Current Issues in Criminology by Imogen Roadhouse https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r Imogen / DC00594071 en-us 2022-05-13 13:03:25 UTC 2022-05-30 20:26:29 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f46e-2640.png What is Left Realism? dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182849493 Left Realism was developed by Jock Young, John Lea and Roger Matthews, in the 1980's, in response to the reaction to Right Realism policies and procedures (Thompson, 2016). 

Left Realists did not agree with the previous left criminologists, who previously minimised the importance of official crime statistics (Haralambos and Holborn, 2018).They expressed that in previous years, the mass media created fear and marginalised minority, ethnic groups with unreliable statistics (Haralambos and Holborn, 2018). Instead, they expressed that there was in fact reliable evidence about rising crime statistics which vouched for the publics right to be concerned (Haralambos and Holborn, 2018).

]]> 2022-05-13 13:09:11 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182849493 Key Concepts... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182849956 Within left realism, they understand that criminology must engage with the issues of crime control and social policy (Haralambos and Holborn, 2018). Left Realists were also interested in the victims of crime and not just the perpetrators (Haralambos and Holborn, 2018).

Left Realists believe that criminology should focus on dealing with street crimes, which is classed as 'ordinary crime' rather than focusing on elite crimes, such as crimes committed by the upper class (Thompson, 2016).

]]> 2022-05-13 13:09:28 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182849956 Tony Blair's Legacy (1997) dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182850838 Blair wanted to make sure that societies and communities were protected from crime, and felt like communities would benefit from introducing - 
  • Neighbourhood watch zones
  • ASBO's
  • Family Intervention
  • Investments into vulnerable young people accessing alternative pathways from crime (Tutor2u, 2022).
]]> 2022-05-13 13:09:55 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182850838 Strengths of Left Realism... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182852156 Left Realism acknowledges that crime is a real problem and aims to find the cause of criminal activity, ensuring that communities feel safer and decrease the levels of crime (Thompson, 2016).]]> 2022-05-13 13:10:48 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182852156 Weaknesses of Left Realism... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182852703 Left Realism focuses on targeting only the crimes of the working class and inner city communities, without taking into consideration the crimes of the elite (Thompson, 2016).

The changes made by the Left Realist government may be disregarded if they were not re-elected, as left realism is a victim based approach (Thompson, 2016).]]> 2022-05-13 13:11:06 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182852703 What is Right Realism? dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182853255 The creation of Right Realism was a response to a political debate regarding the increasing trend of crime and what could be done about it (Thompson, 2016). Right Realism is concerned with the individual and the importance of communities, rather than the structures of societies (Thompson, 2016). Within strong communities, expert levels of social control would make an example of offenders and they would lose their status in society (Ricker, 2022).

They place emphasis on having tough control measures to ensure that crime rates are being reduced (Thompson, 2016).]]> 2022-05-13 13:11:28 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182853255 Key Concepts... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182853522 During Bill Clinton's presidency, he created the 1994 Crime Bill, which was an effort to solve the rising levels of crime (Ricker, 2022). During this Crime Act, it aided Right Realists to understand three causes for crime:
  • Poor socialisation and development
  • Personality or biological differences 
  • Criminals receiving weak punishments, which create a criminal mindset (Ricker, 2022).
]]> 2022-05-13 13:11:38 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182853522 Strengths of Right Realism... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182854340 The solution of situational crime prevention has been successful in decreasing the crime levels (Beckfoot, N.D).

With the Right Realist tough perspective on crime, the implementation of imprisonment in the USA, lead to a further decrease in crime statistics. It also lead to a 50% decrease in homicide rates (Beckfoot, N.D).

Right Realist solutions to crime are important when looking at  socially deviant crimes such as removing individuals from the community who litter, drink alcohol in public and other unwanted behaviours (Haralambos and Holborn, 2018). This is due to right realist approaches like the Zero Tolerance policy and the implementation of CCTV (Haralambos and Holborn, 2018).]]> 2022-05-13 13:12:12 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182854340 Weaknesses of Right Realism... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182854773 Right Realists believe that offenders act in a rational way and that they plan out their crimes based on opportunities, rather than believing that offenders have free will (Beckfoot, N.D). 

Right Realism argue that offenders are most likely to have biological differences than non offenders, however empirical evidence suggests that IQ differences are less than 3%, expressing that biological differences are exaggerated (Haralambos and Holborn, 2018). The lowest IQ crimes are interpersonal crimes such as sexual assaults and murder, which right realism does not take into consideration, yet they are concerned with crimes which threaten social order (Bosworth, 2005).

They also ignore the fact that poverty is also a cause of crime, right realists believe that society would benefit from removing the welfare system (Beckfoot, N.D).

Whilst crimes within the community are dealt with by zero tolerance policy, right realist solutions are not effective with dealing with crimes caused by those in poverty such as fraud, as right realists do not considered poverty to be a cause of crime (Bosworth, 2005).]]> 2022-05-13 13:12:29 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182854773 Key Concepts of Left Realism dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182914678 2022-05-13 13:50:58 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2182914678 Relative Deprivation... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2183350592 Relative deprivation refers to the situation where people feel deprived in relation to others, which may be the cause of social media and the fact that wealth and success is thought of as normal (Thompson, 2016). Relative deprivation understands that people's experience of deprivation stems from them comparing what they have in relation to others (Haralambos and Holborn, 2018).]]> 2022-05-13 19:20:20 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2183350592 Marginalisation... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2183355023 Marginalisation refers to people having a lack of resources which enable them to participate in society, which results in people feeling distant from others in society and causes resentment and frustration between them (Thompson, 2016).]]> 2022-05-13 19:25:05 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2183355023 Subcultures... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2183359182 Subcultures refers to the response when relative deprivation and marginalisation recognises crime and deviance, explaining that subcultures emerge in a way which divides communities based on their resources, or lack off (Thompson, 2016). ]]> 2022-05-13 19:29:22 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2183359182 Tony Blair's Legacy (1997) dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2183362298 2022-05-13 19:33:11 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2183362298 Similarities... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2183363319 Both Left and Right realists argue that previous theories, which discuss crime, failed to acknowledge  any realistic solutions to the problem of crime (Beckfoot, N.D).

They understand that previous theories also do not propose any practical solutions to reduce crime statistics (Beckfoot, N.D).

Both approaches are concerned with the impact of crime on its victims, and the fear that it causes (Beckfoot, N.D).

Left and Right Realism both agree with the fact that there has been an increase in crime rates, specifically street crimes, burglary, and assault (Beckfoot, N.D).]]> 2022-05-13 19:34:16 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2183363319 Differences... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2183363441 The main differences between Left Realism and Right Realism is the basis on which they place the cause of crime; Left believes that communities influence crime, whilst Right believes that individuals make the rational choice to commit crimes (Thompson, 2016).

Whilst the Left Realists favour with dealing with deeper structural causes of crime such as poverty, Right Realists  believe that crime would benefit from removing some aspects from the welfare system (Beckfoot, N.D).

Left Realists believe in tackling future criminal behaviour and the risk factors that they produce, however, Right Realists focus on having a zero tolerance policy when tackling crime (Beckfoot, N.D).]]> 2022-05-13 19:34:24 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2183363441 Strengths and Weaknesses dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184725132 2022-05-15 19:57:31 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184725132 What is Left Realism? dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184726278 2022-05-15 19:58:43 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184726278 Left Realist beliefs on the causes of crime... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184728303 Left Realists argued that the types of people who commit crimes were affected by either Individual Risk Factors (IRF) or Environmental Risk Factors (ERF) (Thompson, 2021). IRF can be explained by childhood abuse, poor mental health and exclusions from school, and ERF is where children grew up in an area of deprivation and negative experiences with the Police (Thompson, 2021).

When looking at the Left Realists beliefs on the causes of crime, Merton's work on subcultural theories draw similar, which suggests that criminal subcultures were developed in inner cities (ref).

Left Realists believe that there are three major causes for crime - Relative Deprivation, Marginalisation, and Subcultures (Thompson, 2016).]]> 2022-05-15 20:01:59 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184728303 Left Realists solutions to crime... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184750159 Left Realism argues that less time with administrative works and more time investigating crimes, the Police would regain the trust of their local communities (Haralambos and Holborn, 2018). If the trust from the public is regained by the Police, Left Realists argue that over 90% of crimes would be solved, as the Police gather information about crimes from public sources (Thompson, 2016).

Left Realism has two solutions to preventing crime - Intervention and Community Based Approaches (Thompson, 2016).]]> 2022-05-15 20:38:04 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184750159 Solutions to crime dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184751614 2022-05-15 20:40:35 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184751614 Right Realist beliefs on the causes of crime... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184761424 Right Realism argues that it is the individuals responsibility to keep themselves free from criminal activities, and they choose to live destructive, lawless behaviours, explaining that the individuals who commit crimes lack self - control and morality (Haralambos and Holborn, 2018).  

Right Realism also places the cause of crime onto three main theories - Rational Choice Theory, Broken Window Theory, and The Underclass (Thompson, 2016).]]> 2022-05-15 20:57:02 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184761424 Right Realist solutions to crime... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184762001 President Bill Clinton Crime Bill implemented the 'three strike' law which saw offenders to be incarcerated on a life sentence if they were to offend with a violent of serious crime on three occasions (Ricker, 2022). 

Right Realists believe that in order to tackle rising crime rates, Environmental crime and Situational crime prevention programmes needed to be put in place (Thompson, 2016).]]> 2022-05-15 20:58:04 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184762001 Rational Choice Theory 1979 dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184762702 Rational Choice Theory was developed in 1979, by Cohen and Felson during their 'Routine Activities' Theory (Thompson, 2016). It was developed to understand that in most circumstances a combination of things occur such as a lack of opportunities, social control mechanisms and the risk of getting caught prevents crime from taking place (Thompson, 2016).

They then argued that crime needed three conditions to take place:
  • individuals to be motivated into committing crime
  • for opportunities and targets to be available 
  • a lack of guardians such as parents or the Police which may prevent crime from taking place (Thompson, 2016).
]]> 2022-05-15 20:59:27 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184762702 Broken Window Theory 1982 dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184763058 Broken Window Theory is based on an article titled 'broken windows' written by James Q Wilson and George Kellings in 1982 (Thompson, 2016). They used the phrase 'broken window' which described the disorder and lack of concern for others evident in some neighbourhoods (Thompson, 2016). These disorders can include graffiti, vandalism, littering, and anti - social behaviours (Thompson, 2016).

Wilson and Kellings expressed that if the community was to leave these 'broken windows' unrepaired, then the community would subconsciously be seen to tolerate these disorders and send out the signal that no-one cares (Ricker, 2022).]]> 2022-05-15 21:00:10 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184763058 Right Realism dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184763300 2022-05-15 21:00:37 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184763300 Key Concepts dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184763476 2022-05-15 21:00:58 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184763476 What is Deterrence Theory? dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184765129 Deterrence is described as a theory of choice where individuals are seen to weigh up the costs or benefits of the crime (National Institute of Justice, 2016). 

There are many forms of deterrence, however the most prominent form is prison sentences, recruiting more Police officers to patrol, and ensuring that individuals are aware of the consequences of offending are (Wright, 2010).

Within deterrence theory, there are two types of deterrence general and specific (Bosworth, 2005).]]> 2022-05-15 21:03:59 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184765129 Left Realism... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184765841 Beccaria (1963) expressed that the seriousness of crimes should be reflected in the sentences given to the offender so that the community feels that justice has been served (Bosworth, 2005). This can be related to left realism as they focus on the communities being in a state of content so trust can be placed with the criminal justice system (Bosworth, 2005). 

Part of the Left Realist policies is to propose changes in policing to ensure that they are being responsive to communities, in an attempt to increase public support and decrease crime rates (Haralambos and Holborn, 2018). Deterrence theory does not take into consideration the communities respect for the police or that this may also be a factor in deterring crime (Haralambos and Holborn, 2018).]]> 2022-05-15 21:05:30 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184765841 Right Realism... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184765938 Right Realism and Deterrence theory can be linked on the basis that deterrence has been modified to include rational choice theory, which is an element that right realists believe is a cause of crime (Bosworth, 2005).

Deterrence theory and right realism can be linked via the suggestion that Tyler (2006) proposed regarding people's compliance with the law and how they will comply if it is perceived in their personal moral codes (Haralambos and Holborn, 2018). Right Realism explains that offenders act from rational choice, deterrence theory expresses that a severe punishment would result in offenders thinking in a rational way and in turn be deterred from committing an offense (Haralambos and Holborn, 2018).]]> 2022-05-15 21:05:40 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184765938 Left Realism dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184766076 2022-05-15 21:06:00 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184766076 Right Realism dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184766199 2022-05-15 21:06:17 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184766199 Intervention... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184774398 Example: The Intervention technique was used in the Perry pre - school for disadvantaged black children in Michigan, USA (Thompson, 2016). 3 - 4 children were offered a two year enrichment course which focused on intellect and received weekly home visits to encourage education (Thompson, 2016).  This study found that the selected children had grown up to receive fewer arrests and higher rates of full time employment and graduation from University (Thompson, 2016). It was estimated that for every $1 that was spent on the enrichment programme, $17 were saved on costs such as prison and welfare (Thompson, 2016).]]> 2022-05-15 21:21:31 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2184774398 Community Based Approaches... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2185479490 In 1992, Young and Matthews identified that in order to reduce crime rates, improving the following would benefit the local communities - 
  • improving leisure facilities
  • reducing income inequalities
  • improving housing estates
  • raising the standards of living
  • and reducing unemployment (Thompson, 2016).

Left Realist believe that if these changes in the community were acted upon, then in the long run it would create a positive change in regards to crime statistics and the community would benefit (Thompson, 2021).
]]> 2022-05-16 10:36:40 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2185479490 Strengths... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2185570081 Empirical studies based on deterrence theory have shown that it is vastly more efficient than sending offenders to prison, regarding the certainty of imprisonment (National Institute of Justice, 2016).

Deterrence theory may also work in regards to the community not engaging in criminal activities solely on the fact that they may witness punishment given to offenders, even if the individuals haven't committed any offenses themselves (Bosworth, 2005).]]> 2022-05-16 12:00:18 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2185570081 Weaknesses... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2185570251 Deterrence theory cannot be proven to be the most efficient way of dealing with offenders, as it is only the offenders who are not deterred that are noticed by the criminal justice system (Bosworth, 2005). 

Deterrence also works on the basis that criminals are deterred from committing crimes from the threat of punishment and the rational choices that individuals make, however neither can be proven to be the sole reasons that deter a potential criminal among other factors (Bosworth, 2005).

When looking at the empirical evidence of deterrence theory, offenders who receive the death penalty, does not deter other criminals from murder, and this it is in fact counterproductive (Bosworth, 2005). Empirical evidence also argues that offenders who receive a minimum of 30 years in prison have an average of 29% chance that they would re-offend once released, meaning that lengthy sentences are not a deterrence factor (Wright, 2010).]]> 2022-05-16 12:00:26 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2185570251 Rational Choice Theory dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2186222189 2022-05-16 18:19:52 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2186222189 Broken Window Theory dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2189340130 2022-05-18 11:39:51 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2189340130 Charles Murray (1989) and the Underclass dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2189380610 In 1989, Murray developed the theory that an over generous benefit system lead to a growth of and underclass of individuals who could be identified by the following characteristics - 
  • those who commit violent and property crimes
  • single mother families due to absent fathers and illegitimacy
  • and economic inactivity's such as not seeking employment (Tutor2u, 2018).  
]]> 2022-05-18 12:15:04 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2189380610 Environmental Crime Prevention dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2189422132 Environmental Crime Prevention (ECP) is described as making neighbourhoods more crime resistant, ensuring that there are more Police on the streets and adopting a 'zero tolerance policy' in regards to more minor crimes (Thompson, 2016).

When crime occurs, the formal and informal social control measures are put in place to ensure that anti - social behaviours are prevented so that the area does not deteriorate (Thompson, 2016). 

ECP was established from the Broken Window Theory and suggests that due to a lack of order and social controls would lead to crime (Thompson, 2016). Some examples of ECP include:
  • zero tolerance policing
  • ASBO's and curfews
  • street drinking bans
  • and the three strike rule (in America) (Thompson, 2016). 

During the 1990's in New York City, the Government established several successful programs in order to tackle drug dealing, fair dodging, and begging using ECP methods (Thompson, 2016). The end result concluded with a 50% reduction with these specific offences (Thompson, 2016).
]]> 2022-05-18 12:44:00 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2189422132 Situational Crime Prevention dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2189422504 Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) is the focus on making a point of putting potential victims and criminals together, to meet a required outcome of a crime becoming harder to commit (Thompson, 2016). 

SCP believes that crime would occur because of the following:
  • offenders motivated to commit crimes
  • suitable targets and opportunities
  • absence of a guardian to promote morals and values 
  • and the fact that crime is based on rational choice (Beckfoot, N.D).

SCP stems from the Rational Choice Theory, it involves reducing the opportunity for crime to take place and increasing the risk of an offender getting caught whilst committing a crime (Thompson, 2016). 

SCP involves two ways of reducing crime - increasing surveillance of the population and making buildings, objects, and people harder to steal, kidnap, or damage (Ricker, 2022).

SCP is popular with Government bodies as it is a cheaper option to implement in society and can be taken up by both formal social control groups and local councils, schools and businesses (Thompson, 2016).
]]> 2022-05-18 12:44:13 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2189422504 Murray and the Underclass dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2189465474 2022-05-18 13:11:58 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2189465474 Key Concepts dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2194134446 2022-05-21 20:23:32 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2194134446 General Deterrence... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2194159315 General deterrence is designed to keep the general public from committing crimes (Bosworth, 2005). The punishment given to offenders serves as an example for their peers who have not committed an offense, in attempt to prevent them from criminal acts (Bosworth, 2005). 

The death penalty and corporal punishments are some examples of general deterrence, which were designed to inflict pain to witnesses of the convicted (Bosworth, 2005).]]> 2022-05-21 21:29:00 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2194159315 Specific Deterrence... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2194159546 Specific deterrence, depending on the sanction given, aims to deter the offender from committing a specific crime in the future (Bosworth, 2005). Specific deterrence believes that if an offender is punished, it will decrease the chances of them reoffending (Bosworth, 2005). ]]> 2022-05-21 21:29:37 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2194159546 What is Punishment? dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2195864439 Retribution consists of preventing future crimes from taking place by removing the desire for victims to seek avengement on the defendant (University of Minnesota, N.D). Rehabilitation is put in place to prevent future criminals from offending again by changing their behaviour, in the forms of educational programs or counselling (University of Minnesota, N.D). Deterrence focuses on people and how they choose to obey or violate the laws based on the gains or consequences of the crime (National Institute of Justice, 2016).]]> 2022-05-23 13:21:42 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2195864439 Causes of Crime dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2199204244 2022-05-25 10:46:34 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2199204244 Intervention dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2199209490 2022-05-25 10:52:37 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2199209490 Causes of Crime dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2199469807 2022-05-25 14:24:48 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2199469807 What is Punishment? dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2200683628 2022-05-26 10:02:35 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2200683628 Key Concepts dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2200696915 The work of Hobbes, Beccaria, and Bentham influenced the theory of deterrence, especially the individual concepts severity, certainty, and celerity (Bosworth, 2005). 

For deterrence theory to be properly achieved in order for the community to feel that punishments in the victims perspective were justified, they must also be given swiftly (Bosworth, 2005).]]> 2022-05-26 10:21:14 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2200696915 The Square of Crime dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2205034920 2022-05-30 20:16:39 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2205034920 The Square of Crime explained... dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2205037821 2022-05-30 20:20:57 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2205037821 dc00594071 https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2205041104 2022-05-30 20:26:29 UTC https://padlet.com/dc00594071/hnyy83jd056vyk1r/wish/2205041104