Context: A group of friends is reflecting on a series of events at a party.

1. "Did I make a fool of myself?"

a) Question:

Use a rising intonation at the end to indicate uncertainty or seeking confirmation. "Did I make a fool of myself?"

b) Exclamation:

Use a surprised or disappointed tone with a slight emphasis on "fool" to convey shock or realization. "Did I make a FOOL of myself?!"

2. "You eat it."

a) Statement:

Use a flat intonation to state a fact. "You eat it."

b) Command:

Use a firm tone with a slight emphasis on "eat" to convey a directive. "You EAT it."

3. "Turn the light on."

a) Command:

Use a firm tone with a rising intonation at the end to convey instruction. "Turn the light on?"

b) Question:

Use a rising intonation throughout to indicate uncertainty or seeking confirmation. "Turn the light on?"

4. "You don't love."

a) Statement:

Use a flat or falling intonation to state a fact. "You don't love."

b) Question:

Use a rising intonation at the end to indicate doubt or seeking clarification. "You don't love?"

Practice 2

Give 2 sentences that can perform different functions in different situations

1.    "Why don't you take a break?"

Function 1: Suggestion or Command (encouraging someone to rest).

Function 2: Question (inquiring about the reason for not taking a break).

2.    "I can't believe you did that!"

Function 1: Exclamation (expressing surprise or shock).

Function 2: Statement (conveying disbelief about a specific action).

Context: You take part in a party with friends

1. Did I make a fool of myself

a) question:

- In this context, the speaker’s seeking feedback from friend

- Intonation: Use a rising intonation at the end to convey the questioning nature of the sentence

b) exclamation:

- the speaker concerns about behavior at the party.

- Intonation: use a surprised and emphatic tone, rise at the end sentence

2. You eat it         

a) statement

- The speaker asks you to do something

- Intonation: decisively and frankly

b) command

- In this context, the speaker might be directing your friend to try a particular dish

- Intonation: Use a clear and assertive tone with a rising at the end

3. Turn the light on

a) command

- In this context, you might be instructing your friend to illuminate the room or specific area.

- Intonation: Use a clear and assertive tone with a rising at the end

b) question

- In this context, you might be seeking confirmation or clarification about whether the lights were turned on

- Intonation: rise intonation to convey the uncertainty or inquiry    

4. you don’t love             

a) question                

- the speaker seeks confirmation regarding your friend's feeling

- Intonation: Use a rising intonation to convey curiosity or disbelief.

b) statement

- the speaker makes a statement about your friend's feelings toward foods

- Intonation: Use a falling intonation to convey a declarative statement.

Create a context and suggest an intonation for the forms to perform the functions indicated

1, "Did I make a fool of myself?"

- Question: This intonation suggests uncertainty and seeks confirmation from others.

- Exclamation: This intonation indicates a sudden realization or shock, perhaps accompanied by a tone of self-deprecation or embarrassment.

2, "You eat it."

- Statement: This intonation is straightforward and factual, simply stating what needs to be done.

- Command: This intonation is firm and directive, indicating that the speaker expects immediate compliance.

3, "Turn the light on?"

- Command: This intonation is firm, with a rising pitch at the end to indicate that it's a directive rather than a question.

- Question: This intonation suggests uncertainty or a request for confirmation, as if the speaker is unsure whether turning on the light is necessary or appropriate.

4, "You don’t love?"

- Question: This intonation suggests disbelief or confusion, as if the speaker is seeking clarification or confirmation of the statement.

- Statement: This intonation is declarative, with a falling pitch at the end, stating a fact or belief about the subject's feelings.

Practice 2

Give 2 sentences that can perform different functions in different situations.

1. "I need some space right now"

Can function as a request for personal space in a relationship, expressing the need for emotional distance or time alone. In a physical context, it can also serve as a practical request when someone is feeling crowded or overwhelmed in a shared environment.

2. "Let's circle back to this topic later"

Can serve as a professional way to defer discussion in a meeting, indicating a desire to revisit the topic at a more appropriate time. In a social setting, it can be used casually to suggest revisiting a conversation or plan when

A couple, Sarah and John, are having a conversation after attending a party where Sarah felt a bit awkward.

1. "Did I make a fool of myself?"

- a) question: Sarah asks with a rising intonation, seeking reassurance or clarification from John about her behavior at the party.

2. "You eat it."

- b) command: John states firmly, giving a directive to Sarah to finish her dinner, indicating a command with authority.

3. "Turn the light on."

- a) command: John instructs Sarah to turn on the light in the room, expressing a clear command with a direct tone.

4. "You don't love."

- b) statement: Sarah expresses her realization with a tone of disappointment, indicating a statement reflecting her thoughts on John's feelings.

Context: You just tripped and fell in front of your favourite person Intonation (question): Rising pitch at the end of the sentence, with emphasis on "fool." Intonation (exclamation): High pitch throughout the sentence, with a slight dip at the end on "myself."

2. You eat it

- Statement: Conversation between 2 brothers at home for example, they are talking to each other about the food and then the older realizes that his younger has eaten it and simply said ‘you eat it’

- Command: restaurant or party -> they are inviting each other

Rising voice on the word ‘eat’

3. Turn the light on

- Command: in classroom and office -> want you turn on the light

- Question: go to bed-> someone turns on the light-> question

Rising voice on 2 last words

4. You don’t love

Context: You're in an argument with your partner and you're feeling insecure about their love. Intonation (question): Rising pitch at the end of the sentence, with emphasis on "love." Intonation (statement): Falling pitch at the end of the sentence, with a drawn-out pronunciation of "love."

1. Did I make a fool of myself?

a, Question:

Context: Speaker 1 ask speaker 2 for S2’s  opinion on S1’s behavior at the year end party. S1 is unsure if s1 embarrassed herself or not.

Intonation: rising intonation at the end of the question

b, Exclamation:

Context: Speaker 1 recall a moment where her friend danced on the table and says, "Did I make a fool of myself!" expressing disbelief or embarrassment.

Intonation: rising at the end of the sentence, using surprise tone

2. You eat it

a. Statement:

Context: Speaker 1 notices a piece of cake on the table and informs her friend about it. Speaker 1 says, "You eat it," indicating that the cake is available for her friend to eat.

b. Command:

Conext: Speaker 1 is indecisive about whether to try the cake. Speaker 2, noticing this, encourages speaker 1 by saying, "You eat it!", urging speaker 1 to take action and try the cake.

3. Turn on the light

a. Command ( Could you turn on the light? )

In this context speaker can ask a friend to turn on the light in the class Intonation: rising at the end of the sentence

4. You don’t love

a. Statement ( You don’t love ) In this context, the speaker may be at a meeting with her boyfriend, and she expresses her anger at her boyfriend.

Intonation: Falling at the end of the sentence

a) Question:

- In this context, the speaker’s seeking feedback from friend

- Intonation: Use a rising intonation at the end to convey the questioning nature of the sentence

b) Exclamation:

- The speaker concerns about behavior at the party.

- Intonation: use a surprised and emphatic tone, rise at the end sentence

2. "You eat it."

a) Statement

- This intonation is less likely in this context. It would simply be stating a fact that someone is eating the dish, without any specific emphasis.

b) Command

- This is the most likely intonation for this sentence. By saying it with a firm and authoritative tone, you are giving a direct command for someone to eat the dish, expressing your strong recommendation.

3. "Turn the light on."

Context: A parent is giving instructions to their child before bedtime.

a) Intonation: Command

The parent is instructing the child to turn on the light. The intonation should be firm and authoritative to convey a command. The tone should be direct and assertive, indicating that the parent expects the child to follow the instruction.

b) Intonation: Question

The parent is unsure if the light is already on and wants to confirm. The intonation should be rising at the end to indicate a question. The tone should be inquisitive and seeking information.

4. "You don’t love?"

- Question: This intonation suggests disbelief or confusion, as if the speaker is seeking clarification or confirmation of the statement.

- Statement: This intonation is declarative, with a falling pitch at the end, stating a fact or belief about the subject's feelings.

2.His recent promotion signifies advancement to a higher position.

3.Our greatest efforts are directed towards the industrialization and modernization of the country.

4.Numerous changes are in progress in their administrative procedures.

5.The visits from both parties contribute to the normalization of their relationship.

2. His recent promotion to a higher position is a significant achievement.

3. Our greatest efforts are focused on the industrialization and modernization of the country.

4. Many changes in their administrative procedures are underway.

5. The visits of both parties contribute to the normalization of their relationship.                

2. His promotion to a higher position has just occurred.

3. Our greatest efforts are focused on the industrialization and modernization of the country.

4. They are implementing various changes to their administrative procedures.

5. The visits of both parties contribute to the normalization of their relationship.

2.His promotion to a higher position has just occurred.

3.Our greatest efforts are directed towards the industrialization and modernization of the country.

4.Numerous changes are in progress in their administrative procedures.

5.The visits from both parties contribute to the normalization of their relationship.

2. His promotion has moved to a higher position

3. Our greatest efforts are working toward industrialization and modernization

4. Their changes are modifying administrative procedures

5. Normalization relationships are improved thanks to both parties' visits

2. His recent promotion to a higher position is noteworthy.

3. Our utmost efforts are to industrialize and modernize the country

4. Changes to many key procedures are underway.

5. The help to normalize their relationship was a visit from both sides

2. His promotion has moved to a higher ranking.

3. Our greatest efforts are working toward industrialization and modernization of the country.

4. They are altering the administrative processes.

5. Normalization relationships are improved thanks to both parties' visits

2. He has just achieved a promotion to a higher position.

3. We are exerting our greatest efforts towards the industrialization and modernization of the country.

4. They are implementing numerous changes to their administrative procedures.

5. The visits by both parties contribute to the normalization of their relationship.

-        Syntax:

The text is written in a formal and polite style. It follows a standard structure with a greeting, an introductory statement, a main message, and a closing statement. The sentences are well-structured and grammatically correct.

-        Lexical Density:

The text uses a lot of specific and meaningful words. It avoids using unnecessary words and focuses on conveying the main message. It uses words like "President," "congratulations," "election," "competence," "successful conclusion," "commend," "contributions," "Secretary General," "respectfully convey," "delegates," "greetings," and "friendship." These words carry important information and contribute to the overall meaning of the text.

-        Situation:

The text seems to be a formal letter or speech addressed to the President of the 62nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly. The writer is congratulating the President and expressing support. They also acknowledge the contributions of the previous Secretary General and convey greetings of friendship from the Vietnamese people. The tone is polite and respectful, reflecting the formal context of international relations and the United Nations.

2. His recent promotion elevates him to a higher position.

3. Our utmost efforts are directed towards the industrialization and modernization of the country.

4. Many of their administrative procedures are undergoing changes.

5. The visits from both parties contribute to the normalization of their relationship.

2. "His promotion to a higher position is a recent development."

3. "The industrialization and modernization of the country are our top priorities."

4. "The ongoing changes to their administrative procedures are significant."

5. "The normalization of their relationship is being aided by the exchange of visits between the two parties."

At the outset, permit me to extend to you my warmest congratulations on your election as President of the 62nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly. I believe that with your immense competence, you will lead this Session to a successful conclusion. I highly commend H.E. Mr. Ban Kim Moon for his important contributions in his capacity as the Secretary General of the United Nations. I respectfully convey to all distinguished delegates, and through you, to the people of all UN member countries the greetings of friendship from the Vietnamese people.

1. Syntax

This is probably a letter or email from a delegate in Vietnam sent to the president of the United Nations. Since it was addressed to the person in such a high position, it was written in a formal style. All the sentences are complex and compound sentences with different grammar structures, and are written in a nominalization structure - which is used a lot in formal writing. For example: my warmest congratulations, your immense competence, successful conclusion, his important contributions in his capacity, ... Furthermore, the above text also tends to use adverbs and adjectives to emphasize and modify verbs such as: highly commend, respectfully convey.

2. Lexical density

The above text uses formal words with a level mostly from B1 or higher – which is arguably less common words. The text tend to uses nominalization to express the formality of the text rather than using verbs. Nominalization is used in most paragraphs, resulting in a greater lexical density in each sentence than using verbs to complete the sentence.

3. Situation: The speaker performs a formal presentation that aims at congratulating to the President of the 62nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly. At the same time, his speech affirmed and promoted the contributions of the United Nations Secretary General. To thereby establish diplomatic relations between Vietnam and United Nations member countries

2. His recent promotion signifies advancement to a higher position.

3. Our greatest efforts are directed towards the industrialization and modernization of the country.

4. Numerous changes are in progress in their administrative procedures.

5. The visits from both parties contribute to the normalization of their relationship.

2. His recent promotion signifies advancement to a higher position.

3. Our greatest efforts are directed towards the industrialization and modernization of the country.

4. Numerous changes are in progress in their administrative procedures.

5. The visits from both parties contribute to the normalization of their relationship.

Exophoric references are those that point to something outside the text, requiring readers to infer their meaning based on contextual knowledge. In the provided text, "shark" is an example of exophoric reference. It refers to a well-known aquatic predator that exists beyond the immediate text. The description of its characteristics and behavior helps readers identify it as a shark, drawing upon their external knowledge of this sea creature.

Endophoric references, on the other hand, refer to elements within the text itself. For example, "it" in "When it sees its prey" refers to the subject introduced earlier, which is the shark. This type of reference relies on information provided within the text for its interpretation.

2. Substitution and Ellipsis Analysis:

Substitution involves replacing a word or phrase with another expression that has a similar meaning. In the excerpt, there is an instance of substitution with "the cesspool." Initially mentioned as "the cesspool," it is later referred to as "it" in subsequent sentences, such as "The site they had chosen for the cesspool..." This substitution helps avoid repetition and maintains coherence within the text.

Ellipsis, on the other hand, involves omitting words or phrases that are understood in the context. An example of ellipsis in the text is seen in the sentence "But then, as a small child in a perambulator, a great carthorse had brushed within an inch of her face." Here, the phrase "she had never feared cows, only horses" is omitted but understood from the context. This technique streamlines the narrative and adds to its fluency.

2. His promotion has moved to a higher ranking.

3. Our greatest efforts are working toward industrialization and modernization of the country.

4. They are altering the administrative processes.

5. Normalization relationships are improved thanks to both parties' visits