My luminous shelf by Nicole-Marie Paul https://padlet.com/nicolemariepaul/hv3fvtsnh2jm Made with a warm hug en-us 2017-11-23 11:25:40 UTC 2018-06-05 22:49:35 UTC hello@padlet.com nicolemariepaul https://padlet.com/nicolemariepaul/hv3fvtsnh2jm/wish/218649248 Reference: neurosciust. (2009). What is a neuron. Available: https://www.slideshare.net/neurosciust/what-is-a-neuron. Last accessed 1st January 2018.

There are three types of neuron, these include; sensory, motor and interneurons.

Motor neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts (muscles, skin and glands) of your body. If its axon terminal joins with other neurons it forms a synapse, but if it joins with muscles or glands it forms a motor nerve plate. Motor neurons are the largest nerve cell in the nervous system and are also called multipolar neurons. The motor neuron deals with outgoing messages from the brain/spinal cord to act upon the outside world and they have very long axons. 

Sensory neurons  carry signals from the outer parts of your body (periphery) into the central nervous system.  Sensory neurons are allso called unipolar neuron because dendrites and axon terminal arises from the same axis. sensory neurons transmit impulses from resceptors in our sense organs (the eyes, ears, skin, nose, tongue, muscles and organs) to the brain.

Inter neuron connect various neurons within the brain and spinal cord. inter neurons,carry information between motor and sensory neurons. Inter neurons are only found in the brain, spinal cord and eyes. Inter neurons have short axons so can be easy to recognise. Also known as bipolar neuron.

Structure classification: 
  • Multipolar has three or more processes
  • Unipolar has one single short process
  • Bipolar has two processes - axon and dendrite and act as receptor cells
]]> 2018-01-03 21:57:33 UTC https://padlet.com/nicolemariepaul/hv3fvtsnh2jm/wish/218649248 nicolemariepaul https://padlet.com/nicolemariepaul/hv3fvtsnh2jm/wish/221260672 Clilinaction Eniscuola. (2013). The nerve impulse and its transmission.Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7bIbAixMgnE. Last accessed 07/01/2018.

Resting potential, the state during which no nerve impulse is being conducted although the neuron is capable of doing so.

Action potential, the state during which the neuron is actively involved in conducting a nerve impulse.

Recovery/ refractory potential, the state during which the neuron is unable to conduct a nerve impulse since the neuron must 'recover' following the last nerve impulse. 


]]> 2018-01-14 14:41:21 UTC https://padlet.com/nicolemariepaul/hv3fvtsnh2jm/wish/221260672 nicolemariepaul https://padlet.com/nicolemariepaul/hv3fvtsnh2jm/wish/221262842 -. (-). Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System. Available: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/introduction-to-the-autonomic-nervous-system/. Last accessed 07/01/2018.

Reflexes are involuntary, the actions they control dont need to be thought about because theres only one obvious course of action, that is, to remove the hand from the hot object (for example)...

Reflex actions are important for the following reasons:
they're involuntary and therefore dont require a decision to be made by the brain, this leaving it free to carry out more complex responses. In this way, the brain isnt overloaded with situations in which the response is always the same. Some impulses are nevertheless sent to the brain, so that it is informed of what is happening and can sometimes over-ride the reflex if necessary.

They also protect the body from harmful stimuli. They're effective from birth and dont have to be learnt.

Reflexes are fast because the neuron pathway is short with very few, typically one of two, synapses (which are the slowest link in a neuron pathway). This is an important feature in withdrawal reflexes.

The voluntary nervous system, which carries nerve impulses to body muscles and is under voluntary (conscious) control.

The autonomic nervous system, which carries nerve impulses to glands,smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and is not under voluntary control, that is, its involuntary (subconscious)
]]> 2018-01-14 15:01:44 UTC https://padlet.com/nicolemariepaul/hv3fvtsnh2jm/wish/221262842 nicolemariepaul https://padlet.com/nicolemariepaul/hv3fvtsnh2jm/wish/221265822 Uknown. (Uknown). Reflex arcs. Available: https://www.asu.edu/courses/pgs461/Reflexes%20Arcs_PGS%20461.pdf. Last accessed 2nd of Jan 2018.

A reflex arc is an involuntary response to a sensory stimulus. The pathway of neurons involved in a reflex is know as a reflex arc. Reflex arcs - such as quickly moving your hand when you touch something really hot, involve just three neurons. One of the neurones is in the spinal cord and so this type of reflex is called a spinal reflex. 
The stages of a spinal reflex: 
  • The stimulus, heat from a hot object
  • a receptor, temperature receptors in the skin on the hand, they create a nerve impulse in a sensory neuron
  • sensory neuron passes the nerve impulse to the spinal cord 
  • an intermediate (or relay) neuron, links to the sensory neuron to the motor neuron in the spinal cord 
  • a motor neuron, caries the nerve impulse from the spinal cord to a muscle in the upper arm 
  • an effector, the muscle in the upper arm that is stimulated to contract 
  • the response, pulling the hand away from the hot object 


]]> 2018-01-14 15:32:31 UTC https://padlet.com/nicolemariepaul/hv3fvtsnh2jm/wish/221265822 nicolemariepaul https://padlet.com/nicolemariepaul/hv3fvtsnh2jm/wish/224776565 Uknown. (Unknown). UNDERSTANDING THE TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES. Available: http://www.dummies.com/education/science/understanding-the-transmission-of-nerve-impulses/. Last accessed 2nd of jan 2018.]]> 2018-01-25 17:42:07 UTC https://padlet.com/nicolemariepaul/hv3fvtsnh2jm/wish/224776565 Autonomic nervous system nicolemariepaul https://padlet.com/nicolemariepaul/hv3fvtsnh2jm/wish/265713080
Matthew Barry Jensen.. (2014). Autonomic nervous system. Available: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/autonomic-nervous-system. Last accessed 5th June 2018.

This link explains what the autonomic nervous system consists of and explains really clearly about the structure and functions of the different cells which make up the system. The autonmic nervous system is what is responsible for controlling the body functions which are not consciously directed - examples ; breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.

]]> 2018-06-05 18:20:38 UTC https://padlet.com/nicolemariepaul/hv3fvtsnh2jm/wish/265713080 The action potential nicolemariepaul https://padlet.com/nicolemariepaul/hv3fvtsnh2jm/wish/265721040 N/A. (2014). Neuron action potentials. Available: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/autonomic-nervous-system. Last accessed 5th June 2018.

Concentration gradients are key behind how action potentials work. In terms of action potentials, a concentration gradient is the difference in ion concentrations between the inside of the neuron and the outside of the neuron (called extracellular fluid).

When a neuron sends a signal down its axon to communicate with another neuron, this is called action potential. When action potential reaches the end of the axon, it is at the presynaptic terminal of the axon. There is a gap called the synaptic gap between the axon and the dendrite of the neighboring neuron, and the message sent by the action potential must cross this gap in order for the message to be carried on to the next neuron. The part of the dendrite that the message must reach on the other neuron across the gap is called the postsynaptic terminal.]]> 2018-06-05 18:59:29 UTC https://padlet.com/nicolemariepaul/hv3fvtsnh2jm/wish/265721040 The central nervous system nicolemariepaul https://padlet.com/nicolemariepaul/hv3fvtsnh2jm/wish/265751464 Bill Compton. (2015). Central nervous system. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8NtmDrb_qo. Last accessed 5th June 2018.

The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord, the brain is the control centre of the nervous system. The medulla ( a part of the brain) controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion. Neurons send signals around the body using the bundle of nerves that run up and down the length of the back and send most messages between the body and brain, the spinal cord. The nervous system controls every single thought, action, and sensation reflex. The central nervous system interprets incoming sensory information and issues instructions based on past experience.]]> 2018-06-05 22:31:02 UTC https://padlet.com/nicolemariepaul/hv3fvtsnh2jm/wish/265751464