gynaecology by https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296 mind map based on skhole studies en-us 2018-11-20 13:05:33 UTC 2025-11-20 02:51:50 UTC hello@padlet.com MENSTRUAL CYCLE rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306317782 2018-11-20 13:06:52 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306317782 General Introduction rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306317966 2018-11-20 13:07:15 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306317966 rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306318733 2018-11-20 13:08:54 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306318733 NORMAL START AGE 10-16 yrs age rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306319243 2018-11-20 13:10:00 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306319243 DURATION - 23-35 days rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306319344 2018-11-20 13:10:13 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306319344 AVERAGE BLEEDING - 5 DAYS rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306319409 2018-11-20 13:10:23 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306319409 AVERAGE BLEEDING AMOUNT 20-80 ml rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306319472 2018-11-20 13:10:32 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306319472 NORMAL STOP OF MENSRUAL CYCLE (MENOPAUSE) 51 yrs rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306319725 2018-11-20 13:11:06 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306319725 AFFECTED BY NUTRITION, GENOME, BMI, EXERCISE rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306319786 2018-11-20 13:11:15 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306319786 Used in planning pregnancies & determining menstrual disturbances rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306320054 2018-11-20 13:11:48 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306320054 Blood, pieces of the endometrium, endometrium excretion and tissue fluid are discharged rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306321790 2018-11-20 13:15:45 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306321790 MENSTRUAL DISTURBANCES rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306323474 2018-11-20 13:19:43 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306323474 Amenorrhoea rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306324920 absence of a menstrual period.
LAB TESTS
  • LH test
  • FSH test
  • TSH test 
  • Prolactin test
]]> 2018-11-20 13:22:48 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306324920 Primary amenorrhoea rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306325084 Menstruation does not begin at puberty.
CAUSES
  • Autoimmune disease causing an ovary inflammation
  • Turner syndrome 
  • Anatomical abnormality like missing part of uterus
]]> 2018-11-20 13:23:15 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306325084 Secondary amenorrhoea rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306325213 Normal and regular menstrual periods which become increasingly abnormal and irregular or absent
CAUSES
  • Breastfeeding and menopause
  • Using hormonal contraceptives
  • psychotropic drugs
  • Losing weight quickly,
  • Eating disorders, 
  • Severe obesity
  • Excessive exercise
  • Stress. 
  • Hypothyroidism, untreated celiac disease or the Cushing syndrome.
]]> 2018-11-20 13:23:36 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306325213 Menorrhagia rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306325381
  • Abnormal uterine bleeding characterized by heavy and prolonged menstrual bleeding.
  • Lasts for normal time and frequency
  • Almost half of the cases are due to uterus related causes.
    • ]]>     2018-11-20 13:24:02 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306325381     Metrorrhagia rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306325668 Mensuration at irregular intervals]]> 2018-11-20 13:24:36 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306325668 GYNECOLOGICAL INFECTIONS rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306611326 2018-11-21 05:31:06 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306611326 CATEGORIES rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306611454
    1. Vulvitis (inflammation of the vulva)
    2. Vaginitis (inflammation of the vagina)
    3. Cervicitis (inflammation of the uterine cervix) 
    4. Pelvic inflammatory disease

    ]]>     2018-11-21 05:32:12 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306611454     YEAST INFECTION rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306612150 The Candida albicans diploid fungus is the most common(85-90 %) cause.

    RISK FACTORS: Pregnancy, oral pills, anti-infection agents, diabetes and immunological deficiency syndromes, using soaps and washing too often.

    SYMPTOMS: Strong itching, stinging sensation and swelling in the mucous membranes.


    ]]>     2018-11-21 05:36:29 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306612150     BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306612393
  • Disturbance where normal lactobacillus flora is replaced by anaerobic bacteria.
  • It increases risk of breaking water early during pregnency, premature birth, risk of puerperal infection and infection by HIV.
    • ]]>     2018-11-21 05:38:59 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306612393     TRICHOMONIASIS rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306613653 Sexually transmitted infection by protozoan parasite.
    It causes foul-smelling green discharge and is symptom free in men.]]>     2018-11-21 05:49:29 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306613653     DIV (Desquamative Inflammatory Vaginitis) rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306614050
  • Heavy, yellow vaginal discharge,reddish blotches in vaginal mucosa 
    • ]]>     2018-11-21 05:53:04 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306614050     ATROPHIC VAGINITIS rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306614587 Thinning of vaginal mucosa because of lack of oestrogen.]]> 2018-11-21 05:58:10 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306614587 CHLAMYDIA rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306614994
  • caused by chlamydia trachomatis bacterium. 
  • most cases are asymptomatic
  • It may cause PID, cervicitis, urethritis
    • ]]>     2018-11-21 06:02:02 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306614994     GONORRHEA rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306615569 Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria. This bacteria has developed resistance to some antibiotics.
     
    SYMPTOMS 
    • Men- stinging sensation when urinating and discharge from the penis.
    • Women- Cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. PID caused by gonorrhea leads a more severe clinical presentation than in chlamydia.
    ]]>     2018-11-21 06:06:45 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306615569     SYPHILIS rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306616114 Caused by Treponema pallidum bacterium.

    SYMPTOMS:
    • A skin lesion with hard edges appear in beginning.
    • Secondary syphilis 6-8 weeks after infection with fevers, skin manifestations and enlarged lymph nodes
    • Latent syphilis a year after infection
    • Tertiary syphilis within 4-40 years which affects skin, heart, blood vessels and central nervous system.
    ]]>     2018-11-21 06:11:24 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306616114     Human papillomavirus (HPV) rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306632823
  • most common cause of sexually transmitted viral infections.
  • genital warts are common 
  • Cervical cancer are worst complications.
    • ]]>     2018-11-21 07:49:15 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306632823     Bartholinitis rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306634458 Bartholin's gland in the labia are inflamed and abscess is formed.]]> 2018-11-21 07:55:56 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306634458 PID (Pelvic inflammatory disease) rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306635345
  • Uterine mucosa, the Fallopian tubes and the ovaries are inflamed.
  • Mostly in young fertile women
  • Chlamydia is the common cause.
  • asymptomatic to severe pain

    • ]]>     2018-11-21 07:58:11 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306635345     BLEEDING & PAIN IN EARLY PREGNENCY rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306670163
  • Bleeding exhibits in 20-25% of early pregnancies 
  • half of these cases result in miscarriage
  • difficult bleeding may result in pre-term birth, still birth,low weight birth.

    • ]]>     2018-11-21 10:01:35 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306670163     CAUSES rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306670723
  • threatened or inevitable miscarriage.
  • Ectopic pregnancy where embryo attaches outside the uterus.
  • blockage caused by attachment of fertilized egg
  • Gynaecological infections
  • Sub-placental haematomas
  • Irregularities in the uterus or cervix such as polyps or myomas
    • ]]>     2018-11-21 10:03:23 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306670723     PATIENT INTERVIEW QUESTIONS rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306677809
  • amount bled
  • Color of the blood
  • occurrence of contractions,
  • Pain (location and intensity)
  • History of sexually transmitted diseases
  • Earlier Pap test results, abnormal flow, pregnancies, diseases and medication, pelvic area surgeries and the development of the current pregnancy.
    • ]]>     2018-11-21 10:27:33 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306677809     TREATMENT rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306680427
  • Emergency specialized care often surgery is needed if ectopic pregnancy is suspected, bleeding is heavy, inflammation and severe pain.
  • Psychological support is very important.


    • ]]>     2018-11-21 10:35:37 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306680427     MISCARRIAGE rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306683297
  • Threatened miscarriage bleeding uterus while cervix is closed.
  • Inevitable miscarriage, the cervix is open, there is severe bleeding and the pregnancy is about to end in a miscarriage.  
  • Incomplete miscarriage heavy bleeding with contracting uterus,with cramping pains. The cervix is open and ultrasound reveals the loss of the foetus but there is still pregnancy tissue inside the uterus.
  • Complete miscarriage has the same symptoms as an incomplete one, but the uterine cavity has completely emptied. 
  • Missed miscarriage cervix is closed with a lifeless foetus. Presence of brown, watery bleeding.
  • Septic miscarriages are associated with a uterine inflammation and a serious general infection. 
  • Repeated miscarriage continuous 3 or more pregnancies resulting in miscarriages.
    • ]]>     2018-11-21 10:46:08 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306683297     FAMILY PLANNING rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306686367 Planning of number and time of births.]]> 2018-11-21 10:58:45 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306686367 CONTRACEPTION rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306951885
  • Also called birth control
  • method of preventing pregnancy by avoiding fertilization or fertilized egg to attaching itself to uterus wall.
  • Selection depends on reliability, their side effects, contraindications, the price, the rate of fertility restoration.
    • ]]>     2018-11-22 09:09:57 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306951885     Combined hormonal contraceptives rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306953641
  • They contain oestrogen and progesterone.
  • They stop ovulation.
  • RISKS: May increase risk of  cardiovascular diseases, deep vein thrombosis in some group.
  • BENEFITS: Regular menstrual cycles, decrease the volume of menstruation. useful against endometriosis, acne and hypertrichosis.
  • Taken in regime of 21-28 days and break of 2-7 days where mensuration occurs.
  • SIDE EFFECTS: nausea, breast tenderness, weight gain, swelling, headache, loss of libido and mood changes in the beginning.


    • ]]>     2018-11-22 09:16:40 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306953641     Progestin-only contraception rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306958274
  • Affect the mucous membrane of the uterus and stop the penetration of  spermatozoa .
  • SIDE EFFECTS:  oily skin, hair growth, weight gain, swelling, irritability and vaginal dryness.
    • ]]>     2018-11-22 09:32:50 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306958274     Subdermal contraceptive implant rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306959974 Implant placed under local anesthesia. ]]> 2018-11-22 09:38:10 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306959974 Progestin-only birth control pills rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306960132
  • Mini-pills consumed on daily basis without breaks. 

    • ]]>     2018-11-22 09:38:41 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306960132     Progesterone injections rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306960661 intramuscular shot given every 12 weeks]]> 2018-11-22 09:40:18 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306960661 Intrauterine devices (IUDs) with progestogen rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306961888 must be replaced after 3-5 yrs]]> 2018-11-22 09:43:47 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306961888 Copper IUD (Intrauterine device) rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306962220
  • Hormone free whose mechanism is not known.
  • RISKS: Infections,  increased volume of menstruation 
  • Remains effective for 3-10 years.
    • ]]>     2018-11-22 09:44:54 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306962220     Condoms rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306965134
  • Only method that prevents from sexually transmitted diseases.
  • breakage might cause pregnancy.
    • ]]>     2018-11-22 09:53:57 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306965134     Emergency contraception rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306986795
  • Used when other contraceptive methods have failed or pregnancy has occurred after unprotected sex.
  • Single dose of  levonorgestrel is taken within 12 hours but maximum within 72 hours after sexual intercourse. 
  • Available without prescription. 
  •   Ulipristal acetate can be taken within 120 hours of intercourse.
  •  Copper intrauterine devices can also be placed as emergency contraception

    • ]]>     2018-11-22 11:06:53 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306986795     Sterilization rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306989038
  • Permanent method 
  • In male vas deferentia and female Fallopian tubes are cut or blocked.
    • ]]>     2018-11-22 11:15:43 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306989038     Abortion rajesh_kharel https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306990186
  • Abortion can be done  before the end of the twelth week of pregna
  • it can be done  up to the twentieth week of pregnancy, or even up to the twenty-fourth week of pregnancy on foetal grounds.
  • METHODS: Medicinally using a combination of antiprogestin and prostaglandin or by curettage 
    • ]]>     2018-11-22 11:20:29 UTC https://padlet.com/rajesh_kharel/hvy6qq81p296/wish/306990186