Fungi Fun group 1 by Jodie Score https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr Please describe 2 fungi or yeasts in each of the 4 categories: include information such as pictures, morphology, growth condtions and the effects of the organism. Find one journal article reference that discusses your organism and post along with your entries en-us 2019-11-10 22:37:58 UTC 2024-12-08 17:06:42 UTC hello@padlet.com Agaricus bisporus angela_akamara https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411679897 Agaricus bisporus is also known as the portobello or common mushroom.  The fungi is in the basidiomycota division. 

A. bisporus has a hemispherical cap, 5-10 cm, that flattens out as it grows. The flesh of the mushroom is firm and white. The spores are oval shaped and the basidia are two-spored.

A.bisporus is found in grassy fields between late spring and autumn.

The mushroom contains Vitamin D which helps regulate calcium and phosphate in the human body and needed to keep bones, teeth and muscles healthy.

Composition and Biological Properties of Agaricus bisporus
https://content.sciendo.com/configurable/contentpage/journals$002fpjfns$002f67$002f3$002farticle-p173.xml

]]> 2019-11-15 09:33:51 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411679897 Yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii ''Fungemia following Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii probiotic treatment in an elderly patient.'' https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411680384 Probiotic known health effects including prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases and immunomodulatory effects. Also  improvement of bioavailability of minerals through the hydrolysis of phytate, folate biofortification and detoxification of mycotoxins due to surface binding to the yeast cell wall.]]> 2019-11-15 09:35:15 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411680384 Cortinarius rubellus jacob_mullan191 https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411680931 2019-11-15 09:36:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411680931 aspergillus fumigatus https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411681154 This fungus produces airborne spores called conidia.]]> 2019-11-15 09:37:28 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411681154 Fungi- Aspergillus https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411682436 A fungus that lives on the healthy human body, but can cause deadly infections. ]]> 2019-11-15 09:41:08 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411682436 Epicoccum parampreetkaur193 https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411682915 2019-11-15 09:42:33 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411682915 Fungus penicillium https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411683341 The drug anti biotic penicillium is derived from this fungus. These are used as medicine to treat infection in or on the body. they were once found on the body of a Neolithic traveller in the Alps who used it as tinder. A 2008 study published in the "journal of Natural products" discovered compounds and nutrients which are effective against viruses which were found in the mushroom.
Mittal. P. "List of Fungi Benefits" sciencing.com. https://sciencing.com/list-fungi-benefits-8606974.html
. 15 November 2019.]]> 2019-11-15 09:43:46 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411683341 histoplasmosis https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411683577 these fungus are found the soil or in the droppings of bats. histoplasmosis is an lung infection caused by the inhaling of Histoplasma Capsulatum.]]> 2019-11-15 09:44:14 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411683577 https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411685050 2019-11-15 09:48:21 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411685050 https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411685832 2019-11-15 09:50:31 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411685832 Streptococcus Thermophilus (Fungi) zarrintasnim0 https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411685844 Streptococcus thermophilus- is a type of fungi present in yogurt. Streptococcus thermophilus is gram-positive bacterium, and a fermentative facultative anaerobe, of the viridans group. It tests negative for cytochrome, oxidase, and catalase. The structure is bacilli and it is chained. This has been associated to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes alongside decrease the metabolic syndrome and heart disease rates. This bacteria has also been recognised to improve weight management. Several studies have shown that consumption of yogurt and other fermented foods may improve intestinal and extra intestinal health and might be useful in improving lactose malabsorption, treating infectious diarrhea, reducing the duration and incidence of respiratory infections, and enhancing immune and anti-inflammatory responses.

Further research- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/streptococcus-thermophilus]]> 2019-11-15 09:50:34 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411685844 Trichophyton rubrum angela_akamara https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411687041 Trichophyton rubrum is a dermatophytic fungus, it colonises the upper layers of dead skin. It is in the phylum ascomycota also known as sac fungi. T.rubrum causes athlete's foot, nail infections and ringworm.

The colony has a white cotton like surface and a red underside. The microconidia (asexual, non-motile spore) is teardrop shaped.

The Immunological Response to Trichophyton Rubrum
http://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/1/2/130/pdf

]]> 2019-11-15 09:54:20 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411687041 s cerevisiae and S. boulardii Tinomondy https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411687338 Research has found that S. cerevisiae, can support the immune system and reduce inflammation resulting from bacterial infection. It may also be helpful in treating diarrhoea. it also has probiotic qualities and is therefore good for healing wounds and is good for the skin.
S. boulardii
it helps to regulate the intestines and protect them from pathogens and other things that can damage the intestinal lining]]> 2019-11-15 09:55:28 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411687338 Candida Albicans https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411687909 Is a yeast that is part of body's microflora (microorganisms that live either on or in the human body). It is present in the mouth, vagina and the GI tract. The yeast appears white when cultured on a plate. 

It is the most common cause of fungal infections. it can also go on to infect skin and mucus membranes. 🤬 like fluconazole or clotrimazole will be prescribed. ]]> 2019-11-15 09:57:19 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411687909 Candida (Fungi) zarrintasnim0 https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411688107 Candida is typically found in small amounts in the mouth and intestines and on the skin. Most of the time the fungus is not problematic and has so long term of short term effects on humans. However, when Candida begins to grow uncontrollably, it can cause an infection known as candidiasis. candidas in one of the most common types of fungal infections. 



The reason why candida may grow uncontrollably is due to factors such as: 

  • Taking antibiotics
  • Eating a diet high in sugar and refined carbs
  • High alcohol intake
  • A weakened immune system
  • Taking oral contraceptives
  • Diabetes
  • High stress levels

As a result of candidiasis, the common issues this may lead to oral thrush, insufficient digestion as well as  chronic sinus infections
which may last over 1 month. 

]]> 2019-11-15 09:58:02 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411688107 Amanita phalloides - fungi https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411688298 ''Perhaps the deadliest of all mushrooms, the death cap is found throughout Europe and closely resembles edible straw mushrooms and caesar’s mushrooms. Its heat-stable amatoxins withstand cooking temperatures and quickly damage cells throughout the body. Within 6 to 12 hours after consumption, violent abdominal pain, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea appear, causing rapid loss of fluid from the tissues and intense thirst. Signs of severe involvement of the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system soon follow, including a decrease in urinary output and a lowering of blood sugar. This condition leads to coma and death in more than 50 percent of the incidents. Notable deaths include Pope Clement VII, who died of accidental death cap poisoning in 1534, and possibly Roman Emperor Claudius in 54 CE.'' 
Link to 7 of the World’s Most Poisonous Mushrooms

]]> 2019-11-15 09:58:51 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411688298 Malassezia https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411690178 Jamie-lee Vickers

Diseases Caused by Malassezia Species in Human Beings
Malassezia yeasts are members of normal cutaneous microflora in humans and many domestic and wild animals. As lipophilic fungi, they colonize skin rich in sebaceous glands. They are considered opportunistic pathogens that may cause, under favorable circumstances, various skin diseases. Recent molecular techniques have resulted in the revision of the genus Malassezia. Fourteen different species have been recognized so far. Malassezia globosa, Malassezia restricta and Malassezia furfur are the most common species responsible for skin diseases in humans.

The interaction of Malassezia yeasts with the skin is complex and involves inflammatory, immunological and metabolic pathways. Malassezia yeasts play a pathogenic role in pityriasis versicolor, Malassezia folliculitis, seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff, but have also been implicated in atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and several other skin diseases. Rarely, they can cause severe systemic infections in premature neonates and immunosuppressed patients. Treatment of Malassezia-related diseases is usually effective using topical or systemic azole antifungal.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811079-9.00005-7
http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/malassezia-furfur-science-source.jpg
]]> 2019-11-15 10:05:08 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411690178 Saccharomyces cerevisiae angela_akamara https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411690661 Saccharomyces cerevisiae is commonly known as baker's or brewer's yeast. Its essential in brewing, baking and winemaking. It belongs to the division, ascomycota also known as sac fungi.

S. cerevisiae is a model organism and is studied to learn the fundamental aspects of eukaryotic cells, its whole genome has been sequenced.

S.cerevisiae acts as a leavening agent in bread, whilst the process of fermentation occurs, carbon dioxide is generated causing the dough to rise.

S.cerevisiae reproduces through budding and can live in aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Investigation of the Best Saccharomyces cerevisiae Growth Condition
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5308499/]]> 2019-11-15 10:06:41 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411690661 Laura https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411690670 Candida albicans, the opportunistic yeast.

PICTURE BELOW

Found in the human intestinal tract, these yeast organisms are found in small amounts. Other gut flora keeps them in check but when the balance of gut flora is disturbed, these yeasts can cause Gastrointestinal candidiasis. Gut flora can be disturbed for several reasons including; antibiotics, diet or health issues. Toxins released by the yeast enter the bloodstream and are carried to all parts of the body effecting organs and the CNS.

Symptoms of Gastrointestinal candidiasis include:

·         Belching
·         Bloating
·         Indigestion
·         Nausea
·         Diarrhea

PICTURE BELOW

Above picture shows the overgrowth on candida albicans yeast

Candida albicans are facultative anaerobes. ATP is its primary source of energy. In the gut this yeast is mainly anaerobic meaning the yeast uses the process of fermentation to gain energy. 

Link to journal discussing Candida albicans:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901676/
]]> 2019-11-15 10:06:44 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411690670 Mycorrhizal fungi https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411691321 The mycorrhizal relationship between fungi and plant roots is essential for the productivity of farm land. Without the fungal partner in root systems, 80–90 percent of trees and grasses would not survive. Mycorrhizal fungal inoculants are available as soil additives from gardening supply stores and are promoted by supporters of organic agriculture.


]]> 2019-11-15 10:08:53 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411691321 Aspergillus spp (Fungi) zarrintasnim0 https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411691999 Aspergillus spp has been responsible for the continuing increased frequency in patient diagnosed with hematologic neoplasms. 40%- 50% of the infections are a consequence of such  active fungi present. This form of fungi is considered to be as “Opportunistic fungi” The former organisms cause infections in the general population but are more likely to cause disseminated infection in the cancer patient. Opportunistic fungi usually cause only superficial infection in immunocompetent hosts but are the most common cause of systemic fungal infection in patients with impaired host defence mechanisms.

Further information- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK13518/

]]> 2019-11-15 10:11:17 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411691999 cadida albicans Tinomondy https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411694717 overgrowth of cadida albicans can be harmful to the body as it can cause yeast infections like thrush that is found in both men and women.
https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10313 ]]> 2019-11-15 10:20:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411694717 Bakers Yeast zarrintasnim0 https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411695212 Bakers yeast is useful to sensitize metastasic breast cancer cells. Earlier studies suggested that Bakers yeast has been useful to induce apoptosis in different cancer lines in vitro and in vivo.  It has also been useful to help maintain healthy skin, eyes, hair and mouth. It has been recognised for also reduce sugar levels by improving glucose tolerance therefore supporting type 2 diabetes patients. ]]> 2019-11-15 10:22:28 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411695212 Fungi and Yeast https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411698348 Athletes foot, ringworms and vaginal yeast infection are mostly result of diverse collection of fungi and yeast. Yeast such asSaccharomyces which is used to brew beer and make bread are among the causes of these infections.]]> 2019-11-15 10:33:16 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411698348 Fungus https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411703097 Fungal Insecticides: is type part of an insect known as the emerald ash borer which attacks ash trees. but it is parasitized by a pathogenic fungus that holds promise as a biological insecticide. The parasitic fungus is like a white fuzz on the body of the insect. This is an important and beneficial relation ship between fungus and human in the farming world and growing of crops.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/importance-of-fungi-in-human-life/ . 15 November 2019.]]> 2019-11-15 10:48:31 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/411703097 Bifidobacteria alseny_jalloh10 https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/412048439 Bifidobacteria are one type of bacteria that occur naturally in the body. They live in the intestines and help break down the food you eat, which allows your body to use the nutrients for energy. One side effect of their work is that they release gas. So just remember the next time you feel gassy, that just means the bacteria in your intestine are doing their job! 

Bifidobacteria help keep your gut healthy and working properly, and prevent issues like constipation and diarrhea. For the most part, they grow naturally in the gut. However, if necessary, they can be taken in the form of a supplement. 

]]> 2019-11-15 20:22:46 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/412048439 Damilola Olaniyan https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/412109582 Fungi- mushroom, which are under the class of Basidiomycetes .Several fungi are edible. These include straw mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, shiitakes, truffles, milk mushrooms and black trumpets. Button mushrooms and Portobello mushrooms are commonly used in salads and soups. Mushrooms also add flavour to any dish they accompany. Mushrooms contain large amount of vitamin D2, when exposed to ultraviolet light.  ]]> 2019-11-16 00:05:01 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/412109582 Damilola Olaniyan https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/412112768 Fungus- Molds, they are classes of Aspergillus. Molds form in humid environments. They consist of visible portions called stalks, threadlike appendages anchoring the mold, and spores that cling to the stalk. The spores, the reproductive structures of the mold, become airborne. The spores, when inhaled, cause breathing problems and trigger allergies. Some molds produce poisons, or mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin, a cancer-causing agent. ]]> 2019-11-16 00:26:24 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/412112768 Damilola Olaniyan https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/412115869 Fungi- genus Amanita, also known as mushroom( poisonous).This is among the deadliest mushrooms, the death cap is found throughout Europe and closely resembles edible straw mushrooms and caesar’s mushrooms. Its heat-stable amatoxins withstand cooking temperatures and quickly damage cells throughout the body. Within 6 to 12 hours after consumption, violent abdominal pain, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea appear, causing rapid loss of fluid from the tissues and intense thirst. Signs of severe involvement of the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system soon follow, including a decrease in urinary output and a lowering of blood sugar. This condition leads to coma and death in more than 50 percent of the incidents]]> 2019-11-16 00:47:21 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/412115869 Penicillin https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/412190219 Jamie-lee Vickers

Penicillins are a group of antibacterial that attack a wide range of bacteria. They were the first of this type that doctors used. The discovery and manufacture of penicillins have changed the face of medicine, as these have saved millions of lives.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/216798.php

]]> 2019-11-16 13:43:09 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/412190219 Glomus sp https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/412191869 Jamie-lee Vickers

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form a widespread and ecologically important symbiosis with plants in the land ecosystem. The phylogeny of the largest presently accepted genus, Glomus, of the monogeneric family Glomaceae (Glomales; AM fungi) was analyzed. Phylogenetic trees were computed from nearly full-length SSU rRNA gene sequences of 30 isolates, and show that “Glomus” is not monophyletic. Even after the very recent separation of Archaeospora and Paraglomus from “Glomus,” the genus further separates into two suprageneric clades. One of them diverges further into two subclades, differing by phylogenetic distances equivalent to family level. The other, comprising Glomus versiforme, G. spurcum, and a species morphologically similar to G. etunicatum, is not closely related to the Glomaceae, but clusters together with the Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae in a monophyletic clade. Based on the molecular evidence, a new family, separate from the Glomaceae, is required to accommodate this group of organisms, initially named Diversisporaceae fam. ined. The current taxonomic concept of the recently erected family Archaeosporaceae also requires future emendation, because Geosiphon pyriformis (Geosiphonaceae) renders Archaeospora, the sole genus formally included in this family, paraphyletic. The suborders Gigasporineae and Glominaeae are not congruent with the natural phylogeny of the AM fungi. Our data necessitate a general reexamination of the generic concepts within the Glomales. In addition to the new family structure hypothesized herein, establishment of at least three new genera will be necessary in the future.
https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.2001.1007

]]> 2019-11-16 13:59:13 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/412191869 Fusarium sp https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/412192415 Jamie-lee Vickers

In Nigeria, maize, sorghum, and millet are very important cash crops. They are consumed on a daily basis in different processed forms in diverse cultural backgrounds. These crops are prone to fungi infestation, and subsequently may be contaminated with mycotoxins. A total of 363 samples comprising of maize (136), sorghum (110), millet (87), and ogi (30) were collected from randomly selected markets in four agro-ecological zones in Nigeria. Samples were assessed for Fusarium mycotoxins contamination using a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Subsequently, some selected samples were analysed for the occurrence of hidden fumonisins. Overall, 64% of the samples were contaminated with at least one toxin, at the rate of 77%, 44%, 59%, and 97% for maize, sorghum, millet, and ogi, respectively. Fumonisins were the most dominant, especially in maize and ogi, occurring at the rate of 65% and 93% with mean values of 935 and 1128 μg/kg, respectively. The prevalence of diacetoxyscirpenol was observed in maize (13%), sorghum (18%), and millet (29%), irrespective of the agro-ecological zone. Other mycotoxins detected were deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and their metabolites, nivalenol, fusarenon-X, HT-2 toxin, and hidden fumonisins. About 43% of the samples were contaminated with more than one toxin. This study suggests that consumption of cereals and cereal-based products, ogi particularly by infants may be a source of exposure to Fusarium mycotoxins.
10.3390/toxins8110342


]]> 2019-11-16 14:04:25 UTC https://padlet.com/jodie_score/hmjfimj1fjhr/wish/412192415