the British invested in machines.

  
  

  CITATION

• https://youtu.be/zhL5DCizj5c?si=poZO4vv3k9RhVpwv
  

  
  

China went though three phases of gaining industrial power:

First phase:

-The economy was going very good.

-# of village firms greatly increased

-Industrial output in villages greatly increased

-There were many more village peasant workers

-Farmers income greatly increased

Second Phase:

-China became the largest producer and exporter of textiles, importers of cotton, furniture, and toys.

-During this period, the output grew by 28 percent.

Third Phase:

-Many public roads and transportation was built because of the mass production of goods.

Conclusion:

-In conclusion, China was extremely successful in the Industrial Revolution.

Website:

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjBmsDk1KODAxXAvokEHWm3CkoQFnoECCUQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stlouisfed.org%2Fon-the-economy%2F2016%2Fjune%2Fthree-phases-chinas-rise-industrial-power&usg=AOvVaw2rpCSFPqSuaZaoGGL2X9Eu&opi=89978449

• Due to the demand of yarn, inventions like the spinning wheel and water frame were made.

• All these processes were powered by water until steam engines were found. Later on they were powered by coal.

• Eventually, Britain found out they have easy access to coal which made transportation possible by building railroads and steamboats. As they got money out of this, they built more cotton mills.

• The textile industry evolved as we started using chemicals(sulfuric acid) were used to bleach clothes.

• Sulfuric acid was created in huge quantities because of lead lined- chambers which was powered by coal.

• These made the process of cleaning, spinning, weaving, bleaching and making clothes easier and faster.

Europeans had 2 advantage:

Coal—>

-Coal mining during the British Industrial Revolution was extremely important form the 16th century.

—> gave fuel for steam engines for factories, transport, and agriculture.

-Steam engine was made by draining the flooded mines, to take out more coal, first made by Thomas Newcomen,

-During the 1700, the British had made 80% of the coal in Europe.

-The demand for coal grew as new innovations were made on the steam engine.

-The increase in coal production led to the increase in the canal system, connecting big rivers. This way of transportation was the cheapest way to transport heavy goods.

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2201/coal-mining-in-the-british-industrial-revolution/#:~:text=Coal%20mining%20boomed%20during%20the,the%20steam%20engine%20was%20invented.

High Wages:

-British wages were high and energy cheap.

-These wages and prices were a reason for the breakthrough for the 18th century to replace capital and energy for labor.

-Most scientific reasons could not exactly explain the reason for British wages.

-However there was an assumption which was that technology was made by people to make money. Inventors in Britain made machines that substituted energy and capital for labor. Since the mining industry was greater in Britain than elsewhere, therefore, inventing the steam engine was greater in Britain than France.

https://www.bradford-delong.com/2012/02/robert-allen-the-british-industrial-revolution-in-global-perspective.html

CRASH COURCE BACKGROUND:

Coal—> During the Industrial Revolution, people were constantly trying to find severals way of using energy for production.

-In specific, England has a lot of coal near the surface. As a result, it was cheap to mine, substituting wood for heat. Steam engines were an invention, which were used to pump water out of mines. These steam engines were inefficient, therefore, they required a a lot of a cheap sources to work coal.

Wages—>

-British has the highest wages in the world. During the 18th century.

-British wages were equal to 11 grams of silver per day.

-During the Industrial revolution, wages were high and energy was cheap, leading to the Industrial revolution. Leading to new technology which replaced capital and coal for labor.

• The steam engine was a machine that pumped water out of coal mines

• The steam engine was made by coal and was used in coal mines

  • the coal from coal mines was used to create steel and railroads

• The steam engine was one of the most important inventions that took place during the industrial revolution

• It was used for mining as well as powering boats

• In 1698 Thomas Savery created a pump with "hand operated valves to raise water from mines by suction produced by condensing steam"

• In 1712 Thomas Newcomen created a more efficient steam engine

  • In his steam engine the piston separated the condensing steam from the water

• In 1765 James Watt created en even more efficient steam engine

  • He added a "separate condenser to avoid heating and cooling the cylinder with each stroke"

• In 1807 the steam engine was used as an energy source for a passenger boat by Robert Fulton

• https://www.britannica.com/technology/steam-engine

• Steam and iron rails produced railways - a new form of transformation

• Used for moving coal

• Initially wood but later became iron rails

• When the creation of a 'railroad' was first passed, it was horse-pulled carts on rails

• Developments to this continued as the steam engine was evolving too

• In 1821, the Stockton to Darlington railway was built using iron rails and steam power

• The aim is breaking the local monopoly of the canal owners

• The initial plan was to use horses for energy but Stephenson wanted to use steam

  • The railroads were still as slow as canals

• Liverpool to Manchester railway in 1830 - the first time a railway used a true steam locomotive running on rails

• Industrialists learned that railways could make a profit, creating a boom in the creation of railways ('railway mania')

• Overall, railroads allowed the revolution to continue as they provided transportation

• https://www.thoughtco.com/railways-in-the-industrial-revolution-1221650

• Due to Britain’s damp climate that was ideal for raising sheep, Britain had a large history of producing textiles.

• The British textile industry was a “cottage industry” before the revolution, because work was done in small workshops or individual homes by separate spinners, weavers and dyers. 

• The invention of the flying shuttle in 1733 caused the speed of weaving to increase.

• More inventions like the Spinning Jenny and water frame were made due to a higher demand for yarn. 

• Cloth was now produced much faster and less human labor was necessary. 

• Water powered engines were replaced by steam engines to make these inventions work much faster. 

• Website: https://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/industrial-revolution 

• Traditionally, yarn and cloth were bought from spinners and weavers who worked in their own homes or in small workshops. Women spun the yarn using a manual spinning wheel, and men weaved the cloth using a hand-powered loom.

• Production became more rapid in 1733 when John Kay invented the flying shuttle, used to pull thread horizontally (weft) across longitudinal threads (warp) on a weaving frame.

• The shuttle also permitted wider textiles to be made.
  Some of the most important inventors and machines made that forwarded the Textile Industry included:

• The Spinning Jenny by James Hargreaves (1764)

• The Water Frame by Richard Arkwright (1769)

• The Spinning Mule by Samuel Crompton (1779)

• The Power Loom by Edmund Cartwright (1785)

• The Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney (1794)

• The Roberts' Loom by Richard Roberts (1822)

• The Self-Acting Mule by Richard Roberts (1825)

• Howe Sewing Machine by Elias Howe (1844)

• The key British industry at the beginning of the 18th century was the production of textiles made with wool from large sheep-farming areas.

• This was a labor-intensive activity providing employment throughout Britain.

• Starting in the later part of the 18th century, mechanization of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques, and the increased use of refined coal began.

• Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads, and railways.

• Factories pulled thousands from low-productivity work in agriculture to high-productivity urban jobs.

• The application of steam power encouraged the demand for coal.

• The demand for machinery and rails encouraged the iron industry.

• The demand for transportation to move raw material in and finished products out encouraged the growth of the canal system, and after 1830, the railway system.

• The textile industry advanced once the chemical industry became involved with the use of sulfuric acid.

• The acid was used directly in bleaching, but it was also used in the production of more effective chlorine bleaches, and in the manufacture of bleaching powder.

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2183/the-textile-industry-in-the-british-industrial-rev/

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/textile-manufacturing/

https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-technology/Chemicals

• It is believed that India was the most manufacturer in world trade due to India producing 25% of the worlds industrial output during that era

• Indias economy was based on the exports of the cotton manufactured, but was devastating by European indistriaization

• Indias textile relied on hand-loom technology but that process was done by Britain

• India was a exporter of cotton due to it collapsing from Britain taking over

• India then became known for exporting raw cottons instead of textiles, they used this to ship it to different countries

• The shift in production negatively impacted Indias Lomb term industrial development, which happened during the Industrial Revolution

• They became the domination of global textile manufacturing and trade which had been its bridge for its communitiny

• Many people built factories which was used by Britain

• Most of the cotton that was made was fueled for English factories in which Britain ruled

• The people who made these factories were forced for long hours of wages

Citations:

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-6-the-long-nineteenth-century-1750-ce-to-1914-ce/x23c41635548726c4:other-materials-origins-era-6/a/read-imperialism-and-de-industrialization-in-india-origins#:~:text=Some%20historians%20believe%20that%20India,production%20had%20shifted%20to%20Britain.

https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/study-material/world-history/industrial-revolution-in-india/#:~:text=Impact%20of%20the%20Industrial%20Revolution,-Now%2C%20workers%20live&text=However%2C%20the%20working%20conditions%20were,longer%20hours%20at%20low%20wages.

• Prior to the steam engine, there were more expensive methods that were used, such as animals, human labor, and water wheels.

• The motivation to create the steam engine sprouted from the need to extract coal at a more efficient and cheap rate.

• By 1907, Britain already had about 9.5 million steam-powered machines.

• The inventor of a pump that gathered the power of steam, Thomas Savery, however the amount of power that was harnessed was limited.

• The steam engine became more powerful, cheaper, and required less fuel to operate machines, thus allowing it to be used almost anywhere.

• James Watt improved the efficiency of the steam engine, later with the help of Matthew Boulton.

• This improved version of the steam engine was often called the separate condenser because he increased the efficiency of the condensing action.

• With the help of the Wilkinson brothers, Watt was able to create his steam engine with much better parts that were made of iron, which made sure that hardly any steam escaped.

• The expansion engine was an improvement for the steam engine that shut off the heat source of the machine before the steam expanded, which saved fuel.

• Richard Trevithick created the railways and the high-pressure steam engine in 1801.

• https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2166/the-steam-engine-in-the-british-industrial-revolut/#:~:text=Steam%20power%20was%20one%20of,wind%20power%20attracted%20commercial%20users.

Topic-The Steamboat

-The railway and pressure steamboat was created by Richard trevichick in 1801

-James Watt, and Matthew Dalton imoroved the steamengine

-Separate condenser is the improved or better version of te steam engine.

-The Wilkinsons helped a lot watt with the steam engine by giving him better tools to use.

-Before the steam engine people used animals and other things to fuel energy

-After 1750 Britain had 9.5 million steam engine boats available

-People created the steamboat so that they won’t have to mine Coal with more cost

-More people started to use steam engine after it was more powerful and did not need that much fuel.

Link: https://study.com/learn/lesson/steam-engine-history-impact.html

• Before the steam engines existence, people used water wheel, animal, or human powered methods of obtaining energy.

  • While these were useful, the steam engine outclassed all of them due to it's ability to not require a living being to work (the case for animal and human power) and it's able to work in the absence of water (unlike the water wheel).

• The steam engine was first invented because coal mines at deeper levels flooded easily, and so the business needed a strong pump to pump out the water.

• The steam pump was first patented by Thomas Savery in 1698, and then would go on to be upgraded by several people in the following years

• Afterwards, steam power would be adapted into the steam engine, which was able to power factories, trains, boats, and more.

  • Steam trains:

    • Improved transport of goods across long distances

    • Also was able to bring people across long distances quickly and comfortably

  • Steamboats

    • At the start, steamboats were worse than sailboats because of how much space the engine required to keep the boat running

    • As innovations occurred, the steam engine took up less and less space, eventually making sailboats obsolete.

  • Steam powered factories

    • Steam powered doubled the efficiency of regular factories

    • Over 75% of cotton factories used steam engines

• Steam engines also took away traditional jobs like creating cloth at home.

• Air quality in cities also became dirtier due to the smoke from burning so much coal.

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2166/the-steam-engine-in-the-british-industrial-revolut/

• India had been Britains greatest manufacturer; producing 25% of the worlds marketing products

  
  

• Although India was a country that specialized in cotton and other clothing works, the industrialization had completely ruined the economy

  
  

• India had long been doing textiles using hand loom technology when Britain decided to make more money by doing it in England and then exporting it back to India.

  
  

• Soon the country had collapsed and became one of the largest exporters for Britain

  
  

• Britain used the money to make machines to further speed up the process

  https://youtu.be/zhL5DCizj5c?si=Q5bCvQOX_PyXDf_Ai

--Early enrgy sources included water wheels, animals, and human power, predating the invention of steam engines.

--Steam engines excelled due to their independence from living beings and the ability to function without water.

--Thomas Saverys 1698 patent introduced the first steam pump, addressing flooding issues in deep coal mines.

--Ongoing refinements by various inventors improved steam pumps, laying the foundation for advanced steam engines.

--The versatility of steam engines led to their application in factories, trains, and boats transforming various industries.

--Steam engines significantly boosted efficiency in factories, especially in parts like cotton production.

--The adoption of steam engines displaced traditional jobs, impacting home-based cloth production.

--The increased use of coal for steam engines contrributed to urban air quality issues due to coal burning.

--Steam trains revolutionized long-distance transportation for goods and people, enhancing efficiency.

--Steamboats faced challenges initially with bulkier engines but overcame limitations through ongoing innovati

Work Cited:

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2166/the-steam-engine-in-the-british-industrial-revolut/

https://www.britannica.com/technology/steam-engine

CITATIONS:

https://www.bibalex.org/SCIplanet/en/Article/Details.aspx?id=71

https://www.ducksters.com/history/us_1800s/steam_engine_industrial_revolution.php

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMe83R--6VE

• Coal was used to turn iron ore into iron, which was then used to make things like railroads and bridges, which helped spread the Industrial Revolution through transportation of goods and ideas.

• Steamships and railway locomotives powered with coal made transporting coal and other goods cheaper and more efficient, allowing Britain to transport products worldwide.  This new, cheaper transportation created the British tourism industry.  Ocean liners fueled by coal contributed to the first era of globalization.

• Coal powered mills used in cotton manufacturing, leading to the revolution of the textile industry, which grew greatly in Britain’s Industrial Revolution

• A key use of coal was to fuel engines which pumped the water out of mines, allowing more coal and other ores to be mined in less accessible mines.

• Some believe England had a better educated society, proven through higher literacy levels in population, which therefore allowed them to create a better system which allowed them to conquer growth constraints.  This is referred to as a “Eurocentric” view, as it describes that Europe was ahead of everyone else, and now has been challenged.

• The presence of coal helped to support growing pollutions during the 18th and 19th century, and during the 18th century was able to use raw materials from its American colonies to facilitate industrialization.  This coal was extremely important, for example, during the 17th century, China and Britain were in a similar place as far as development.  This lead to increased population, which the readily available abundance of coal in Britain was used to support it, while China, lacking this coal, failed to sustain the population growth.

• https://www.uow.edu.au/media/2016/coal-was-king-of-the-industrial-revolution-but-not-always-the-path-to-a-modern-economy.php#:~:text=Coal%20was%20king%20of%20the%20British%20Industrial%20Revolution.,age%20was%20built%20from%20it.

• https://www.thoughtco.com/coal-in-the-industrial-revolution-1221634

  
  

Chinese Inventions: The Chinese created some of the most important inventions that ever existed. These are some of them:

• Movable Type Printing: This invention helped pages of paper be printed out much faster. This saved a lot of time and copies of books and pamphlets could be made at a speed never seen before. This allowed people to get more books and pamphlets, which gave them news or helped spread the ideas of inventions.

• Compass: This invention made navigation much more easier. If I wanted to go to a specific direction, this would help me determine that direction. It was useful for navigators and helped them in not getting lost.

• Gunpowder: An important inventions that help make modern weapons possible. Made to use for firecrackers, Europeans and the rest of the world realized that it could trigger a reaction that shot ammunition at fast speeds.

  
  

  Why They Didn’t Start Revolution: Despite these inventions, and more, China didn’t start the Industrial Revolution. Here are some reasons:

• Europeans Had Coal: Coal was major because it was so cheap and could be used to power many machines. This made Europeans have an advantage because they could make machines and properly run them in a way that the Chinese, because their energy sources weren’t as cheap or readily available.

• Europeans Had Higher Wages: This incentivized employers to find ways to automate factories more, because they wouldn’t have to pay as much wages if most of their work was done by machines. So they encouraged inventors to make more machines so they wouldn’t have to pay too much money.

• European Countries: China was mostly always united so the country had no other competitor nearby. So China wasn’t always trying to get the most economic growth possible, so didn’t try to drastically improve technologies. However, Europe had a different story and all of their countries were always trying to outpace each other. Competition naturally inspires innovation to improve yourselves, so there was more technological innovation in Europe.

  Links:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhL5DCizj5c

• https://china.usc.edu/sites/default/files/forums/Chinese%20Inventions.pdf

• https://www.ducksters.com/history/china/inventions_technology.php

• https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/10/28/why-the-industrial-revolution-didnt-happen-in-china/

Source: https://www.historycrunch.com/textile-manufacturing-in-the-industrial-revolution.html#/

• Yarn and cloth were first bought by spinners who usually worked in their homes. This was not a very productive way however, due to the limit of people available to help and that the production was very slow compared to the demand for cotton.

• The invention of the flying shuttle by John Kay in 1733 heavily increased the speed of weaving.

• This lead to the higher demand or more need for yarn, which was tended to by the inventions like the Spinning Jenny created by James Hargreaves in 1764 and the water frame created by Richard Arkwright in 1769. These inventions were made to be mechanized eventually and used a lot in the cotton mills to increase the productions of cotton cloth.

• The steam engine perfected by James Watt was used to mechanize the cotton mills which made them very efficient. This was able to handle the high demands for cotton at the time.

• All these inventions and processes lead to the productions of more yarn and cotton which could be used to make more clothes to ship off for profit.

• However, as the machines got more advanced, the need for many workers was needed less. Many people started to lose their jobs and started to protest in groups. One of the famous groups were called the Luddites. They ran into factories and destroyed the machines that stole their jobs.

• https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2183/the-textile-industry-in-the-british-industrial-rev/

• First was invented by Thomas Newcomen which was later improved by James Watt.

• Originally built to help remove water in coal mines to make coal mines more accessible and easy to dig out

• Steam engines used coal to function causing coal mining became even more profitable as more coal was being found then being used in the machine

• They became the energy source for many different types of machinery which helped expedite the production of goods and commodities

• Hot steam expands under pressure creating heat energy which then is converting into working energy

  Sources:

  • https://www.environmentandsociety.org/mml/steam-engine

  • https://www.britannica.com/summary/steam-engine

• The British Textile Industry was an industry that developed yarn/textiles.

• The industry started with individual spinners working in their own homes or small workshops. At this time, it was called the "cottage industry".

• During the mid-1800s many inventions started to come to light, such as the flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame, and the power loom. These inventions made weaving and producing cloth much more efficient and fast.

• James Watt's steam engine took the British Textile Industry to a whole new level when he collaborated with Matthew Boulton. Together, these two people invented a steam engine with a rotary motion.

• The British Textile Industry boosted the Industrial Revolution as it brought light to coal and lead mines, and promoted the import and export of textiles via railroads and steamboats.

• This version of the steam engine was used in cotton mills extremely increased the speed at which cotton was spun into yarn.

• In the video, John Green claims that all innovations during the Industrial Revolution are interconnected.

(Inventions are outlined at the end.)

• For example, the "Flying Shuttle", an invention by John Kay in 1733, increased the demand for yarn since it drastically increased the weaving speed.

• The demand for yarn eventually led to the invention of the "Spinning Jenny" and the "Water Frame".

• After some time, the process of weaving was mechanized and driven by the force of water.

• Then, the innovation of the "Steam Engine" immensely increased the efficiency and speed of weaving by being used in cotton mills.

• Steam engines ran on coal. Ironically, they provided more than enough power to extract exponentially more amounts of coal from mines, located in Britain.

• This surplus of coal subsequently allowed for the extraction of sulfuric acid from mines via lead-lined chambers. Sulfuric acid was used as an alternative to stale urine to bleach clothing.

• Lead-lined chambers were created from lead foundries that were powered by coal.

  
  

Summary of the Connection between the Inventions:

1) The Flying Shuttle (1733) increased the speed of weaving.

2) The Spinning Jenny (1764) increased the speed of spinning thread.

3) The Water Frame (1769) innovated the spinning jenny by producing finer and stronger yarn and replaced a job that people once did.

4) The Spinning Mule (1779) combined the processes of the spinning jenny and the water frame.

5) The Power Loom (1785) fully automated the process of weaving and spinning but was not efficient.

6) The Steam Engine (1765) made the automated weaving and spinning process faster and more efficient. It also provided power for more coal extraction.

7) Coal made it possible to get lead from lead foundries.

8) Lead foundries provided lead which created lead-lined chambers that made sulfric acid. Sulfuric acid was used to bleach cloth instead of stale urine.

- Invention Description and Inventor -

Flying Shuttle (John Kay):

Pulled thread horizontally across longitudinal threads allowing wider textiles to be produced

Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves):

Could spin eight cotton threads at the same time, hence drastically speeding up the production

Water Frame (Richard Arkwright):

Could spin 96 spindles at once and produced finer and stronger yarn

Spinning Mule (Samuel Crompton):

Was an improved combination of the spinning jenny and the water frame, that made finer and more uniform yarn

Power Loom (Edmund Cartwright):

Was a fully automated machine and only needed one person to change the spindles every 5-7 minutes.

Steam Engine:

Originally invented by Thomas Newcomen and innovated by James Watt. Watt made multiple engines including one with a rotatory motion that powered cotton mills

References:

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2183/the-textile-industry-in-the-british-industrial-rev/

https://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/industrial-revolution#spinning-jenny

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhL5DCizj5c

• Before the steam engine’s-creation, began machines were powered by water wheels, animals, or humans.

• The steam pump was patented by Thomas Savery in 1698, and was designed to pump water out of coal mines to prevent flooding in them.

• In 1710, Thomas Newcomen improved the steam pump Savery had made. He lowered the time it took to It was later used in 1712 inside a coal mine.

• James Watt improved the early steam engines in 1769 and 1778 with help from Matthew Boulton. They increased the efficiency of the condensation process, improved the parts to better metals, and made it require less coal.

• The steam engine began to be used in almost every machine in factories, trains/railroads, and boats.

• The steamboat was created and helped increase the speed and distance that large and heavy ships could travel.

• The steam engine helped increase the production rates in factories significantly, helping factory owners produce more and more product.

• Steam engines on trains and railways made transportation across the country significantly easier and more doable.

  
  

  Citations:

• https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2166/the-steam-engine-in-the-british-industrial-revolut/#:~:text=Steam%20power%20was%20one%20of,wind%20power%20attracted%20commercial%20users   

• https://www.britannica.com/technology/steam-engine     

Timeline:

• In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a system to pump water out of mines using suction formed by condensing steam.

• In 1712, Thomas Newcomen developed the first steam engine.

• In 1765, James Watt created a more efficient version of Newcomen’s steam engine.

• Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot built a steam powered carriage in 1769.

• Richard Trevithick built the first steam locomotive in 1803.

• Robert Fulton created the first steam powered passenger boat in 1807.

How It Works:

• Inside a steam engine, hot steam supplied by a boiler expands under pressure creating heat energy. A portion of that energy is harnessed to do work.

• To increase the engine’s efficiency, the steam can condense in a condenser. This is a separate section on the engine in which the temperature is relatively lower that the boiler.

• Steam turbines send out energy in high velocities through nozzles which cause blades to spin.This can be used as a source of electricity.

Sources:

• https://www.britannica.com/technology/steam-engine

• https://www.environmentandsociety.org/mml/steam-engine

• The steam pump was patented by Thomas Savery in 1698, and was designed to pump water out of coal mines to prevent flooding in them.

• In 1712, Thomas Newcomen developed a more efficient steam engine with a piston separating condensing steam from water.

• In 1765, James Watt created a more efficient version of Newcomen’s steam engine.

• The purpose was to remove water in coal mines, making them more accessible for mining

• Steam engines used coal for function, making coal mining more profitable

• They became the energy source for many machines, speeding up the production of goods and others

• Hot steam expands under pressure, creating heat energy, which is then converted into working energy

Sources:

https://www.environmentandsociety.org/mml/steam-engine

https://www.britannica.com/technology/steam-engine

• The industrial revolution introduced many new inventions that were super important for the time period such as the flying shuttle, spinning frame and cotton gin

• James Hargreaves made one of the biggest changes in the textile industry by creating the spinning jenny which moved the industry from homes to factories

• All work was largely done in the homes as the men would be the weavers and children helped clean raw materials. The manual labor and the time it took to make said textiles was frustrating

• The spinning Jenny was designed with 8 spindles to create eight threads in the time it took to normally create one which quickly sped up production

• Eli Whitney created the cotton gin which allowed for the seed in cotton to be separated faster and produce drifts times more cotton

• The power loom made by Francis cobalt Lowell was introduced, lead to the first factory’s where raw materials can be made into cloth

• All these additions to the textile industry allowed for and increase in productions of thread and cloth as well as the changes of from home to factory’s and reduced labor considering the machines do most of the work.

  • https://globaledge.msu.edu/blog/post/54483/the-textile-industry-during-the-industrial-revolution

  • https://www.faribaultmill.com/pages/spinning-jenny