The national day of France is July 14th, that day was Bastille Day. This date is marked as the beginning of the end of the old monarchy has become france’s independence day. In 1799 the french revolution ended when a military commander by the name of Napoleon Bonaparte seized control of the French legislature, eventually declared himself Emperor.

The industrial revolution was an economic revolution.

It started in the United Kingdom, because they had 13 colonies of cotton, however the population was fed up with the United Kingdom taking away all their rights and privileges, such as cotton, which was very expensive.

This industrial revolution provoke demographic revolution.

Cause for the population growth:

• Well-fed people can stand better diseases.

• Better hygiene and medicine. Development of vaccines.

• Food production increased.

• Pests and outbreaks decreased.

The dynastic parties (conservative and liberals) made reforms in an effort to regenerate their political power, but restoration was unable to accommodate the opposition. In addition, social unrest was growing.

Objectives of the 2nd republic will be:

• Separate the church from the state.

• To modernize the army.

• To modernize education. For the first time in Spain educational centers are created.

• To carry out agrarian reforms.

  
  

For the first time in Spain, there are territorial reforms ⇾ wanted to create autonomous communities (more prone to Catalanism and nationalism).

In 1932, an attempt is made to stage a coup d'état. It begins in Seville, known as Sanjurjada, by General Sanjurjo. It is unsuccessful and he is exiled to Portugal.

The nationalists tried to invaded Madrid, but they can’t because the Republicans prevented, so they start invaded around the Spain. When they arrived to Catalonia, they think to leave it for last and go to Valencia because it was the military power of the Republicanism. When the Catalan Republicanism knew that, they knew that they have to stop them with a little battle, or this is what they think that was going to happen. This battle lasted its days (25 July--16 November 1938).

The first thing that the other countries done when they noticed that Spain was in a civil war is to sign the non- intervation law, but Germany and Italy not comply. The Republicanism have the Spain Bank, but the Nationalists have the help of Germany and Italy. In the nationalist, they have a leader, but the Republicans no. Republicans fought with the nationalist but also with them.

Mussolini and Hitler ⇾ help Franco in the Civil war.

• Birth: May 17, 1886, Royal Palace of Madrid, Madrid

• Death: February 28, 1941 (age 54), Rome, Italy

• Cause of death: angina pectoris

• Royal house: Bourbon

  
  

Alfonso XIII began his reign when he came of age in 1902. However, this coincided with the crisis triggered by disaster of 1898.

He was the creator of Carlism, but she was with the Liberalism, and she had organized the society. Carlism it can be translated into traditionalism.

What they want :

• A republic : that monarchy disappear

• The republicans founded the republican union, a coaliation that grew in electoral strength.

• There is an emphasis on liberty and rejection of corruption

Alejandro Lerroux was the creator of Lerrouxism. Was a politicias that was against church, the Catholicism and he purpose to workers people to organize ricts (reudes) against church. He founded the radical party, which was supported by Catalan workers (1908)

Socialism can be translated into Marxism and Communism.

Marx was the creator of the Socialism.

Bakunin was one of the first anarchist generations along with Piotr Kropotkin, its creator.

The main defensors of catalanism were Enric prat de la Riba and Josep Puig i Cadafalch.

When it was made?

• 23 November 1905- had published the joke

• 25 November 1905 - the militars assaulted the cu-cut establishment, destroying a lot of papers, mobiliary...

I Spain, the people were obligate to go to the war, and the men died for the conditions and not for the war.

They take advantage of the revolt to kill Francesc Ferrer in the Castle of Monjuic.

of Barcelona and people were protesting because their fathers or husbands were going to Morocco war.

He thinks that the boys and the girls have to go together to school, but they filled him on the Castl oef Monjuic because he was, or they think, Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia was the "Cap de turc".

(Lead by the Tsar king and empear) to a communist country. The Russian people want to remove the absolute monarchy. Russia was invaded on the first war. After that, Russia became a communist country.

1914 ⇾ Started the 1st World War.

1917⇾ Russian Revolution: USSR/URSS

Salvador Seguí was the leader, and he was murdered in the middle of Barcelona.

There have been 3 presidents during the Commonwealth:

• 1914-1917 ⇾ Enric Prat de la Riba

• 1917-1923 ⇾ Josep Puig i Cadafalch

• 1923-1925 ⇾ Alfonso Sala ⇾ was directed by Miguel Primo Rivera

  
  

Pompeu Fabra ⇾ He was the first to create the first modern Catalan dictionary and spelling mistakes.

Francesc Cambó ⇾ Important politician.

Francesc Macià ⇾ He will create a political party called the Catalan State. During the dictatorship, he will organize an army in France, cross the border and occupy Catalonia with his army and declare Catalonia independent. He will not succeed because he is arrested in France.

• First president of Catalonia ⇾ Francesc Macià

• Second president of Catalonia ⇾ Lluís Companys

Approximately 10,000 soldiers have died in just two weeks.

The army led by Miguel Primo de Rivera in 1923, with the help and agreement of Alfonso XIII, carried out a coup d'état, and that is why the Picasso Expedient is stopped and never comes to light again.

Biography:

• Birth: 1882, Ajdir, Morocco

• Death: February 6, 1963, Cairo, Egypt

There were two types of dictatorship:

• The Military dictatorship

• The Civil dictatorship.

  
  

Miguel Primo de Rivera and Alfonso XIII imitate Italy, because in that time Italy was also had a dictatorship led by Benito Mussolini with the help of the king that was Victor Manuel III.

Benito Mussolini was also the creator of the fascism. Fascism mean establish dictators that usually are military.

Biography:

• Birth: January 8, 1870, Jerez de la Frontera

• Death: March 16, 1930, Paris, France

• The constitution that is the annulled rules

• Banned political parties

• Unions calling strikes prohibited

• Anti-Catalanist

Primo de Rivera dictatorship (1923-1931)

Alfonso XII is king of two stages.

• A restoration is the turn of parties, conservative parties and liberal party, which means that there were elections, but they were fraudulent (manipulative).

Biography:

• Birth: 1859, Vilanova i la Geltrú

• Death: December 25, 1933, Barcelona

The French flag represents: the blue color the equality, the white color the liberty and the color red the fraternity.

The first Spanish Republic only tough 9 months.

Biography:

• Birth: November 29, 1870, Castellterçol

• Death: 1 August 1917, Castellterçol

Biography:

• Birth: October 17, 1867, Mataró

• Death: December 23, 1956, Barcelona

Biography:

• Birth: July 16, 1863, Terrassa

• Death: April 11, 1945, Barcelona

Biography:

• Birth: February 20, 1868, Gràcia, Barcelona

• Death: December 25, 1948, Prada, France

Biography:

• Birth: September 2, 1876, Virgo

• Death: April 30, 1947, Buenos Aires, Argentina

One political party created by Carlisle, monarch, Alta clergy de l'esglesia.

NAME CHANGE:

Fascist symbols were no longer used, and the Falange was renamed the NATIONAL MOVEMENT, to source the continuity of the regime.

The Falange modernized Spain with Opus Dei and the government.

It just depends on what country you are economically.

In 1932, an attempt is made to stage a coup d'état. It begins in Seville, known as Sanjurjada, by General Sanjurjo. It is unsuccessful and he is exiled to Portugal.

The nationalists tried to invaded Madrid, but they can’t because the Republicans prevented, so they start invaded around the Spain. When they arrived to Catalonia, they think to leave it for last and go to Valencia because it was the military power of the Republicanism. When the Catalan Republicanism knew that, they knew that they have to stop them with a little battle, or this is what they think that was going to happen. This battle lasted its days (25 July--16 November 1938).

The first thing that the other countries done when they noticed that Spain was in a civil war is to sign the non- intervation law, but Germany and Italy not comply. The Republicanism have the Spain Bank, but the Nationalists have the help of Germany and Italy. In the nationalist, they have a leader, but the Republicans no. Republicans fought with the nationalist but also with them.

Mussolini and Hitler ⇾ help Franco in the Civil war.

The Axis emerged from successive diplomatic efforts by Germany, Italy and Japan.

Roma-Berlin

It refers to Hitler and Mussolini

In 1889, Franco established the Civil Code of 1889 and women were treated as minors, that is, they had to ask their man's permission for everything, such as working, travelling, etc.

Black market for food like flour, butter,... was known for stealing it

SUPERMARKET CARDS:

In Spain, ration cards were used, a purchasing control system to regulate access to basic products due to scarcity. The cards had a function:

• Each family had a personal card that recorded the products they could buy.

• When a product was purchased in a store or supermarket, the seller would stamp the card to indicate that the ration had already been purchased.

• The cards established quantity limits to prevent hoarding.

The cards were used to buy essential products such as:

• ✔ Bread

• ✔ Oil

• ✔ Sugar

• ✔ Flour

• ✔ Rice

• ✔ Meat

• ✔ Soap

Mussolini, as a fascist leader, indirectly helped right-wing groups in Spain, which were in line with Franco's beliefs.

However, Franco still did not have full control in Spain; his connection with Mussolini would be stronger during the civil war (1936-1939) when Spain joined more clearly with Italy and Germany.

They met 17 times between 1934 and 1944.

Here in the Valley of the Fallen are buried the bones of Franco and many other politicians.

KEY FACTS:

• 📅 Date: August 6, 1945

• 📍 City: Hiroshima, Japan

• 💣 Name of the bomb: Little Boy

• ✈ Plane that dropped it: Enola Gay (US B-29 bomber)

• 🔥 Explosion: Equivalent to 15,000 tons of TNT

• 👥 Immediate deaths: Approximately 80,000 people

• ⚠️ Total deaths (from radiation and injuries): More than 140,000

  
  

IMMEDIATE CONSEQUENCES:

• Massive destruction: 70% of the city was destroyed.

KEY DATA:

• 📅 Date: March 1, 1951

• 📍 Place: Barcelona, ​​Spain

• 🚋 Reason: Increase in the price of tram tickets (from 50 to 70 cents)

• 👥 Protest: The population stopped using trams as a boycott

• ⚠️ Response of the regime: Police repression, arrests and dismissals

  
  

EXPLANATION OF THE PROTEST:

• People refused to take the trams, which caused economic losses.

• The protest spread to other sectors, with labor strikes.

• The government repressed with violence, but finally had to lower the price of the ticket.

📅 Historical Context

• Franco had designated Juan Carlos as his successor in 1969, under the title of Prince of Spain.

• After Franco's death on November 20, 1975, the Law of Succession was activated, which established that Juan Carlos would assume the throne.

They were also people who had many children, money, and access to universities, and in the past, university was a luxury.

Opus Dei modernized Spain with the Falange and the government

KEY DATA:

• Economic opening: Spain left autarky behind and became integrated into the international economy.

• Industrialization: The creation of industrial hubs in cities such as Madrid, Barcelona and Bilbao was promoted.

• Mass tourism: Spain became a key tourist destination in Europe.

• Rural exodus: Many people emigrated from the countryside to the cities in search of employment.

Franco wanted to ensure the continuity of Francoism after his death.

There were doubts about who should succeed him:

• Juan de Borbón (Juan Carlos's father) was the legitimate heir, but Franco did not trust him.

• Juan Carlos was educated in Spain under the Franco regime, which made him "safer" for Franco.

Carrero Blanco's government:

• ⏳ Duration: 6 months (June - December 1973).

• 📌 Objectives:

• Maintain the dictatorship after Franco's death.

• Strengthen the relationship with Opus Dei and technocrats.

• Fight the anti-Franco opposition, especially ETA and communism.

Problems:

• Increase in violence and political repression.

• Conflicts within Franco's regime between reformists and ultraconservatives.

• ETA assassinated him in December 1973, truncating his plan to continue the regime.

💥 The attack:

• 📍 Location: Calle Claudio Coello, Madrid.

• ⛏ Preparation: ETA dug a tunnel under the street and placed 100 kg of explosives.

• 🚗 Time of the attack: At 9:27 a.m., Carrero Blanco's car was passing over the tunnel.

• ETA detonated the explosives, throwing the car more than 20 meters into the air.

• It fell into the courtyard of a nearby convent.

• Carrero Blanco and his companions died instantly.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT:

• Western Sahara had been a Spanish colony since 1884.

• In the 1960s, the UN urged Spain to decolonize the territory and allow its independence.

• In 1973, the Polisario Front was created, a Sahrawi independence movement fighting for self-determination.

• Morocco and Mauritania claimed the Sahara, while Algeria supported the Polisario Front.

Historical Context:

• In his later years, Franco was ill and weak, but he continued to rule with an iron fist.

• In 1974, he suffered his first heart attack, which weakened his health.

📅 Stages of the End of Francoism

Death of Franco and proclamation of Juan Carlos I (1975)

• November 20, 1975 → Franco dies after a long agony.

• November 22, 1975 → Juan Carlos I is proclaimed king of Spain.

• Doubts about the future → Some hoped that the king would continue Francoism, but others were betting on democratization.

During Franco's regime (1939-1975), the PCE was banned

This was a key step in the Spanish Transition, as it allowed the release of political prisoners and the return of exiles, but it also meant impunity for crimes committed during the dictatorship.

• Birth: November 23, 1922, Vilalba

• Died: January 15, 2012, Madrid

• Party: Popular Party

• Children: Carmen Fraga Estévez, José Manuel Fraga Estévez

• Spouse: Carmen Estévez (c. 1948–1996)

• Parents: Manuel Fraga Bello, María Iribarne Dubois

• Books: Alianza Popular, Vilalba

Manuel Fraga Iribarne (1922-2012) was a Spanish politician, diplomat and professor. He is one of the most influential figures in the political history of Spain in the 20th century, with a key role during the Franco dictatorship and in the transition to democracy.

During Franco's regime (1951-1975)

• He held several positions in the Franco administration.

• Minister of Information and Tourism (1962-1969), where he promoted tourism in Spain with the slogan "Spain is different".

• He participated in the drafting of the Press Law (1966), which eliminated prior censorship but maintained state control over the media.

During the Transition (1975-1982)

• He was vice president and Minister of the Interior in the first government after Franco's death, led by Arias Navarro.

• One of the fathers of the 1978 Constitution.

• He founded Alianza Popular (1976), a conservative party that later evolved into the current Partido Popular.

• He was critical of some democratic reforms, defending a more conservative transition model.

In democracy (1982-2012)

• After Alianza Popular's electoral failure in 1982, he left the leadership of the party, which would later be refounded as the Partido Popular under José María Aznar.

• Birth: 5 January 1938 (age: 87), Rome, Italy

• Siblings: Alfonso of Bourbon and Bourbon-Two Sicilies

• Children: Philip VI of Spain, Christina of Bourbon and Greece, Elena of Bourbon

• Spouse: Sofia of Greece (c. 1962)

• Parents: John of Bourbon and Battenberg, Maria de la Mercè of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

• Grandchildren: Eleanor of Bourbon and Ortiz, Sofia of Bourbon and Ortiz · Show more

• Grandparents: Alfonso XIII of Spain, Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, Louise of Orleans, Charles of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

INFORMATION:

• King of Spain (1975-2014), key in the transition from Franco's dictatorship to democracy.

• He approved the 1978 Constitution, establishing the parliamentary monarchy.

• He stopped the coup d'état of 23-F in 1981, consolidating democracy.

• He led the modernization and international opening of Spain, including entry into the EU (1986).

• Scandals and crises in his later years (corruption, foreign accounts, hunting trip in Botswana).

Birth: 4 March 1904, Santoña

Murder: 20 December 1973, Madrid

Children: Don José Enrique Carrero-Blanco y Pichot

Party: Spanish Falange of the JONS

Spouse: Carmen Pichot (c. 1929–1973)

Previous positions: President of the Government of Spain (1973–1973), Vice-President of the Government of Spain (1967–1973)

Burial: 21 December 1973, Cementerio de El Pardo, Madrid

INFORMATION:

• Francoist military man and politician, Franco's right-hand man.

• Secretary General of the Presidency (1941-1967), he designed the political and economic strategy of the regime.

• President of the Government in 1973, with the aim of ensuring the continuity of Francoism.

• Assassinated by ETA on December 20, 1973 in a car bomb attack in Madrid.

• His death weakened the regime and accelerated the crisis of Francoism, facilitating the future transition to democracy.

• Birth: 11 December 1908, Madrid

• Died: 27 November 1989, Madrid

• Party: Alianza Popular

• Previous positions: Minister of the Interior of Spain (1973–1974)

• Spouse: María de la Luz del Valle y Menéndez (c. ?–1989)

• Education: Complutense University of Madrid, I.E.S. SAN ISIDRO

  
  

INFORMATION:

• Francoist politician and President of the Government of Spain (1973-1976).

• He replaced Carrero Blanco after his assassination in 1973, being Franco's last head of government.

• He announced Franco's death in 1975 with the famous phrase: "Spaniards, Franco is dead."

• He attempted a limited opening after Franco's death, but his lack of reforms generated discontent.

• He was dismissed in 1976 by King Juan Carlos I, who replaced him with Adolfo Suárez to promote the Transition.

• Birth: June 9, 1930 (age: 94 years), Barcelona

• Children: Jordi Pujol i Ferrusola, Oriol Pujol i Ferrusola

• Spouse: Marta Ferrusola i Lladós (c. 1956–2024)

• Education: University of Barcelona (1946–1952), German School of Barcelona

• Siblings: Maria Pujol i Soley

• Parents: Florenci Pujol i Brugat, Maria Soley

• Published works: Words of the President of the Generalitat: January-December 1983

  
  

INFORMATION:

• Catalan politician and president of the Generalitat of Catalonia (1980-2003), being the longest-serving autonomous leader in the history of Spain.

• Founder of Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya (CDC) and a leader of moderate Catalan nationalism.

• He promoted Catalan autonomy, strengthening its institutions, the Catalan language and cultural identity.

• He played a key role in Spanish politics, supporting both PSOE and PP governments in Madrid in exchange for concessions for Catalonia.

• Born: September 25, 1932, Cebreros

• Died: March 23, 2014, Madrid

• Fills: Sonsoles Suárez, Adolfo Suárez Illana, Francisco Javier Suárez Illana, Laura Suárez Illana, María Amparo Suárez Illana

• Party: Democratic and Social Center

• Spouse: Amparo Illana (c. 1961–2001)

• Nets: Adolfo Suárez Flores, Pablo Suárez Flores

• Burial: March 31, 2014, Avila Cathedral, Avila

INFORMATION:

• First Prime Minister of the democracy (1976-1981) and key figure in the Spanish Transition.

• Appointed by King Juan Carlos I in 1976 to dismantle Franco's regime from within and lead Spain to democracy.

• He promoted the Law for Political Reform (1976), which allowed the first democratic elections in 1977.

• He legalised the Communist Party (1977), a key decision for national reconciliation.

• He approved the Constitution of 1978, consolidating the parliamentary monarchy and the autonomous State.

• He resigned in 1981 due to political pressure, shortly before the attempted coup d'état of 23-F.

• Founder of UCD and later of CDS, but his political career faded in the 1980s.

• Birth: September 12, 1901, Cartagena

• Died: September 1, 2003, Madrid

• Children: Carmen Díez de Rivera Icaza, Ramón Serrano-Suñer Polo · Show more

• Spouse: Zita Polo Martínez-Valdés (c. 1932–1993)

• Siblings: Fernando Serrano Suñer, José Serrano Suñer

• Parents: Carmen Suñer Font de Mora, José Serrano Lloveres

• Granddaughter: Zita Serrano Súñer

INFORMATION:

• Francoist politician and brother-in-law of Francisco Franco, with great influence in the early years of the regime.

• Minister of the Interior (1938-1940), he organized political repression after the Civil War.

• Minister of Foreign Affairs (1940-1942), he brought Spain closer to Nazi Germany during World War II.

• He promoted the creation of the Blue Division (1941), sending Spanish volunteers to fight alongside Hitler against the USSR.

• He lost influence in 1942 and was removed from power after confronting Franco and the Falange.

• Birth: February 18, 1887, Barcelona

• Death: July 24, 1942, Paterna

• Children: Guillermina Peiró i Olives

• Books: Path of the CNT: unionism and anarchism, Perill a la reraguarda, Ökonomie und Revolution

• Previous position: Minister of Industry and Tourism of Spain (1936–1937)

• Cause of death: gunshot wound

• Ideology: Anarchism, anarcho-syndicalism and cooperative movement

INFORMATION:

• Spanish trade unionist and anarchist politician, leader of the National Confederation of Labour (CNT).

• Defender of anarcho-syndicalism, he promoted workers' organisation and self-management.

• Minister of Industry of the Republic (1936-1937) during the Spanish Civil War.

• Exiled after the war, he was arrested by the Nazis in France and handed over to the Franco regime.

• Shot by Franco in 1942, despite having tried to negotiate the release of fellow trade unionists.

• Birth: 21 June 1882, El Tarròs

• Died: 15 October 1940, Castell de Montjuïc, Barcelona

• Children: Lluís Companys i Micó, Maria Companys i Micó

• Spouse: Carme Ballester i Llasat (c. 1936–1940), Mercè Micó (c. 1910–1936)

• Party: Republican Left of Catalonia

• Previous positions: President of the Generalitat of Catalonia (1936–1940)

• Siblings: Neus Companys i Jover, María de L'alba Companys i Jover, Ramona Companys i Jover

• 
  

INFORMATION:

• Catalan politician and president of the Generalitat of Catalonia (1934-1940).

• He proclaimed the Catalan State within the Republic in 1934, for which he was arrested and imprisoned.

• He recovered the Generalitat in 1936, during the Spanish Civil War, leading Catalonia in times of conflict.

• Exiled after the war, he was captured by the Gestapo in France (1940) and handed over to Franco.

• Shot by Franco in 1940, being the only democratic president in Europe executed by a fascist regime.

• Birth: 4 December 1892, Ferrol

• Died: 20 November 1975, Madrid

• Siblings: Ramón Franco y Bahamonde, Nicolás Franco Bahamonde, Pilar Franco Bahamonde, María de la Paz Franco

• Children: Maria del Carmen Franco y Polo

• Spouse: Carmen Polo (c. 1923–1975)

• Grandchildren: Carmen Martínez-Bordiú y Franco

• Great-grandchildren: Luis Alfonso de Borbón

  
  

INFORMATION:

The term "Caudillo" refers to a military or political leader with authoritarian power. In Spain, it is mainly associated with Francisco Franco, who called himself "Caudillo of Spain" during his dictatorship (1939-1975).

• Francisco Franco (1892-1975), leader of the rebel side in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939).

• Dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975, governing with an authoritarian regime.

• He eliminated democracy and repressed political opponents, with thousands of exiles and repressions.

• He kept Spain neutral in World War II, but sympathized with Hitler and Mussolini.

• In the 1950s and 1960s he allowed an economic opening, modernizing Spain with the help of technocrats.

• He appointed Juan Carlos I as his successor, facilitating the subsequent transition to democracy.

• Birth: April 24, 1903, Madrid

• Death: November 20, 1936, Alicante

• Party: Spanish Falange of the JONS

• Burial place: Sacramental Cemetery of San Isidro, Madrid

• Siblings: Pilar Primo de Rivera

• Parents: Miguel Primo de Rivera Orbaneja, Casilda Sáenz de Heredia

• Foundation of organizations: Spanish Falange

  
  

INFORMATION:

• Founder of the Spanish Falange (1933), a party with a fascist and nationalist ideology.

• Son of Miguel Primo de Rivera, dictator of Spain (1923-1930).

• He defended an authoritarian and corporatist regime, inspired by Italian fascism.

• Arrested in 1936 by the government of the Republic, at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.

• Shot in November 1936 by the Republican government, becoming a martyr of Francoism.

• Franco made him a symbol of the regime, burying him in the Valley of the Fallen until 2023.

• Birth: November 4, 1907, Madrid

• Died: March 17, 1991, Madrid

• Siblings: José Antonio Primo de Rivera

• Aunt: Juana Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja

• Parents: Miguel Primo de Rivera Orbaneja

• Grandparents: Miguel Primo de Rivera y Sobremonte, Inés Orbaneja y Pérez de Grandallana

• Books: Recuerdos de una vida

INFORMATION:

• Leader of the Women's Section of the Falange (1934-1977), an organization in charge of educating women under the values ​​of Francoism.

• Sister of José Antonio Primo de Rivera, founder of the Falange.

• She promoted a model of a submissive, religious and home-loving woman, in accordance with the ideology of the regime.

• She collaborated closely with Francoism, controlling female education in Spain for decades.

• She lost influence with the arrival of democracy in 1975 and the dissolution of the Women's Section in 1977.

• Born: May 6, 1893, Tui

• Party: Spanish Renewal

• Children: José Calvo Sotelo Grondona, Enriqueta Calvo Sotelo, Luis Emilio Calvo Sotelo, María Concepción Calvo-Sotelo Grondona

• Murdered: July 13, 1936, Madrid

• Spouse: Enriqueta Grondona (c. 1918–1936)

• Burial: July 14, 1936, OFFICES of the Almudena Cemetery (SFM), Madrid

• Books: The doctrine of the abuse of rights as a limitation of the subjective right ...

INFORMATION:

• Monarchist politician and leader of the Spanish right during the Second Republic.

• Minister of Finance during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera (1925-1930).

• Opposed to the Republic, he defended an authoritarian and anti-liberal regime.

• Assassinated on July 13, 1936 by members of the Assault Guard and socialist militants, in response to the murder of Lieutenant José Castillo.

• His death was a key trigger for the military coup d'état, which led to the start of the Spanish Civil War.

• Birth: April 30, 1932 (age: 92 years), Alhaurín el Grande

• Children: Ramón Tejero Díez

• Spouse: Carmen Díez Pereira

• Parents: Antonio Tejero Camacho, Dolores Molina Labrada

• Foundation of the organization: Solidaridad Española

• February 23, 1981: February 23 coup d'état

• Military branch: Civil Guard

  
  

INFORMATION:

• Lieutenant colonel of the Civil Guard, protagonist of the failed coup d'état of February 23, 1981 (23-F).

• He entered the Congress of Deputies armed with 200 civil guards, trying to stop democracy.

• His objective was to restore an authoritarian regime, but the lack of military support and the intervention of King Juan Carlos I thwarted the coup.

• Sentenced to 30 years in prison, he served 15 before being released in 1996.