Mid Term Review - Period 7 by

Terms
Ellis Island - harbor in New York
Angel Island - bay in San Francisco
Melting pot- a mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together
Nativism- overt favoritism toward native-born Americans
Chinese Exclusion Act - this act banned entry to all Chinese except students , teachers , merchants , tourists , and government officials
Gentlemen's Agreement - of 1907 - 1908 , Japan's government agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the United States in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order.
Urbanization - growth of cities , mostly in the regions of the Northeast and Midwest.
Americanization movement - designed to assimilate people of wide-ranging cultures into the dominant culture.
Tenements - multifamily urban dwellings , overcrowded & unsanitary.
Mass Transit - transportation systems designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes , enabled workers to go to and from jobs more easily .
Social Gospel Movement - preached salvation through service to the poor.
Settlement Houses - community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area , especially immigrants.
Jane Adams - one of the most influential members of the movement
Political Machine - offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support.
Graft - the illegal use of political influence for personal gain
Boss Tweed - head of Tammy Hall , New York City's powerful Democratic political machine in 1868.
Patronage - the giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected.
Civil Service - government administration
Rutherford B. Hayes - elected in 1876 , could not convince Congress to support reform , so he used other means .
James A. Garfield - Ohio congressmen , the convention settled on an independent presidential candidate.
Chester A. Arthur - Republicans nominated Vice president , one of Conkling's supporters.
Pendleton Civil Service Act - 1883 authorized a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointment to federal jobs through a merit systems.
Grover Cleveland - won presidential election for the 1st time in 28 years.
Benjamin Harrison - Indiana senator , campaign financed by large contributions from Henry Harrison.

Main Ideas
Section 1:
- Immigration from Europe, Asia, the Caribbean, and Mexico reaches a new high in the late 19th century and early 20th century.

Section 2:
- The rapid growth of cities forced people to contend with problems of housing, transportation, water, and sanitation.

Section 3:
- Local and national political corruption in the 19th century led to calls of reform

Assessment
What trends or events in other countries prompted people to move to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
war and poverty, a lack of available jobs, political turmoil, social upheaval, food shortages, low wages, scarce land, and revolutions prompted people from other countries to move to the United States because the United States had the opposite of each of those.
What difficulties did many of these new immigrants face?
They have left their friends and families, and learn the language and customs of the country they have immigrated to.

Why did cities in the United States grow rapidly in the decades following the Civil War?
many soldiers returned home which boomed population, jobs, and production.

What problems did this rapid growth pose for cities?
This rapid growth caused cities to have a lack of housing and thus overcrowded housing, unsanitary conditions, polluted water, easy dispersion of disease, increased crime rate, and fires from the new housing being made of wood and the use of kerosene heaters.

What solutions to urban problems did the settlement-house movement propose?
providing housing to those who could not provide one for themselves, teaching about health, and learning about the problems caused by urbanization firsthand to help create more solutions.