Foundations of Early Reading Instruction by Lydia Alvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd en-us 2025-10-14 21:38:34 UTC 2025-10-19 19:06:15 UTC hello@padlet.com Description lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632436171 Print concept is a set of rules that are followed by readers and writers so that the text can be understood in the intended way (Gunning, 2025).

]]> 2025-10-14 21:42:15 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632436171 Age/grade Range Mastery of Milestones lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632436619 The following milestones are typically met around the ages of 3-6 years. This would be preschool to kindergarten-aged children:

  • Understand that text has meaning

  • Be able to differentiate that text and images are separate

  • Knows how to handle/hold a book

  • Knows the concept of a word: separate words

    (Gunning, 2025)

]]> 2025-10-14 21:42:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632436619 Assessment lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632436759 Two assessments that teachers can utilize to gauge a student's mastery of print concept are letter knowledge and decoding a book page.

  • The letter knowledge assessment and print concept consists of having a student point out letters and words in a book while watching how they use directionality with pointing. This is used to determine if a student understands book orientation and awareness of letters making words.

  • Decoding a book page assessment would consist of the teacher asking the student to point to various parts of the book, including the title, word, number, punctuation, etc. (Texas Education Agency, 2024)

]]> 2025-10-14 21:42:59 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632436759 Evidence-based Instruction Strategy lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632436889 One evidence-based instruction strategy that teachers can use when teaching the print concept is modeling the correct way to engage with books while reading to them. While reading a book, it is important to talk about the different parts of the book and allow the students to ask questions. Point to the words and drag your finger across the page to show the students that words have directionality (Victorian Government, 2023).

]]> 2025-10-14 21:43:09 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632436889 Differentiation lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632436952

  • Students with dyslexia would benefit from a teacher using a tape recorder or a recorded video while looking at a book. This is helpful because the student can silently read to themselves while listening to the teacher's voice on a recording or a pre-recorded video, reading through the pages of the book, and modeling directionality (International Dyslexia Association, 2023).

  • English language learners would benefit from having culturally inclusive prints that would help them connect the print to the meaning of the English word.

    • ]]>     2025-10-14 21:43:17 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632436952     Description lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632437323 This skill is when students understand and hear the sounds, rhymes, and syllables in words. This includes being able to break words down into smaller components (Chard & Dickson, 1999).

    ]]>     2025-10-14 21:43:47 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632437323     Age/grade Range Mastery of Milestones lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632437487 Starting in prekindergarten and going until 1st grade (4-7yrs), the milestones that show mastery of this skill are:

    • Recognizes rhyming words

    • Clapping syllables in words

    • Identifying onset and rime (the two parts of single-syllable words)

      (Chard & Dickson, 1999)

    ]]>     2025-10-14 21:44:01 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632437487     Assessment lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632437576 Two assessments that teachers can use to measure a student's understanding of phonological awareness are Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening (PALS) and DIBELS: The phoneme segmentation fluency.

    • PALS allows the teachers to measure the students' ability to segment and blend words. The program then tailors lessons that the student will work through. Their progress will be recorded, and the teacher can then readminister the test at the end of the year and see the students' overall progress (Gunning, 2025).

    • The phoneme segmentation fluency assessment measures the student's ability to accurately segment words into their individual letter sounds EX: cat /c/ /a/ /t/

      During this assessment, the teacher will measure the number of correct words per minute that the student was able to segment and readminister the test to compare growth.

    ]]>     2025-10-14 21:44:09 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632437576     Evidence-Based Instruction Strategy lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632437768 One evidence-based instruction strategy that can support students in understanding phonological awareness is the guess-the-word game.

    • During this game, the teacher will give the students picture cards with easily recognized pictures on them, such as a dog, a ball, a cat, and a sun. The teachers will use snail talk (slow, drawn-out speech) and drag the word out. The students are then asked to guess which word card the teacher is dragging out. This game teaches them segmenting and blending words.

      (Chard & Dickson, 1999)

    ]]>     2025-10-14 21:44:24 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632437768     Differentiation lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632437814

  • One differentiation strategy a teacher can use for students with Dyslexia is using clapping during whole group instruction to represent the segments or syllables of words. This helps engage multiple areas of their brains and helps them retain the interactive and fun syllable lesson (Reading Rockets, 2023).

  • A differentiation strategy that can be used to support English language learners is using songs that have easy-to-remember chants or rhymes in both English and Spanish. This will help them remember the words with a fun song and simple words.

    • ]]>     2025-10-14 21:44:30 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632437814     Description lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632437901 Phonemic awareness is when students are able to identify the individual letter sounds in words (Gunning, 2025).

    ]]>     2025-10-14 21:44:37 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632437901     Age/grade Range Mastery of Milestones lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632438027 The age range of mastery of this skill is 5-7 years old or Kindergarten through 2nd grade (Gunning, 2025).

    The milestones are:

    • Being able to identify the first and last sounds of words

    • Mastery of segmenting words and breaking apart words into the correct syllables

    • Adding or deleting letters to make new words

    (Gunning, 2025)

    ]]>     2025-10-14 21:44:49 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632438027     Assessment lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632438076

  • As done with phonological awareness, the use of DIBELS helps assess a student's ability to break various words into phonemes in a one-minute time slot. As the student progresses in this skill, the number of words broken into their phonemes will increase. They can be tested multiple times to record progress (Gunning, 2025).

  • Phoneme isolation is another assessment that can be used to test phonemic awareness. The teacher can ask students individually to identify the initial sound of each word. For example: What is the first sound in cat? /c/

    This can be used to determine if the child understands the directions and also gives the teacher a good understanding of whether the student has mastered the skill by tracking the speed and accuracy that which the student answers (The Access Center, 2023).

    • ]]>     2025-10-14 21:44:54 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632438076     Evidence-Based Instruction Strategy lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632438171 An evidence-based instruction strategy that can be used to teach phonemic awareness is the use of Elkonin boxes (sound boxes). These boxes are placed under images, and students are then asked to write the phonemes they hear in the words. For example: Image of a cat with three boxes placed below it. Inside the boxes would be /c/ /a/ /t/.

    This helps the students segment the words correctly and make the connection between oral and written letters and their sounds (Gunning, 2025).

    ]]>     2025-10-14 21:45:03 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632438171     Differentiation lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632438224

  • For students with dyslexia, the teacher should modify the word list that the student will have to segment. This will ensure that the student can join in with the lesson without being left behind and frustrated. This differentiated approach can also be scaffolded to allow for the students' growth.

  • English language learners would benefit from the teachers being consistent in modeling the correct pronunciation of words and how to segment them (Gunning, 2025).

    • ]]>     2025-10-14 21:45:08 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632438224     Description lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632438275 Letter-naming knowledge is the ability to correctly identify a letter shape and the sound that that letter makes (Gunning, 2025)

    ]]>     2025-10-14 21:45:13 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632438275     Age/grade Range Mastery of Milestones lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632438365 The following milestones are typically seen at ages 4-7 years or prekindergarten to 1st grade:

    • Students recognize their name

    • Able to name most upper and lowercase letters

    • Matches the letters to their sounds

    (Gunning, 2025)

    ]]>     2025-10-14 21:45:22 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632438365     Assessment lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632438424 Two assessments that can be used to measure a student's letter-naming knowledge are the alphabet letter naming assessment and the alphabet walk game.

    • The alphabet letter name assessment works by giving students a set amount of time to correctly name and identify as many letters as they can. This measures accuracy and fluency and can be tested periodically to measure progress (Reading Rockets, 2025).

    • The alphabet walk can be an informal whole-group assessment. The teacher should have alphabet cars placed on the floor and play music. When the music stops, the teacher will hold up a letter card and have the student stand on the corresponding card to identify which letter it is. This allows the students to find the matching letter and practice identifying its name. This reinforces the letter name to its shape (Gunning, 2025). If the student gets the letter wrong, the teacher can make a note of it and address it later.

    ]]>     2025-10-14 21:45:28 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632438424     Evidence-Based Instruction Strategy lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632438558 One evidence-based instruction strategy that can be used to teach letter-naming knowledge is singing songs that require students to spell out words such as "Bingo" (Gunning, 2025). This helps children identify the letters in the song through repetition and rhyming.

    ]]>     2025-10-14 21:45:39 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632438558     Differentiation lydiaalvis https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632438621

  • One strategy that a student with dyslexia would benefit from is focusing on introducing a small number of letters presented to the student. For letters that look similar to other letters, the teacher needs to point out the differences between them, such as b & d and y & v (Reading Rockets, 2025).

  • Teachers should try and build on the students' knowledge of their Spanish alphabet. Try and identify any similarities between the Spanish and English alphabet and connect them (Gunning, 2025).

    • ]]>     2025-10-14 21:45:44 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiaalvis/hn07rpatz4o1zvbd/wish/3632438621