Language is the words we use to share ideas and get what we want. A person with a language disorder may have problems:

Of course, the extent to which a student’s education is affected due to their impairment differs. Factors include the type and severity. While majority of students with an orthopedic impairment don’t have any cognitive or learning issues, some may have neurological or motor issues that might affect sensory processing, perception, and learning.

Some strategies could include:
1. Classroom or seating arrangement closer to the front of the class and near exits

2. Allowing them to leave class a few minutes earlier to avoid student traffic to comfortably reach their next class

3. Elevator key access 

4. Implementation or ramps around the campus

5. Possible excused from Physical Education activities when permitted or deemed needed

6. Student aid or assistant 

7. Use of technology to enhance or lighten the learning processes

Disability Categories “Definitions of the 14 disability categories (Virginia Department of Education, 2019)

Retrieved March 14, 2023

 

verywellfamily

What Are Orthopedic Impairments in Kids? By Ann Logsdon (Updated on September 21, 2022)

Medically reviewed by Lyndsey Garbi, MD

Retrieved March 15, 2023

 

study.com

Assistive Technology for Orthopedic Impairments

Retrieved March 15, 2023

 

YouTube

Classroom Interventions for a Child with Orthopedic Impairment by Clarisse Palacio (Oct. 4, 2020)

Retrieved March 15, 2023

Initially, it may be important for teachers to gauge whether the child can follow one-step instructions well before challenging the child with a sequence of two or more directions. Often attention is focused on the child's disabilities after the injury, which reduces self-esteem; therefore, it is important to build opportunities for success and to maximize the child's strengths.

Assistive technologies can be "high tech" and "low tech:" from canes and lever doorknobs to voice recognition software and augmentative communication devices (speech generating devices).

For students with brain injury (and other students), effective assistive technology tends to have the following characteristics:

Devices for Memory and Organization: 

These assistive technology devices focus on helping the student with memory and organization difficulties. This includes a wide range of devices:

Devices to Access Information: These assistive technology devices focus on aiding the student to access the educational material. These devices include:

Devices for Positioning and Mobility: These assistive technology devices focus on helping the student participate in educational activities. These devices include:

Helping Teachers Working with Children with TBI. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3be-_zIHKNg

‌Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2019). Traumatic Brain Injury. JOHNS HOPKINS MEDICINE. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/ traumatic-brain-injury

Social Sciences, H. (n.d.). LibGuides: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Common Assistive Technologies. Guides.library.illinois.edu. https://guides.library.illinois.edu/c.php?g=497977&p=3409451

TBI Tips Assistive Technology in the Classroom. (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2023, from https://cbirt.org/sites/cbirt.org/files/resources/Assistive%20Technology%20in%20the%20Classroom_tips.pdf

‌

Texas Council for Developmental Disabilities. (2013). Traumatic Brain Injury - Project IDEAL. Project IDEAL. http://www.projectidealonline.org/v/traumatic-brain-injury/

TEDx Talks. (2017). Living with Brain Injuries Taught Us Advocacy | Brandon Kidney Lauren Migliaccio | TEDxCSU. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6geJpXVR8Q

TEDx Talks. (2013). How a brain injury made me smarter: Ann Zuccardy at TEDxPhoenixville. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08HkZgTIYm8

‌

Traumatic Brain Injury in the Classroom: How to Excel in School After TBI. (2020, May 18). Flint Rehab. https://www.flintrehab.com/traumatic-brain-injury-in-the-classroom/

‌

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in Kids. (2015). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OiLBPsTRLnQ

Assistive Autism Technology can be broken into 3 parts. 

It's easy to forget how helpful these tools can be for the autism community since so many are verbal. Hopefully these tools can assist your student/individuals needs better to allow their learning experience to the fullest.  Here is a list of helpful ways assistive technology can create a fuller life for people with autism spectrum disorder.

It is advised to remember that Autism is a spectrum and no one individual is the same, therefore it should always be approached with care and consideration.

It is also important to note the following: 

3. The Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928

4. Psychiatry Organization- Families with with autism
https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/autism/what-is-autism-spectrum-disorder

5. Autism Speaks Organization 

https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-are-symptoms-autism

6. Health Direct Australia

https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/autism#misunderstandings

7. UK Autism Organization 

https://www.autism.org.uk/what-we-do/help-and-support/how-to-talk-about-autism
https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/topics/strategies-and-interventions

8. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg170

9. https://guides.library.illinois.edu/c.php?g=515793&p=3526329

10. https://www.autismspeaks.org/tool-kit-excerpt/how-technology-can-help

Live Accessible, Jun 11, 2019. Assistive Technology and Aids for the Blind and Visually Impaired | What we use Part 1 and 2. [Video] YouTube. Retrieved: March 17, 2023.
Part 1: https://youtu.be/9huTVJYBFdU
Part 2: https://youtu.be/Qmbc1XHe2KE

Office of International Affairs, n.d. Disabled Students Services Thammasat University (DSSTU). [Video] YouTube. Retrieved: March 17, 2023. https://oia.tu.ac.th/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=599&Itemid=490&fbclid=IwAR0TVNj7aersLaYO4-Xbjl7FGmcvUNpHv3zLYOyJBfxQ9Z7ODLRW05a8w90

Resource for the Blind, May 6, 2011. Teaching strategies for blind students. [Video] YouTube. Retrieved: March 17, 2023.  https://youtu.be/U9I0QhVipMU

Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB), Nov 28, 2017. Understanding Vision Impairment in Children - Lily-Grace. [Video] YouTube. Retrieved: March 17, 2023 https://youtu.be/7wGP_k_UP9c

King, J. Nov 3, 2021. Visual Impairment is My Superpower | Jacob King | TEDxFaurotPark. [Video] YouTube. Retrieved: March 17, 2023. https://youtu.be/1GPg5KpHY6s

1. Currently, there are English tutoring sessions by the teacher at the language center available for students with disabilities, and the center is planning on hosting more tutoring sessions in the future.

2. There is TU BUDDY, a group of volunteers that aims to help students with disabilities by giving some tutoring in a  specific subject or any other support such as walking with the students to the building that he or she has never been to or typing the documents to create the digital version for producing a braille version and even recording for audiobooks. Up to these days, there are over 30 volunteers in the program.

3. The staff of DSS also provides a counseling session, talking with the students about their problems both school-related and others.

1. For students with visual impairments, the service center will provide braille instructional materials, textbooks with enlarged text, textbook files that are compatible with the voice-over program, or audiobooks.

2.There are 4 recording rooms for audiobooks with staff and volunteers helping record the books.

1. The service center is responsible for making braille or enlarged text and the digital version of the test paper for students with visual impairments.

2. The students can also make a request to take their test at the center and a request to increase the test time. The extra time is optional. Should the students need the extra time they have to arrive at the service center before an actual testing time and leave the test room at the same time as other students to prevent any foul play.

Dormitory and assistive devices

1. Every student with disabilities in the university who wants to stay in the university dormitory will be arranged into the dorm without any exception. The students also able to request a helping buddy or volunteer staff to stay with them in the dormitory.

2. Every student with disabilities in Thammasat has the rights to every assistive device they need. Everyone will receive a laptop computer and a voice recorder. Each student also receives the devices according to their needs. For a blind student, they will receive the white cane. For students with visual impairments, they receive an image enlarging devices. For students with mobility impairment, they can borrow both normal and electric wheelchairs to use for the whole time they study in the university and then return when they graduated. For the students with hearing disability, there are hearing and speaking aids and they also can request a class coordinator from the service center to help communicate with the faculty staff and the teachers. The center also takes care of the maintenance cost of all the devices.

Scholarships

1. The students with disabilities that have the disability identification card will receive up to 60,000 baht from the government and up to 70,000 baht if the student study in science-related fields. The money will be used directly only for study fees that the students registered in each year.

2. The admission program also provides scholarships to students in need. Each year the service center gives around 25 scholarships with 55,000 baht per year. The students don’t have to pay back to the university, they only have to check in with the service center at least once a week in the first few months and then once a month for the rest of the study years. These check-in session aims to keep track of the students’ study and any other problems being in the university.

Source: Office of International Affairs Thammasat University, n.d.

The teacher can employ the following strategies in the 

classroom while teaching language:

Source: Dheesha, J. B. 2022

Source: Australian Disability Clearinghouse on Education and Training, n.d.

Some of the assistive technologies than can be utilized include:

Start by breaking each lesson down into its simplest, most vital components. These steps can be provided to ID students alongside teaching a wider class to ensure they can keep up and develop the same understanding as their peers. To reduce frustration and encourage participation, this method is highly effective.

2. Incorporate more physical learning experiences

Whether using physical items to support learning in sciences or maths or simply offering a direct way for students to connect their learning to the real world, this method can be invaluable for all your students to help them develop their knowledge more well-rounded way.

3. Start a feedback book or chart

Students with ID can greatly benefit from immediate and consistent feedback. Using a feedback book or chart can create a record of that feedback, allowing the student to look back and see their development in black and white.

4. Encourage music in the classroom

Music can be a vital part of learning and development for any student, but for those with ID, it can be an especially powerful motivator. Music alongside concepts or lessons can help them retain information and offer greater engagement in the subject.

5. Provide visual stimulus

Whether it’s simply drawing the concept, you’re describing on a whiteboard or providing students with video or photographic content to study. ID students find it easier to focus when visually involved in the learning process.

LD Resources Foundation Action (n.d.). Top best Assistive Technology and Apps for Learning Disability. LDRFA.org. Retrieved March 18, 2023, from https://www.ldrfa.org/assistive-technology-tools/

[Children's Resource Group]. (2019, February 27). Understanding Intellectual Disability Definitions, Intervention, and Resources [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE6W_b8ryHQ

[Centre for Educational Neuroscience]. (2021, December 3). Facts and Myths about Intellectual Disabilities [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOOVFrnHccA

[Psych Hub]. (2021, October 20). What is IDD? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rymHXQmiugI

Deafness: “a hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification” (Disability Categories, n.d.), with a strong negative effect on communication and educational performance. Due to the “absence of enough measurable hearing… the primary sensory input for communication may be other than the auditory channel. (Dragoo, K.E., 2022)”
 
What constitutes hearing impairment and what constitutes deafness may vary depending on country or state, so evaluation by a medical professional is key before a conclusion is drawn.

7. Having access to transliteration services
8. Having adult DHH models for communication
9. Amplification Approach (motivate full time use)
10. Multi-sensory approach 
11. Approaches that focus on language, literacy, modern skills

B) Site based programs (if deemed appropriate):

-Auditory-oral: Focus on utilizing the students' remaining hearing, and growing auditory skills. Employs the use of volume amplification and speech reading.
-Cued language: Providing access to spoken language by representing phonetic sounds through cues (hand signs).
-Total communication: A combination of different methods of communication, such as auditory-oral, cued language, as well as sign language, picture systems, and more.

-Technology training (including daily care and troubleshooting)
-Technology support videos 
-Educational audiologists 

Disability Categories. (n.d.). Fairfax County Public Schools. https://www.fcps.edu/academics/academic-overview/special-education-instruction/procedural-support-disability-categories

Dragoo, K.E., (2022, October 12) The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: A Comparison of State Eligibility Criteria. Congressional Research Service

L. (2018, May 4). Assistive Technology for Students with Learning Disabilities - LD@school. LD@School. https://www.ldatschool.ca/assistive-technology/

Maza, L. (2022, May 6). Assistive Technology in the Classroom | Enabling Devices. Enabling Devices. https://enablingdevices.com/blog/assistive-technology-in-the-classroom/#:~:text=Speech%2Dto%2Dtext%20software%20and,benefit%20from%20communicators%2C%20as%20well

Services for Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing. (n.d.). Fairfax County Public Schools. https://www.fcps.edu/academics/academic-overview/special-education-instruction/deaf-hard-hearing-services

Successful Strategies for Teaching Students with Learning Disabilities – Learning Disabilities Association of America. (n.d.). https://ldaamerica.org/info/successful-strategies-for-teaching-students-with-learning-disabilities/

image: Freepik.com