https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/gum-disease#:~:text=Periodontal%20(gum)%20disease%20is%20an,or%20need%20to%20be%20removed.

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-50123-5

Prevalence: Periodontal disease is the most common oral disease, affecting up to 90% of the global population. In the United States, up to 80% of people have experienced periodontal disease in their life

• Practice good oral hygiene

• Visit the dentist regularly

• Use mouthwash

• Quit smoking

• Get a Periodontal evaluation

• Tooth loss

• Gum abscesses

• Receding gums

• Bad breath

• Painful chewing

• Difficulty speaking

• Systematic diseases, including:

• Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease, Pregnancy complications, Respiratory disease, Stroke, Cancer

Includes a variety of medications and therapies, such as:

• Antibiotics: These can be administered systemically or applied topically. Common antibiotics used to treat periodontal disease include amoxicillin, metronidazole, and extended-release doxycycline.

• Antiseptics: These can be used as a treatment option if non-surgical therapy is unsuccessful.

• Antiviral drugs: Antiviral drugs like valacyclovir can help reduce viral load and relieve pain and discomfort. 

• Anti-plaque agents: These are often delivered as mouthwashes

• Local drug delivery: This can reduce the risk of adverse reactions and drug interactions

• In SRP they used ARESTIN

• What it is: ARESTIN is an antibiotic that comes in powder form and is placed directly into infected gum pockets after SRP.

  
  

• How it works: ARESTIN is a slow-release antibiotic that continues to fight bacteria for several weeks.

  
  

• How it’s used: A dental professional applies ARESTIN during or after the SRP procedure. It doesn't require needles or anesthesia.

  
  

• Effectiveness: Studies show that ARESTIN in combination with SRP is more effective than SRP alone at reducing pocket depth and improving the long- term prognosis of teeth.

• How does it work?

Removing plaque and tartar from below the gum line and smoothing the tooth roots to prevent further bacteria buildup; this is often used in combination with topical or oral antibiotics depending on the severity of the infection.

A dentist can diagnose periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, by:

• Examining your gums: Looking for signs of inflammation, such as swelling, redness, or bleeding.

• Measuring pockets: Using a dental probe to measure the depth of the pockets around your teeth. In a healthy mouth, pockets are usually 1–3 millimeters deep, while deeper pockets may indicate periodontal disease.

• Taking X-rays: To check for bone loss in areas with deeper pockets. X-rays can also show how bone has changed over time.

• Asking about your health history: To identify risk factors, such as smoking or diabetes

• Checking for plaque and tartar buildup: Plaque buildup on the teeth can be a sign of periodontal disease.

• Gums: May be red, swollen, tender, or bleed easily. They may also appear puffy, dark red, or dark purple.

• Teeth: May be loose, sensitive, or painful when chewing. They may also shift position or wobble.

• Breath: You may experience persistent bad breath.

• Pus: You may experience pus between your teeth and gums, or a change in how your teeth fit together when you bite.

• Toothbrush: Your toothbrush may look pink after brushing.

• Spit: You may spit out blood when brushing or flossing.

• Spaces: You may notice new spaces between your teeth that look like black triangles

The disease itself its not contagious. However, the bacteria that causes Periodontal disease can spread from person to person through saliva for example by:

• Kissing

• Sharing utensils

• Drinking out of the same cup

Porphyromonas gingivalis:

• Is a Gram-negative anaerobe bacteria.

• Ferments amino acids for energy, which allows it to survive in periodontal pockets where sugar are scarce.

• It can invade periodontal tissues and evade the host’s immune response.

Treponema denticola:

• Is a Gram-negative.

• Motile.

• Flexible spirochete bacteria.

• Grows best at temperature of 30-42°C and a pH of 6.5-8.0.

• Can be reliably cultured and produces enzymes and end products that can cause an inflammatory response.

Periodontal Disease are usually mixed, but the main bacterias that causes this type of infections are:

• Porphyromonas gingivalis

• Treponema denticola