1. What is the medium of this work? What is a stele?
   1. a steel is a tall carved object. This one is made of stone which has figured carved at the top and cuneiform inscribed around the bottom in Akkadian. 
2. Who are the two figures portrayed?
   1. King Hammurabi facing the sun God/the God of justice Shamash
3. How does this stele employ a hierarchical or hieratic scale?
   1. Shamash sits on a throne and has mountains beneath his feet, representing the mountains he rises from each day. He holds a scepter and a ring, representing great power. This represents the power that King Hammurabi has comes from a divine source, Shamash. 
4. What are the wavy lines coming from the shoulders of the figure on the right?
   1. Flames or light that emanates from his shoulders, similar to a Christian halo
5. What are the implications of the interaction of these two figures?
   1. It shows that the king's authority comes from Shamash, making him a divinely appointed ruler over the Babylonians.
6. What is significant about the text in the stele?
   1. They're legal precedents and they show the consequences of what happens when you do something. These laws are nearly 4,000 years old and tell us about Babylonian culture and what was important to them and their society. 
7. From what view are the figures represented in the Law Stele of Hammarabi (profile, three-quarter, frontal, or a composite view)?
   1. Composite view: shoulders are frontal but the face is profile, similar to ancient Egyptian art. 

Da Ke Ding, bronze, Zhou Dynasty, c. 1046-771 BC

-ritual pot

-statement piece

-display of power and superiority of the owner

-Taotie Face

-contour rivalry

-Art museum in shanghai where its housed is shaped like a ding

Terracotta warriors from the mausoleum of the first Qin emperor of China, Qin Shihuang, c. 221-206 B.C.E., Qin Dynasty, painted terracotta
-over 7,000 and possibly more

-not done excavating

-belief in the afterlife and what he'll need in the next life

-considered the biggest ceramics project ever

-horses and different kinds of soldiers, no two are alike

-made with molds that were changed every time

-The emperor didn't trust the workers or creators of the artwork in there to not tell what was in there, didn't want it to be looted, so he locked them all in and they died.

Funerary Banner, from tomb 1, Mawangdui, China, Han dynasty, c. 168 B.C.

-silk

-not worn

-laid over the coffin of an aristocratic lady

-registers:

heavenly realm

Lady Dai and her attendants

body of Lady Dai with mourners

underworld

Flying Horse of Gansu, c 200, Eastern Han Dynasty

-compare to Marcus Aurelius statue

-shape and balance

-standing on a swallow

-flying horse

-energy and speed

-vitality

-perfect balance

Han Gan, Night-Shining White, Tang Dynasty, c 750

-dragon in disguise

-red block is the signature of the owner, passed down for thousands of years

-highly valued over the years

Attributed to Zhou Fang, Ladies Wearing Flowers in Their Hair, Tang Dynasty (c. late
8th-early 9th century), handscroll, ink, and color on silk

-hand scrolls opened like a book

-slowly travel through the work of art

-sophisticated elegant lady

-hieratic scale

-even the servants are elegant

-celebration of a springtime festival, flower morning festival

-eyebrows painted to look like butterfly wings and white pigment on their faces

-free time, leisurely time

-elegance of the crane compared to the women

Fan Kuan, Travelers by Streams and
Mountains, ink on silk hanging scroll,
Song Dynasty, c. 1000
shanshui hua = “mountain water painting”

-hanging artwork

-landscape painting

-contrast:

-soft mist and hard outlines

-light and dark

-size

-variations of brushstrokes

-the size of the mountains versus the trees and people

The David Vases, c 1351, Yuan Dynasty

-stylistic period: Yuan Dynasty

-Formal Qualities: earliest use of porcelain, blue color made from cobalt from Iran, flowy and organic shapes, space is very filled, contrast of blue and white

-Iconography: dragons, elephant head handles, birds, phoenixes, plant life, flower motifs

-Social/Historical Influences: belonged in a set with an incense burner for a temple, the incense burner is missing

-What makes it special?: symmetry, nearly perfect

"They are valuable artworks, but they are not perfect at
all. It reminds me of our relationship with Heavenly Father; we are not perfect, but valuable to Him.”

Buddha of Medicine, c 1319, Yuan Dynasty

-Huge

-Depicts a buddha (religion spread from India to China)

-hieratic scale

-halo around his head, a symbol of holiness

-long earlobes (indication of letting go of his earthly goods, earrings)

-cranial bump, wisdom & enlightenment

Bodhisattva, probably Avalokiteshvara (Guanyin), Northern Qi dynasty, c. 550-60,
Shanxi Province, China

-someone who qualifies to be a Buddha but stayed on earth

Huang Gongwang, Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains, 1350, Yuan Dynasty,
handscroll, ink on paper

-only see a section at a time to travel through it

-travel through space and time

-contrast of brushstrokes, light, line size

Fang Congyi, Cloudy Mountains, ca. 1360-70 (Yuan Dynasty)

Mesoamerica

South America

Ancient Moundbuilders

-protection

-higher vantage point

-shade, temperature regulation, shelter from elements

-Inhabited for 700 years until they suddenly left

-stone and mudbrick, and a plaster we know the ingredients but not the recipe to

-circular area called a kiva, originally covered, place of ritual, owned by woman but rituals performed by men

-matriarchal society

-Sipapu hole in the ground for spirits, kiva is a place you can go between worlds

-Overused all the natural resources and droughts caused the sudden leave

Great Serpent Mound, c 1070, Adams county, Ohio

-Head of the serpent points to the summer solstice sunset and tail points to winter solstice sunrise

-so much speculation

-meant to be seen from above

Mosaic of a Double-headed Serpent, c 15th-16th century, cedrela wood, turquoise,
pine resin, oyster shell, hematite, and copal (Aztec)

-snakes are attributed to healing and supernatural powers

-rulers of the past

-individualized

Votive Adze "Kunz Axe," (Olmec), c. 1200-500 B.C.E., jadeite

-carved, without stone tools, with sand

-"city of the gods"

-mirrors the mountain behind it

Pyramid of the feathered serpent

-different serpent gods

-worn around the waist

-owned only by the wealthy or high status

Maya Bas Relief Depicting a Ball Player, 600-750 A.D.Maya Bas Relief Depicting a Ball Player, 600-750 A.D.

-Belt used to protect stomach from the solid rubber ball they used for their ball game

-every city had a ball court, often right by the temple. believed to have religious significance

-consequences of losing the game were harsh (beheading)

-Really importance significance to Mesoamerican culture

-Temple in Mexico

-each step is a day of the year (including the top)

-each side represents a season

-Mayans had a religious/agricultural calendar with 18 months, and a 12-month calendar

-on the spring and fall equinox the light hits the pyramid so that it casts a snake-like shadow on the side of the steps

Chacmool, from the Platform of the Eagles, Chichén Itzá, Mexico, Maya, ca. 800-900
CE Stone, 4’10.5” high

-human sacrifice

Shield Jaguar and Lady Xook, Lintel 24 and 25 of Temple 23, Yaxchilán,
Mexico, Maya, c. 725 C.E. limestone

-writing in glyphs

-bloodletting in honor of any significant event(coronation, birth of a son, dedication of a building), common among the elite

-artist signature

-Lady Xook pulls a cord with bits of obsidian through her tongue to bleed onto a paper while her husband the king holds a torch

-done as an offering to the gods to keep the balance

-sees a snake or a god from another world as a reward or aftermath of the bloodletting (hallucinations)

-consistent style: geometric shapes, round edges

-found at the templo mayor

-necklace of human hands and hearts

-skirt of snakes

-human skulls on the front and back of skirt

-two snakes coming out of her neck, no head (she's been beheaded)

-snakes coming out of her wrists

-breasts and belly rolls represent motherhood, she is a mother, the mother of all gods

-400 sons (stars) and 1 daughter (moon)

Templo Mayor (recostruction), Tenochtitlan, 1375–1520 C.E

The Coyolxauhqui Stone, Aztec, from the Great Temple of Tenochtitlán,
Mexico City, c. 1500

-daughter of coatlicue

-her name means bells on cheeks, how they identified her through the bells on her cheeks

-moon goddess

-thrown off the temple by her brother when she tried to kill her mother

-scalloped edges represent dismemberment

-they would send human sacrifices down the stairs to reenact her death

Monolith of Tlaltecuhtli (Earth Lord), 1502, Mexica (Aztec), stone

-represents a god or goddess

-earth lord

-river of blood going into her mouth

-represents the swallowing of the sun every night and the spits it out int the morning

The Sun Stone (or The Calendar Stone), Aztec, reign of Moctezuma II (1502-20)

-represents dispensations

-records how they were defeated or ended and predicts the end of our dispensation (the fifth sun) by earthquakes

-embroidered

-done so that there's no front or back

-intricate

Hummigbird, Nasca Geoglyph, over 300 feet in length, formed approximately 2000
years ago

-meant to be seen from above

-made by removing dark rocks to reveal lighter ones

-made for an inca emperor as a retreat or royal estate

-3,000 feet above Kusco

-terases to grow crops

-references the movement of the sun and the solstices

"new wine in old bottles"

Early Christian symbols:

Chi Ro symbol

identified that you were a Christian

X and P (first letters of Christ in Greek)

Alpha and Omega symbol

Ichthys Symbol

fish

spelled in Greek it was an acronym for "Jesus, Christ, God, Son, Savior"

Anchor symbol

reference to Christ in Hebrews 6:18-19

Painted Ceiling, catacomb of Priscilla, Rome, 3rd century CE

-Christ as the good shepherd, young and beardless

-Early Christians liked to connect the Old Testament and New Testament, Christ being the good shepherd is a symbol in both books that was used frequently by Early Christians.

-based on the Greek Archaic symbol for charity, a man carrying a sheep around his shoulders

-the ceiling has animals from Old Testament stories to draw connections between Old Testament stories and Christ. (Jonah and the Whale is used frequently because it parallels Christ's 3 days and three nights.)

Typology:

The study of types of representation in iconography, particularly the study of figures and scenes from the Old Testament that were thought to prefigured those found in the New Testament.

Arant position (idk how to spell it)

-hands up in prayer

Sarcophagus, Saint Maria Antiqua, Rome, Italy. ca 270 CE

-references and reuses a lot of Greek and Roman mythology sculptures and Old Testament stories

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, ca 359 CE

-late Christian convert

-Portrays many Old Testament Stories

-Greek contrapasso with squatty proportions

-columns and arches that have varied from the set orders

Timeline:

313 Constantine’s edict of Milan legalized Christianity
324 Constantine founded Constantinople (now Istanbul)
325 Constantine formed the Council of Nicaea (Nicene
Creed)
337 Constantine died (baptized on his deathbed)
380 Christianity became the official religion of the empire
391 pagan religions banned

Plan of Old St. Peter’s, Rome, Italy. ca. 324–400 CE (after Frazer)

-Early Christian Church

-Clerestory("clear story")=level with windows; Martyrium=building that holds remains of a martyr

-Roof made of wood trusses

-Built on top of where Peter was buried to honor him and make him the patron

-Has a canopy to show where Peter was buried

-twisted columns from the original canopy are in the new st peters church. twisty columns reference Solomon's temple.

-long central hall

-circular apse

-aisles

-recycled old roman columns, lots of roman influence

Doors at the Basilica of Santa Sabina, Rome, c. 432 A.D.

-2,000 year old wood

-oldest set of decorated doors in Europe

-one panel is thought to be the earliest representation of Christ on the cross

-Left shows Christ raising Lazarus, multiplying the fishes and loaves, and turning the water to wine

-In Hebrew the word for rod is the same as word of God

-Right shows depictions of Moses and stories from his life

-stories of Moses parallel the stories of Christ

Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome

-exterior has been built on

-interior is mostly the same

-basilica hall

-columns

-aisles

-original mosaics

The Parting of Lot and Abraham and Shepherds in a Landscape,
Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome. ca. 432-40 CE

-Christians' built upon the mosaics roman made but added tesserae and gold leaf.

-tesserae: small tiles of colored glass

-gold leaf

-glass was set not flat so that it caught the light and reflected

Abraham Entertains Three Angels,
Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome. ca. 432-40 CE

-story of how Abraham found out he was going to have a kid

Plan of Santa Costanza, Rome. ca. 350 CE

-nave that wraps around itself

-narthex: foyer

-ambulatory: aisles that go all the way around (ambulate: to walk)

-columns

-made for the daughter of Constantine to be her mausoleum

391 Pagan religions banned
395 Empire divided into east and west by Emperor
Theodosius; also division in the Catholic Church
404 Honorius (son of Theodosius) moved capitol to
Ravenna
410 Sack of Rome, decline in Western empire

313 Constantine’s edict of Milan legalized Christianity
324 Constantine founded Constantinople (now Istanbul)
325 Constantine formed the Council of Nicaea (Nicene
Creed)
337 Constantine died
380 Christianity became the official religion of the empire
391 Pagan religions banned
395 Empire divided into east and west by Emperor
Theodosius; also division in the Catholic Church
404 Honorius (son of Theodosius) moved capitol to
Ravenna
410 Sack of Rome, the decline in the Western empire

Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy. 425–50 CE

-planned for the emperor's sister Galla Placidia who ruled as an empress till her son was of age, but ended up ruling her whole life

-Made from recycled Roman bricks on the outside

-Greek cross (arms are the same length with a dome in the middle)

-Inside is glowing with gold tesserae

-covered with so many mosaics

-building represents the perfect Christian, perfect on the inside and modest on the outside

-Shows the four elements (water, air, fire, and earth)

Good Shepherd, Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy

-nimbus around his head borrowed from Roman art representations of Apollo

Emperor Justinian
(ruled 527-565)

Exterior of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy

-built for Justinian who never visited it

-Ravena is the mosaic city

-mosaics of offerings and sacrifices that parallel Christ's story

TYPE's OF CHRIST all over Christian art

2 Nephi 11:4

Emperor Justinian and His Attendants, San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy.
ca. 547 CE

-fancy shoes

-purple like Christ

-Nimbus around his head

-holding a loaf of bread as an offering

-12 people around him parallel the apostles

-supported by church and state

-gold in the background is symbolic of heaven. he is able to rule on earth because of heaven

Empress Theodora and Her Attendants, San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy.
ca. 547 CE

-purple robe

-wine offering

-Nimbus

-her dress depicts the three wise men

Theodora: Lower-class actress and prostitute. Scandalous marriage turned good. Smart, schrude, and extremely helpful. Influenced Justinian to give women more rights, including the right to own and inherit property.

moves away from naturalism

stylized as a message to be spiritual art and not physical

using art to give a message of spirituality

big eyes and strong noses

floating feet

-made in five years by Emperor Justinian

-four prayer towers weren't originally there

-both a basilica and a central plan church

-Domes on pendentives take the weight, channel it down in the four corners, and merge the shape of the circle onto the square floor plan. It brings the circle and square together representing bringing earth to heaven

-because of the pendentives they were able to add windows to the bottom of the dome which adds a weightless floating feel to the dome

-Hagia is Greek for Holy, and Sophia is Wisdom, church of holy wisdom

Icon= image of a sacred person

Iconoclastic Controversy c. 726-843

Iconoclasts=image destroyers

Iconophiles=supporters of icons

-many images were destroyed and lost but those that survived were out in Egypt and other far places

Christ, Monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt. 6th century CE

-Encaustic and gold leaf

-Large eyes

-Long nose

-The blessing gesture with his right hand

-Christ is dual. Justice and mercy. Mortal suffering and immortal heavenly.

Virgin and Child Enthroned Between Saints and Angels,
Monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt. Late 6th century CE

-Mary on a throne surrounded by saints and angels

-Angels copied from a classical source (more naturalistic)

-Byzantine gold and floating feet

-classical influence and byzantine flatness

-throne lacking dimension

Art makes a come back after Iconoclastic Controversy that ended in 843

The Crucifixion and Iconoclasts, from the Khludov Psalter. After 843 CE

-making fun of the Iconoclasts that they're just as bad as romans

-soldier holds a sponge of vinegar and a sponge of whitewash

Christ Pantocrator, Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece.
-Dome mosaics
-Pantocrator=ruler and judge of the universe

-Huge image of Christ made with tiny tiles of tesserae

-Nimbus with Greek cross

The Crucifixion, Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece. Mosaic

-gold background

-Mary on the right

-John on the left

-those two are almost always shown in the crucifixion

-Nimbus is changing again

-skull at the base; Christ crucified at Golgotha which means "place of the skull" because its shaped like a skull and believed to be the place of Adam's death

-abstraction and stylization of naturalism

Aerial view of St. Mark’s Basilica, Venice, Italy. Begun 1063 CE

-40,000 feet of mosaics

-lots of gold

Interior of Monreale Cathedral, Italy. ca. 1180–90 CE

-100 million tesserae

-huge image of Christ

-holding scriptures open to page that says "I am the light of the world"

-all the gold reminds us of this

Europe is heading into the renaissance

Madonna Enthroned. Late 13th century CE

-long nose

-flat patterns indicate the idea of folds

-push and pull between flatness and space

-throne looks like the colosseum

-Christ has the Greek cross nimbus

-Christ looks like a man to show the eternal nature and wisdom of the child

-imitating the look of the mosaic but it's tempera on wood

The Harrowing of Hell (Anastasis), Chora Church, Istanbul, c. 1315-1321

-expressive

-satan is bound. broken locks, broken doors. pulling adam and eve from their graves

The Five Pillars of Islam
1. The Profession of Faith (The Shahada): “There is no God but God, and
Muhammed is his prophet”
2. Daily Prayers (Salat): Five times a day, point towards Mecca
3. Alms-Giving (Zakat): Donate a portion of earnings (or good deeds for
those unable to donate money) to the poor
4. Fasting during Ramadan (Saum): Ninth month of the Islamic calendar;
from dawn to dusk (no eating or drinking during daylight)
5. Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj): At least once during one’s lifetime; visit the
Kaaba (shrine said to be built by Abraham and his son Ishmael)

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. ca. 690 and later Umayyad dynasty (661-750)

-monument to mark a holy spot

-Christians' and jews believe this is where Solomon's temple was and Abrahams tried to sacrifice Isaac

-gold dome reminds us of byzantine

-central plan with eight sides

-Lots of color made from ceramic tiles

-arch comes from romans

-Greek and Roman style columns

-two ambulatories: aisles that go in a circle

-lots of gold inside

-there's no story telling or images of prophets inside, no idle worship or worship of images

-lots of plant life, geometric patterns, and holy words

-the whole Quran is written on the walls

MOSQUES

Aerial view of the Great Mosque of Kairouan, Tunisia. 8th century and later

-gathering place

-place of prayer: prayer hall

-come in from any side (unlike catholic who like to have big processions)

-Minaret: tower where we're called to pray

-Pray towards Mecca

-qibla wall faces Mecca

-niche called a mihrab in the qibla wall that they pray towards

-dome over the mihrab

Mihrab (Prayer Niche) from Isfahan, Iran 1354–55

-blue and white

-five pillars written in calligraphy

-The script on the inside is kufic (it's all Arabic)

Minaret, Great Mosque of Samarra (Iraq), 848-852 (Abbasid dynasty, 750-1258)

-spiral staircase

-the church is long gone

Interior of the prayer hall, Great Mosque of Córdoba, Spain (begun 786) (Abbasid dynasty, 750-1258)

-Islam spread to Spain

-Hypostyle Hall

-arches come from Rome

-striped and stacked arches and horseshoe arches are different than Roman arches

-endless arches give the feeling of eternity and prayer

Mihrab, Great Mosque at Córdoba, Spain

-whole room for mihrab

-inside is a beautiful gold dome, very byzantine

Carved stone grille on qibla wall of Great Mosque of Córdoba. Mid-10th century

-Interlaced but carved one piece of stone

-meticulous and delicate

-symmetrical

-Islam loves symmetry and math in their designs to show the order as well as the complexities of God's creations

Madrasa of Ulugh Beg, Samarkand, Uzbekistan. ca. 1435
-lots of blue and turquoise

-not a mosque, a madrasa is a university

-had an observatory

-Iwan= vaulted entrance

-pointed arch is Muslim originally

Court of the Lions, Alhambra, Granada, Spain. Mid-14th century
-lots of carved details

-carved all the way through so it looks like lace

-thin and elongated columns that look graceful

-lots of flowing water

-waters of paradise

-four channels represent four rivers of paradise

Detail of the Sanguszko figural-design carpet, from Iran. ca. 1575–1600
-small knots in a row over and over again

-symmetrical

-four minarets

-tomb

-marble

-not a church

-not all white either

-inlaid stone

-vines and floral motifs

-calligraphy

-verses on the walls speak of the heavenly paradise

-four rivers for paradise

-domes are pointed like pointed arches

Sutton Hoo ship burial site

-really important person buried in a ship like a passage to heaven. The ship left an impression but nothing remained, no bodies either, just really intricate metalwork.

-A movie made about this called "The Dig"

Gold buckle, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial. The first half of the 7th century

-Anglo-Saxons influenced by the Celts

-gold set in a darker yellow alloy

-knots and dots, dots called granulation

-eyes and abstract animal heads

-implied movement

Hinged clasps, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial. The first half of the 7th century

-more interlacing and animal heads

purse cover, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial. The first half of the 7th century

-cloisonne: "fenced in" (bronze outlines with garnet and enamel)

-heraldic pose, hero holding animals

(Hiberno-Ireland. Anglo-England)

Big conversion of people to Christianity in this area. Built monasteries.

-Scriptoria: copying the books of the bible to spread them

-desire to spread Christianity

-combines the metal-work animal style of Anglo-Saxon art with Christian themes

St. Matthew, from the Book of Durrow, ca. 680.

The Book of Durrow means it's from the island of Durrow

-the first page of the book of Matthew

-very primitive-looking proportions and style

-interlacing is very high quality and complexity

-anything but primitive

-transferring the metalwork to the page

-anything but simple, incredibly complex

Cross page, from the Lindisfarne Gospels. ca. 700
-Illuminated manuscript: decorated

-carpet pages when the whole page is just design

-made with ink, so no mistakes or redo

-Miniaturist=artist (tiny lines)
-Attributed to one person: Bishop Eadfrith

-implied movement and depth

St. Matthew, from the Lindisfarne Gospels. ca. 700
-copied the four gospels and show the author at the beginning

-four gospel authors are called the evangelists (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John)

-represented by animals of the apocalypse: man (Matthew), lion, ox, and eagle

-Matthew has a Nimbus, and they've been exposed to Byzantine and Roman tradition

Chi Ro Iota page, from the Book of Matthew, Book of Kells, ca. 800
-first letters of Christ

-looks like playing cards, playing cards influenced by this period

-animals and people

The 4 Evangelists

(ALL HAVE WINGS)
Matthew=man(wrote about christ as a man)

Mark=lion (writes about Christ and the resurrection. had the belief that lions were born dead and their parents resurrected them)
Luke=ox (Christ's birth story)
John=eagle (poetic and sublime language, soaring language)

-All of these animals come from the book of revelation. They're also the king of their beasts. (lion; king of the jungle, etc).

Burial ship, from Oseberg, Norway. ca. 834

-survived due to the cold weather and ice

-dedicated to two women

-all the metalwork was stolen

-only thing left was the ship and two posts with animal heads

Animal Head, from the Oseberg burial ship. ca. 834

Charlemagne (king of the franks)
=
Carolus Magnus
=
Charles the Great

Equestrian Statue of a Carolingian Ruler (Charles the Bald?). 9th century

-similar to the statue of Marcus Aurelius

-has a mustache

-not as naturalistic

-The horse is not as big as it would be irl

-the piece is very simplified and less naturalistic

St. Matthew, from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne (Coronation Gospels).
ca. 800–10

-made for charlamagne

-used as the coronation book for the kings of France

-just the four gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John

St. Matthew, from the Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims.
ca. 816–35

-references to Roman work; small acanthus plant, acanthus plant border, skeletal Roman buildings in the background

-Combination of flat pattern design and bringing back Roman design

-exaggerated features

-energetic lines

-same composition we've seen before for Matthew

Front cover of binding, Lindau Gospels. ca. 870
-Repousse: a metalwork technique where the artist hammers out the image on the reverse side

-jewels and turrets protect the repousse

-a reference to heavenly Jerusalem

-triumphant Christ, not suffering

-reminder more than a representation of triumphant Christ

Westwork, abbey church, with later additions. Corvey, Germany. Late 9th century

-this church introduces a monumental western end where you enter

Reconstructed plan, abbey church of St. Michael’s, Hildesheim, Germany. 1001–33 (after Beseler)

-has been renovated since WW2 but kept true to the original plan

-basilica plan

-looks like a classical law court

-wooden truss roof

-clerestory

-standard Christian church design

-set of bronze doors

Doors of Bishop Bernward, Hildesheim Cathedral (originally made for
the abbey church of St. Michael’s, Hildesheim), Germany. 1015

-Bishop went to Rome and came back determined to make bronze doors for his church

-relearned the lost wax casting process to make each door one piece of bronze

Otto III Receiving the Homage of the Four Parts of the Empire and
Otto III Between Church and State, from the Gospel Book of Otto III.
ca. 997–1000

-Otto receives gifts from all the regions of his kingdom

-looks kinda like the Wiseman which makes Otto look like a kind of Christ

Jesus Washing the Feet of St. Peter, from the Gospel Book of Otto III.
ca. 997–1000

-elongated

-simplified and stylized

-Christ has the blessing gesture

-his active arm is longer than the other

-Gold leaf

St. Luke, from the Gospel Book of Otto III. ca. 997–1000

-surrounded by prophets, angels, and fire, which represents the holy ghost and his inspiration as a gospel writer

Gero Crucifix. ca. 970

-lifesize and wood

-in germany

Interior, with a view toward the apse (after restoration of 1950–60), Abbey church of St. Michael’s, Hildesheim, Germany

-flat wooden roof with art

-when cities are attacked they burn the churches down, and the roofs catch on fire

Nave and Choir (looking east), the church of San Vicenc, Cardona, Spain.
ca. 1029–1040

-barrel vault

-arches

-uniformity and unity

-cut stone

-durable

-doesn't catch fire

-better acoustics

-with stone, you can build taller and wider

-takes much longer to build (this one took 11 years)

-stone is very heavy and must be supported. Can't put a clerestory in a stone church which meant less light in the church

-this church looks like a fortress on a hill to give the idea of the protection provided by the church

The most popular and accessible pilgrimage was to Santiago de Compostela in Spain

-Bridge that everyone had to cross on their way to Santiago de Compostela

-toll bridge

Churches were built on the way so that they could attract more tourists

Booming tourist time with the first tourist attractions ever

Reconstruction of the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (after Conant)

-The church at the end of the pilgrimage

-cathedral=chair (a bishop's seat, has a bishop who presides there)

-really tall ceiling

-stone vaulting

-gallery upstairs

-not full of light, lacking a clerestory

Reliquary casket with symbols of the four Evangelists. ca. 1150
-put the relics in

-Champleve (reverse of cloisonne) made a depression in the metal and then put the enamel in it

-casket means box, usually had bones of a saint in it or someone of importance

-looks like a metalwork pattern

-similar to how the pages in books looked like metalwork, sculpture does too

-interlaced border

-dots around edges

-Christ in the blessing gesture with a Nimbus and a full body halo in two parts(heaven and earth) called a mandorla

-not realistic people

-very stylized

-six figures represent the apostles

Benedictine Cloister, the priory of Saint-Pierre, Moissac, France. ca. 1100

-sculpture in capitals

-cloister; covered walkway

-capitals told stories (Historiated capital)

Romanesque portal ensemble

-sculpture in the door

South portal with the Second Coming of Christ on the tympanum, Church of Saint-Pierre, Moissac. ca. 1115–30

-Revelation 4:2-7 all shown here on this portal (Scripture set in stone)

-believed to have the bones of Saint Lazarus in this church

-These doors were supposed to scare you and remind you that you're a sinner and you need to go to church, repent, and change your ways

-above the lintel shows all the people being judged and sent to heaven or hell with Christ in the middle.

-the judgment scene serves as a reminder that you're gonna die and you need to repent

-not very naturalistic

-mixing frontal and profile

-highly expressive

Gislebertus. Eve, right half of the lintel, north portal, from the cathedral of
Saint-Lazare, Autun, France. 1120-32

-not very naturalistic

-mixing frontal and profile

-expressive

-Eve and Adam are on the ground like snakes

-everything looks snake-like

-okay to show Adam and Eve naked but not other people

-the holy ghost held by the hand of god whispering what John should write in his gospel

-we know its john because we see the eagle on the left

-abbot wedricus, owner of the book, is holding the ink horn for John

-similar to early christian art in gospel books and byzantine gold

-expressive

Mouth of Hell, from the Winchester Psalter. From Winchester, England. ca. 1150

-French inscription at the top "here is hell and the angels who lock the doors"

-monsters in where the wild things are look like the ones in the mouth

-inside hell there's monsters, kings, queens, soldiers, and even monks which show no one is safe and all must repent

-expressive, elongated, and stylized

ITALY

Baptistery, cathedral, and campanile (view from the west). Pisa, Italy. 1053–1272

-tower of Pisa started leaning from the very beginning

-leaned more and more till 2008 when people removed tons of dirt to stabilize it

-the tower is part of the cathedral complex

-became typical in Italy to make these groupings of cathedrals, a baptistry, and bell towers

-At the time you couldn't enter the cathedral without being baptized

-On the baptistry the lower part is Romanesque and the top is gothic

-roman arches

Baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence, Italy. ca. 1060–1150

-Green and white marble is Romanesque in Italy

GERMANY

Reconstruction of interior of Speyer cathedral, Germany. ca. 1030–61 (after Conant)

-Tall like a French Romanesque church

-flat wooden roof, not Romanesque, wanted a clerestory

Interior, Speyer cathedral. ca. 1030–61; vaulted ca. 1080–1106

-Groin vault

-bringing the weight down in a way that allowed them to have a stone vaulted ceiling and a clerestory

NORMANDY

(Vikings had settled here in northern France)

Bayeux Tapestry. ca. 1066–83

-embroidery, not tapestry

-wool thread on linen

-70 meters (240 feet) long

-possibly made by woman

-depicts the story of when William the conqueror comes from France and becomes the King of England

-border scenes came from the idea used in illuminated manuscripts

-uniform style

-626 humans in this tapestry

Nave (looking east), Durham cathedral. 093–1130

-aisle, gallery, and clerestory

-ribbed groin vault

-ribs reinforce the groin part

-leading into Gothic period

West façade of Saint-Étienne, Caen, France. Begun 1068

-influenced the salt lake temple

-light and airy interior

-clerestory

-changed the groin vault so it has a line in the middle to give it six parts instead of only four

st. denis in Paris

1144

consecrated new part of the church on the east end

open floor plan ambulatory

ribbed groin vault

arches are pointed, puts more weight downward

allowed more windows

church is taller

Notre-Dame, Chartres, France. ca. 1145-1220

(not THE notre-dame)

west facade is the newest end and gothic because they started building at the east end

church burnt down immediately after finishing

two relics, found in the crypt whole after fire

believed they should rebuild a new church starting from the west facade that survived

and resulted in entirely gothic church

ribbed groin vaults

pointed arches

stained glass windows

compound piers

triforium: not a gallery because it's not walkable, three arches, short

vertical lines pointing up

Outside:

rose window, stonework around called tracery

flying buttresses

large entrances at the transept sides

interested in perfect proportions

West Portal of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartes ca. 1145-50

jamb statues represent kings and queens from bible, helped to bring the royalty of the medieval day to the power/ authority of the church

look like columns, elongated bodies

stylized lines of drapery reminds of fluting

floaty feet

didn't want to show earthly naturalism

mandorla in tympanum

four evangelists surrounding

Portals, north transept

deeper in to the church

dormition and assumption on lintel, death of Mary and ssumption to heaven

above in the tympanum she is in heaven with Jesus

Portals, south transept

difference in style of jambs because of time passing

left figure stands on his feet, doesn't float, hip sway

not stuck to the columns

north transept interior

jewel like stained glass windows (rose)

lancet windows, tall skinny pointed arch windows

subject is Mary

Notre Dame de la Belle Verriere

one of the lancet windows

subject is mary

painting with colored glass, reminded of metalwork or those decorative borders

-Stained glass window with the story of the good Samaritan and the story of the creation. The man coming out of Jerusalem to Jericho is symbolic of Adam leaving heaven to go to earth. He gets beaten up by sin and opposition of mortality. The priest stands for the law, the Levite stands for the Prophet. They cannot save him alone, only Christ can. The good Samaritan represents Christ. Horse stands for the body of Christ and the inn stands for the church. Inn keeper is the head of the church, the prophet. Christ will return and he paid for our debts in advance.

Nave of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Laon, France. ca. 1160–1210

-light and airy

-nave elevation: nave arcade (single arches on bottom), clerestory (top row of windows thanks to ribbed groin vault), gallery (walkway above the arcade with two arches), triforium (three arches above the gallery and below the clerestory).

-Everything points up

-dizzyingly tall nave

-gargoyles to keep away evil spirits, apotropaic devices, also drain spouts that catch rain on their back and go out their mouth. If they're just for decoration they're grotesques, not gargoyles

Nave and side aisle of Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Amiens

-144 feet tall, taller arches than previous buildings

Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Reims, 1211-1345

-the entrances are extruded from the wall

-all the arches lead to spires

-timpanum has no sculptures, more window

Annunciation and Visitation, west portal of Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Reims. ca. 1230–65

-three artists?

-two right ones look the same due to the folds

Cologne Cathedral, 1248-1880

-stone work looks like frosting

-crucifix inside

-taller and taller, over 500 feet

still want light but not as tall

Sainte-Chapelle, Paris (from the southwest). 1241–48
(Rose window, late 15th century)

-Palace church, connected to the palace

-Rose window

-pointed arches

-spires

-crossing tower

-not nearly as tall

-what they lacked in height they made up in light

-two stories

-nave, arcade, gallery, triforium all ditched for one big clerestory

-buttresses (not flying) to support the massive clerestory

-gold painted along the columns and ribs of the vaulting

-held some of the most important relics in Catholicism

-moralized bible: selected stories from old and new testament

-belongs to future king of France king louis IX

-his mother sits on the throne as queen after her husband died

-gold leaf

-bottom register shows a monk reading the bible to an artist who's copying it

Melchizedek and Abraham, from the Psalter of St. Louis. 1253–70

-showing a biblical story in their modern day

-holding bread and wine

-outside of Sainte Chappelle shown in background

-gothic sway (kinda like contrapasso)

Jean Pucelle. The Betrayal of Christ (folio 15 verso) and Annunciation
(folio 16 recto), from the Hours of Jeanne d’Évreux. 1324–28

-Annunciation is when Mary finds out she's having Christ

-book of prayers the size of a deck of cards that belonged to a queen shown on the annunciation page in the letter D

-new interest in showing depth and space

Guillaume de Machaut. The Enchanted Garden, from Le Dit du Lion.
1350–55

-gold

-fleur de leu

-gift for the queen of France

-Jesus actually looks like a baby and not a tiny man, he's playing with his mother

-realistic representation of a mother and child relationship

-only a couple feet tall

-gothic sway (adds elegance) with her head tilted towards Christ

Virgin of Paris. Early 14th century. Stone. Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris
-in the cathedral near the apse

-survived the fire

-gothic sway for elegance

-Christ holds a sphere the represents the earth because he's the savior of the world

Salisbury cathedral (from the southwest) (spire ca. 1320–30)

-close to Stonehenge

-flying buttresses

-tall pointed arches

-central spire/ crossing tower

-westwork

-not as many windows in the westwork

-doesn't have huge towers on the westwork

-westwork is wider than the actual church

-emphasis on length horizontally than vertically

-double transept

-ribbed groin vault

-no aisle around the apse, not on the pilgrimage route, no relics, no reason to walk around as much

-nave arcade

-clerestory with stained glass windows

-triforium

-compound piers don't go from bottom to top

-Salisbury is more in the country so it has a lot more greenery

Choir of Gloucester cathedral, England. 1332–57
-compound piers go from top to bottom

-ribbed groin vault is covered, called fan vaulting

-cathedrals engage all of your senses: sound of choir, light from windows, and smell of incense

-the first harry potter has scenes filmed here

Chapel of Henry VII, Westminster Abbey, London. 1503–19

-fan vaulting

-chapel where a lot of royal events take place

GERMANY

Naumburg Master. Crucifixion, on the choir screen, and the Virgin and
John the Evangelist, Naumburg cathedral, Germany. ca. 1255

-colored

-separates nave from choir

Naumburg Master. The Kiss of Judas, on the choir screen,
Naumburg cathedral. ca. 1255

-expressive

-peter cuts off ear of soldier

Naumburg Master. The Kiss of Judas, on the choir screen,
Naumburg cathedral. ca. 1255

-elegant

-long proportions

-paint survived

-King and Queen of Germany

Roettgen Pietà. Early 14th century

-wood

-looks rotten

-gory

-blood comes out in 3D

-Mary looks haunted

-He looks disproportionate

-showing how he suffered physically as well as mentally to invoke gratitude and reverence for Christ's sacrifice

-painted

-Michelangelo made a sculpture similar to this

-tempura

-byzantine influence: elongated features and body, gold background

-pointed arch

-St. Francis the Monk

-sold all his wealth and took a vow of poverty

-belt with three knots for his vow of chastity, obedience, and poverty

-shows the scenes from his life, called apron scenes

-names a saint after he died

-catholic saint, must have performed miracles to be a saint

-anybody and everybody deserved to hear the word of God, his preaching was so powerful that the birds stopped to listen

Altarpiece of St. Clare, ca. 1280
-the counterpart of St. Francis for the Nuns

-also tempura

Interior of Upper Church, Basilica of San Francesco, Assisi.
Begun 1228; consecrated 1253

-scenes of Saint Francis's life

-fresco painted on panels

-French Gothic groin vaults, compound piers, pointed arches, stained glass windows

PISA

Nicola Pisano. Pulpit. 1259–60

-pisano, from Pisa

-pulpit

Nicola Pisano. Fortitude, detail of pulpit
-contrapasso

-nude guy, new

-squatty

-classical looking

-paving the way to the renaissance

FLORENCE

Arnolfo di Cambio, Florence Cathedral, begun 1296

-the dome wasn't there at the time

-romanesque

-green and white marble

-French Gothic influence interior: pointed arches, ribbed groin vault, stained glass windows

-baptistry next to the cathedral

Andrea Pisano. South doors, baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence.
1330–36

-bronze doors

-classical material

-john the baptist

-san giovanni is Saint John

-classical looking Christ

Palazzo della Signoria (Palazzo Vecchio), Florence. Begun 1298

-palace for a ruling family that's not royal

-the people ruled Florence

-medieval-looking castle

-rusticated stone

-watchtower

-fortress and town hall

Cimabue. Madonna Enthroned. ca. 1280–90
-(cheemabooay)

-byzantine influence: gold, elongated

Giotto. Madonna Enthroned. ca. 1310

-overlapping faces

-sitting in a gothic archway

-looking toward Christ

-Mary takes up space and looks like she is sitting and has weight, which is very new

-in Padova

-built on the site of an ancient Roman arena

-interior painted by Giotto

-Fresco

-Floor-to-ceiling painted

-registers with scenes from the life of Christ

-scenes from the "passion week" the last week of Christ's life

-small gothic arches in the back

-barrel vault ceiling

-nave

-no aisles

-the back wall has the final judgment scene that you see as you're leaving

-lots of blue and blue was really really expensive

Giotto. Christ Entering Jerusalem, Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, Padua. 1305–06

-The blue is chipping off because the man who commissioned Giotto wanted the blue to be more vibrant and since it is fresco, he has to scrape it off the wall to put the more vibrant blue on

Palazzo Pubblico, Siena. Begun ca. 1298

Duccio. Maestà Altar (reconstructed). 1308–11

-Mary enthroned with baby Jesus surrounded by saints, angels, and prophets

A lot of similarities to Cimabue's original

-Duccio adds a beautiful lyrical sense of line in the fabric

-the panels on this alter piece have since been sold to different museums

Duccio. Annunciation of the Death of the Virgin, from the Maestà Altar.
Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, Siena

-Gabriel telling Mary her life is done

-experimenting with space

-weird perspective

Simone Martini. Annunciation. ca. 1330

-tempura

-depth wasn't easy to show in this medium but he did

-byzantine gold

-gothic arches and shapes

-new naturalism and sense of space

-Lily stood for Mary's purity

-Gabriel holds olive leaves which is a symbol of peace, the prince of peace

Ambrogio Lorenzetti. Allegory of Good Government (left),
Good Government in the City (right), and a portion of Good Government in
the Country (far right), Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena. 1338–40

-Italy had city-states. this was one of their government rooms

-oddly enough this is a secular painting about the government

-allegory of the good government

-City of Sienna: Good Government in the City

-Good government in the country

-Wall of bad government (not as preserved)

Doge’s Palace, Venice. Begun 1340

-gothic pointed arches

-city center

-it doesn't feel like a fortress

-trade made them wealthy

-influences from Muslim

Giovannino dei Grass. Hours of Giangaleazzo Visconti. ca. 1395
-gold from byzantine

-architecture shapes from Gothic

-space and volume, three dimensions

International Gothic Style

Claus Sluter. The Well of Moses, Chartreuse de Champmol, France.
1395–1406

-Prophets who prophesied of the life and death of Christ

-Jam statues who seem detached, shorter, no floaty feet, they have bulk and weight to them

-very expressive

-angels showing different mourning

-Moses has horns due to a mistranslation. a word that meant both rays of light and horns in Greek.

-called the well of Moses because it is a well

-Christ is the source of living water

-John 4:13-14

-celebration

-wealthy people: bright colors

-elegance

-hieratic scale: duke is largest

February page

-rich blue color

-peasants shown

-peasants wearing rich blue as well

-for the duke, my peasants are well taken care of in my kingdom

April Page

-royal marriage

May

-green

June

-more peasants

-courtly and elegant

July

-elegant peasants

-palace of the louvre

August

-falconing

-some dead peasants

The Wilton Diptych. ca. 1400

-a diptych is two panels attached with hinges

-King Richard's personal one

-Richard is kneeling in the front

-King Edmund and Edward (pious kings) shown

-John the Baptist

-separated by the panel from the Heavenly side with Mary, Christ, and Angels

-beautiful detailed patterns

-byzantine gold

-stag is Richard's symbol, all the angels and Mary wear stag broach's to show he has divine authority and support

-rich materials

International Gothic Style:
Aristocratic patrons
Rich materials
Elegant figures
Naturalistic details
Love of pattern
Symbolism

(Parts of France, England, Belgium, and the Netherlands)

Buxheim St. Christopher. 1423
-early printmaking

-pre-printing press

-aimed to be enjoyed by a regular person

Jacques Daret. Woodcut of St. Christopher, Annunciation (detail).
ca. 1435

-art for everyone

Martin Schongauer,
St. Anthony Tormented by
Demons, ca. 1480-1490

-engraving on a metal plate

Hieronymus Bosch, The Last Judgment, c. 1482

-showing some of the plan of salvation

-war in heaven

-Adam and Eve in the garden, eating the fruit, and kicked out of Eden

-earth life shown in the middle, full of sin

-last judgement

-Satan and hell on the right side

-everyone is receiving just rewards for their sins on earth

-big imagination

-fantastical demons and methods of punishment

Workshop of Robert Campin. Annunciation Triptych. ca. 1425–30

-angel Gabriel appearing to Mary

-full of symbolism and detail

-greater naturalism

-lots of colors used for shading and skin tone

-oil paint

-more vibrant and dries slower

Rogier van der Weyden. Descent from the Cross . ca. 1435
-detail

-range of darks and lights

-vibrant colors

-oil paint

-Christ taken down from the cross

-Mary has fainted over her grief

-Mary parallels Christ's position and foreshadows his resurrection because she has only fainted

-tears

-authentic looking grief

Michelangelo is reported to have said:
“Flemish painting will please the devout better than any painting of Italy, which will never cause him to shed a tear, whereas that of Flanders will cause him to shed many.”

Hubert and Jan van Eyck. Ghent Altarpiece (closed), Church of St. Bavo, Ghent, Belgium. Completed 1432

-patrons are colorful

-Grisaille= using only values of black, gray, and white (looks like stone)

-Polyptych= many panels

-Inside:

-Plan of salvation inside

-depicts God on a throne with a blessing gesture and two crowns

-Holy Ghost as a bird

-Christ is the lamb bleeding into a chalice

-well for the well of eternal life

-so much symbolism

-oil paint

Jan van Eyck. Man in a Red Turban (Self-Portrait?). 1433
-possibly a self-portrait

-frame is signed in Latin: "I can do it" or "Eyck can do it" humble brag

-beautiful modeling on the red turban

-minuscule details

-oil painting

Jan van Eyck. The “Arnolfini Portrait.” 1434

-supposedly a wedding portrait

-He signed his name above the mirror saying he was here with the date

-tiny details in the mirror of Christ's passion scenes

-amber beads symbolic of chastity

-highlights on the chandelier

-one candle, symbolic of Christ

-the dog is a symbol of fidelity

-orange: symbolic of richness and fidelity

-holds her dress in a way that shows she is welcoming to bringing children

-St Margaret on the bed is symbolic of fertility

-next to Margaret is the broom which is a Northern European tradition of sweeping the threshold for a new life together.