Behaviourism by Joshua Charles Davidson

Learning occurs through Operant and Classical conditioning, the result of environmental influences. An individuals behaviour is the result of that individual's past and present learning experiences. Behaviourism is a learning theory that focuses on observable behaviours, behaviour theorists define learning as an acquisition of new behaviour based on environmental conditions.

2014-11-03 14:19:20 UTC

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

2014-11-03 14:28:26 UTC

Classical conditioning occurs when conditioned associations occur between stimuli and responses.

Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

2014-11-03 14:33:37 UTC

Operant conditioning occurs where behaviours are shaped by environmental stimuli (consequences)

Primary and Secondary reinforcers

2014-11-03 14:38:13 UTC

Primary - Anything that is naturally reinforced e.g. food, physical contact, facial expressions.
Secondary - Anything which can be obtained from primary reinforces e.g. money, rewards.

The significance of behavioural learning theory to the development of effective coaching practice. (Journal article)

2014-11-03 14:39:03 UTC

2014-11-03 14:45:36 UTC

R. M. Gagné - Theory of Instruction

2014-11-03 14:47:30 UTC

A more recent proponent of the behaviourist approach can be found in the work of Gagné. In his theory of instruction, Gagné suggests that learning takes place in a hierarchical way. He proposes an eight-stage model, each stage of which is associated with a type of learning that influences the way that instruction is delivered. Gagne says that learning at one level is only possible if learning at a previous level has already taken place.

Gagné’s eight types of learning are:

Signal learning/recognition(recognising that something is happening)

Stimulus/response learning(learning the response to the stimulus)

Motor chain learning(learning the sequence of actions necessary)

Verbal chain learning(associating words in sequence)

Multiple discrimination(choosing relevant responses to particular stimuli)

Concept learning(making a common response to a class of stimuli)

Acquisition of rules(concepts joining together to guide behaviour)

Problem solving(combining rules to form a new capability).

(Adapted from Gagné R M. The Conditions of Learning (1977). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Florida State University, Tallahassee)

In relation to Models:

2014-11-03 14:48:56 UTC

All models have specific goals and outcomes
Models have specific stages which is typical of behaviourism
Positive and negative reinforcement is used in several models where feedback is given.

Positive Renforcement and Negative Reinforcement

2014-11-03 14:53:18 UTC

Positive - Behaviour is reinforced by the addition of a desired stimulus

Negative - Tis involves threats or taking away a stimulus in order to increase certain behaviour.

AYERS, H.,CLARKE, D., and MURRAY,A. (2000) Perspectives on Behaviour. 2nd Ed. David Fulton: Oxon

2014-11-03 14:58:18 UTC