2. What was the Research Objective (RO) for the study?

3. Why were Qualitative Methods chosen for this study?

4. List the Data Collection methods in the study.

5. Why is it important for this study to have a framework?

The effectiveness of practical work as a teaching and learning stategy to improve students’ knowledge and understanding about the natural word.

2. What was the Research Objective (RO) for the study?

To obtain a picture of the ‘reality’ of practical work used in school science classes in England with students aged 11–16.

3. Why were Qualitative Methods chosen for this study?

Because qualitative methods can bring the researcher into closer contact with teachers and students as they undertake practical work and collect data in the teaching laboratory to achieve a higher degree of ecological validity.

4. List the Data Collection methods in the study.

The data collection methods are a case-study approach ,observational field notes and tape-recorded interviews with teachers and students.

Because the framework can provide a way of assessing the learning demand of practical tasks and identify the effective way which require specific support for students’  thinking and learning.

2. How effective is practical work in school science, as it is actually carried out, as a teaching and learning strategy.and to explore critically the reality of practical work in the school laboratory.

3. Because this requires a strategy that brings the researcher into closer contact with teachers and students as they undertake practical work, collecting data in the teaching laboratory, focusing on observation of actual practices augmented by interviews conducted in the context of these observations. 

4.Based on case study, it also includes field observation and audio interview.

5. Because the framework can construct the effectiveness of scientific practice, determine the methods to improve students' thinking and effective learning through qualitative analysis, and take it as a strategy.

The practical work in science classes as an teaching strategy in fact lack effectiveness in the enhancement of knowledge. 

2. What was the Research Objective (RO) for the study?

To explore the reality of practical work and its effectiveness in school science classes with students from11 to 16 years old. 

3. Why were Qualitative Methods chosen for this study?

Because qualitative methods provide closer contact with teachers and students and provide detailed insights into the reality of the process of practical works.

4. List the Data Collection methods in the study.

Data Collection methods in the study includes observation of actual practices and tape-recorded interviews with teachers and students.

5. Why is it important for this study to have a framework?

Because a framework can help to analyse the effectiveness of specific examples of practical work in school science, rather than look at the general picture of practical work as a teaching strategy.

2. 25 science lessons.

3. The author want to deeply know the thinking of special person and take an observe of the real classromm.

4. Interview the teachers who give the class,observe the state of the lesson, talk with student who attend the class,recorded te detail of student's performance

5. The hypothesis , reseach context ,research methods are all determined by the thery framework.

As a teaching and learning strategy for 11-year-old to 16-year-old students in maintained schools in England,whether the practical work in school science is effective or not?

Explore the effectiveness of the practical work and obtain a picture of the ‘reality’of practical work as it is used in school science classes in England for students aged 11–16.

Based on the research problem and the research objective,using the qualitative methods could bring the researcher into closer contact with teachers and students as they undertake practical work. The data collected from the teaching laboratory, focusing on observation of actual pratices and the interviews conducted in the context of these observations. 

(1)case-study approach(multi-site approach)

(2)observation field notes 

(3)tape-recorded interviews:the pre-lesson and the post-lesson interview

Does practical work really Work ? if it does,how effective is it ?

To find the practical work effectiveness in students aged 11-16 years old cognitive and affective development.

The researcher needs to be closer contact with teachers and students when they are doing practical work,to know the real things that happen so the reseacher can assure the reseach's ecological validity.

Class obesavation and pre-lesson and post-lesson teacher interviews which were tape-recorded.

Practical work is a very borad category,without the framework it makes no sense to talk about its effectiveness, using the framework make the practical work specific and provide a perspective to anlaysis it.

2. To explore the reality and the effectiveness of practical work in the school laboratory.

3. Quantitative studies in the past didn’t associate actual ideas about the practice work with the actual practice of the practical work and therefore revealed more rhetoric of the practical work. On the contrary, qualitative methods can attach to the realities of practical work more efficiently.

4.  Lesson observational field notes and tape-recorded interviews with teachers and students.

5. Firstly, it can help the teachers assess the “learning demand” and then recognize the possibility that delivering tasks designed more elaborately can assist more effective practical tasks. Secondly, it can help teachers to make an assessment about the effectiveness of their practical tasks in order to make some improvements in the students’ learning. 

The effectiveness of practical work in school science as a teaching and learning strategy.

 

To explore the effectiveness of practical work as a teaching and learning method in science classes for 11 years old to 16 years old students in schools in England.

 

Qualitative method can provide an accurate insights into the reality of teaching in real life setting. Interviews allows researchers to explore critically the reality of practical work in school laboratory and it will achieve a higher degree of ecological validity which allows the results of the study to be more generalizability to the population. Qualitative method enables interviewee to express their opinions more freely. 

 

Case study, observational field notes and taped-recorded interviews of teachers and students.

 

A framework provides a model of the processes to measure the effectiveness of specific practical tasks. In this study, the analytical framework could assists teachers in assessing and recognising tasks that required to be effective for learning. It could help teachers to more focus on evaluating the effectiveness of their own current practice. 

-How effective is practical work in school science, as it actually carried out, as a teaching and learning strategy.

 

2. What was the Research Objective (RO) for the study?

-To explore the effectiveness of practical work by analysing a sample of 25 ‘typical’ science lessons involving pratical work in English secondary schools.

 

3. Why were Qualitative Methods chosen for this study?

-To explore critically the reality of practical work in the school laboratory. This brings the researcher to have a closer contact with teachers and students as they undertake practical work, collecting data in the teaching laboratory, focusing on observation of actual practices by interviews conducted in the observations. This may achieve a higher degree of ecological validity of the study.

 

4. List the Data Collection methods in the study.

-Case study, observation field notes and tape recorded interviews of teachers and students.

 

5. Why is it important for this study to have a framework?

-A framework could help teachers in assessing the learning demand of pratical tasks, and hance in recognizing task that required more careful designs for effective learning to be a possibility. 

 

1.     Research Problem

The research problem in this case study is to investigate the effectiveness of practical work, which raised by science educators in the way of analysing a sample of 25 ‘typical’ science lessons involving practical work in English secondary schools.

2.     Research Objective

The research objective of this study is to obtain a picture of the ‘reality’ of practical work as it is used in school science classes in England with students aged 11–16. 

3.     Qualitative Methods

This research is a case-study and a multi-site approach

4.     Data Collection methods 

i)      observational field notes 

ii)     tape-recorded interviews with teachers and students

5.  Importance to have a framework

The analytical framework used in this study could help teachers in evaluating the learning demand of practical tasks so as to make them realize more thoughtful design is required for effective learning. This framework could also assist teachers to make more focused evaluations of the effectiveness of their own current practice. It may make the teachers examine and change some practical activities they use in ways that could significantly increase their ‘payoff’ in student learning.

2. What was the Research Objective (RO) for the study?
_{A study of the effectiveness of practical work used in science classes for 11-year-old to 16-year-old students in maintained schools in England.}

3. Why were Qualitative Methods chosen for this study?
_{Because the Qualitative Methods  brings the researcher into closer contact with teachers and students as they undertake practical work, may achieve a higher degree.}

4. List the Data Collection methods in the study.
_{^{The Data Collection methods focusing on observation of actual practices augmented by interviews conducted in the context of these observations.}}

5. Why is it important for this study to have a framework?
_{The framework help teachers in assessing the learning demand of practical tasks, and hence in recognizing tasks that required more careful design for effective learning to be a possibility. help teachers to make more focused evaluations of the effectiveness of their own current practice that could significantly increase their ‘payoff’ in terms of student learning.}

2. What was the Research Objective (RO) for the study?
_{A study of the effectiveness of practical work used in science classes for 11-year-old to 16-year-old students in maintained schools in England.}

3. Why were Qualitative Methods chosen for this study?
_{Because the Qualitative Methods  brings the researcher into closer contact with teachers and students as they undertake practical work, may achieve a higher degree.}

4. List the Data Collection methods in the study.
_{^{The Data Collection methods focusing on observation of actual practices augmented by interviews conducted in the context of these observations.}}

5. Why is it important for this study to have a framework?
_{The framework help teachers in assessing the learning demand of practical tasks, and hence in recognizing tasks that required more careful design for effective learning to be a possibility. help teachers to make more focused evaluations of the effectiveness of their own current practice that could significantly increase their ‘payoff’ in terms of student learning.}

2. What was the Research Objective (RO) for the study?
The purpose of this paper is to study the effectiveness of practical work in science lessons for 11-16 year old students in English secondary schools

3. Why were Qualitative Methods chosen for this study?
Because the research strategy in this paper enables researchers to have closer contact with teachers and students when they are engaged in practical work, such a strategy can achieve better and higher goal effects.

4. List the Data Collection methods in the study.
(a) Case study
(b) Field observation and field notes 
(c) taped interviews with teachers and students 

5. Why is it important for this study to have a framework?
This paper constructs a very precise and detailed theoretical framework to analyze the effectiveness of school science classroom practice work. This framework can help teachers assess the learning needs of practical tasks and more pertinently assess the effectiveness of their own current practice

The effectiveness of practical work

Whether increasing the amount of practical work can improve science education？

Case study method、Interview

Recording the interview

The analytical framework assist teachers in assessing the learning demand of practical tasks, and hence in recognizing tasks that required more careful design for effective learning to be a possibility. The use of this framework could help teachers to make more focused evaluations of the effectiveness of their own current practice, perhaps timulating review and revision of some of the practical activities they use in ways that could significantly increase their ‘payoff’ in terms of student learning.

a, doubts of effectiveness of practical work

b, neglect of the links between the real world and the abstract world 

c, lack of explicit Strategies to help students make the links 

d, no appropriate forms of practical work which focus on congivitive  outcomes 

e, it is not reasonable  to determine whether practical work is effective or not as activities aimes and objectives are so different.

2, RO

Study the effectiveness of practical work

3, why quali 

There is little evidence to show  the effectiveness of practical work, and the writer want to know more about it.

No appropriate framework 

Quanti method used by certain people to study  the practical work failed to offer accurate insights into the reality in a natural background , and it’s just a kind of the rhetoric of practical work. So quali can help researcher to get more information . 

4, data collection 

Interview 

Field notes  

Tape recorded

5, why framework is important?

It provide a way to assess the learning demand, and find out what kind of help students need to achieve its effectiveness.

Using it to make teachers pay more attention to evaluations of effectiveness which may stimulate the opinions and improvement of activities in purposes of improving the outcomes of practical work .

 Researchers want to explore whether students' practical learning is effective.

 

Investigate the reality of practical learning in UK school science courses for students aged 11 to 16 in 25 schools in the UK.

 

 The teaching of the experimental process is complex and special. Researchers need to conduct field visits and collect data.

 Researchers used a multi-site approach, involving a series of 25 case studies in different settings,Field notes were taken in each lesson observed.Contact the principals of eight schools, found the corresponding teachers, made on-site notes for each class. And interview and record the teachers and students after class.

First, the framework can help teachers assess the learning needs of practical tasks to modify the instructional design. Second, make teachers pay attention to how to improve their own teaching effect.

 

2 Research objective
The objective of this study is to understand the application of practice work in science classes in secondary school. 

 

3.  Why Qualitative methods
Because the researcher need to work with students and teachers in real-setting environment.

 

4. Data collection methods
Notes from class observations , class interviews with teachers and students.

 

5. Why is it important for this study to have a framework?
Qualitative method can help teachers to have insights in the real-world classroom setting. Teachers can make more effective design through assessing learning demand. By doing so, this can achieve a higher degree of ecological validity of the study. 

 

 

By analyzing the samples of science classes, this study explores the effectiveness of practical work, which involves the practical work of British middle schools.

Explore the effectiveness of practical work

This research mainly focuses on observation, while qualitative research focuses on observing social phenomena as a whole. The more interactive and inclusive it is, the more suitable it is for qualitative research.This research will finally explain the data, while qualitative research is essentially explanatory.

Observation, interview and literature research

 The analytical framework used in this study offers a means of assessing the

learning demand of practical tasks, and identifying those that require specific support for students’thinking and learning in order to be effective.

Does practical work really improve students' learning in science education?

 

2. What was the Research Objective (RO) for the study?

To explore the effectiveness of practical work. How does it play its effectiveness in  science education?

 

3. Why were Qualitative Methods chosen for this study

Because the quantitative questionnaire survey method can not accurately study the natural teaching phenomenon. Therefore, the use of qualitative interview and observation can better approach the research reality.

 

4. List the Data Collection methods in the study.

Data were collected through the analysis of the observational field notes and tape-recorded interviews（pre-lesson interview&post-lesson interview）from teachers and students.

 

5. Why is it important for this study to have a framework?

Because in this study, the framework is an important basis to help analyze the effectiveness of practical work.The design and conclusion of this study are all based on the framework.

students is effectiveness as a teaching and learning strategy.

2. What was the Research Objective (RO) for the study?
This study explored the effectiveness of practical work by analysing a sample of 25 ‘typical’ science lessons 

involving practical work in English secondary schools. 

3. Why were Qualitative Methods chosen for this study?
Because Such a strategy may achieve a higher degree of ecological validity; that is, external validity and 

generalizability to other settings. 

4. List the Data Collection methods in the study.
Observation visit;Field notes;pre-lesson interview;post-lesson interview;conversations.

5. Why is it important for this study to have a framework?
The analytical framework offers a means of assessing the learning demand of practical tasks, and identifying those that require specific support for students’ 

thinking and learning in order to be effective.
And also provides a useful 

tool for analysing examples of practical work in school science.

Whether Practical Work is effective as a teaching and learning method in school science.

2. What was the Research Objective (RO) for the study?

How effective is practical work in school science to explore critically the reality of practical work in the school laboratory  aged from11-16.

3. Why were Qualitative Methods chosen for this study?

Because qualitative methods collecting data in the teaching laboratory,  provide detailed insights into the reality of the process of practical works.

4. List the Data Collection methods in the study.

Data Collection methods 

observation 

tape-recorded  interviews with teachers and students.

5. Why is it important for this study to have a framework?

Because the framework can construct the effectiveness of scientific practice.

 Does Practical Work Really Work? A study of the effectiveness of practical work as a teaching and learning method in school science.

 

To explore the effectiveness of practical work as a teaching and learning method in science classes for 11 years old to 16 years old students in schools in England.

 

The researcher realize the process that teachers and students when they are doing practical work and during this peroid know the real things that happen so the reseacher can assure the reseach's ecological validity.

(1)case-study approach(multi-site approach)

(2)observation field notes 

(3)tape-recorded interviews:the pre-lesson and the post-lesson interview

 

The analytical framework used in this study offers a means of assessing the learning demand of practical tasks, and identifying those that require specific support for students’ thinking and learning in order to be effective.

Practical work as a teaching and learning strategy，its effectiveness is yet to be tested.

2.     RO

This research provides an analytical framework for assessing the learning needs of practical tasks and identifying those that require specific support for students' thinking and learning to be effective.

3.     Why Qualitative

This study aims to critically explore the reality of practical work in school laboratories. This requires a strategy that allows researchers to engage more closely with teachers and students as they engage in their actual work, collect data in the teaching laboratory, focus on observations of actual practice, and conduct interviews in the context of those observations. This research method can achieve high ecological validity.

4.     Data Collection Methods

Case study，Observation，Interview

5.     Why is it important for this study to have a framework？

Practical work is a broad category that includes various types of activities with different goals and objectives. We need to consider the effectiveness of specific examples of actual work, or specific practical tasks.

2. What was the Research Objective (RO) for the study?
This paper studies 25 Practical tasks of British secondary schools to explore the effectiveness of practical work.

3. Why were Qualitative Methods chosen for this study?
The case study method of qualitative research can not only provide accurate insights into teaching practice, but also easier to achieve external effectiveness.

4. List the Data Collection methods in the study.
Case study; Field observation and field notes; Interviews.

5. Why is it important for this study to have a framework?

In secondary schools' education, practical work involves a wide range of courses, including both teachers' teaching and students' learning. In order to achieve effective, real and systematic evaluation conclusions, we must follow a clear research framework.

2. The research objective was to help students create ideas from practical work and raise their learning activeness.

3. Because this study was a kind of Basic / Generic Qualitative Study.

4. Interviews, observations and document analysis.

5. Because the framework in this study help assess the learning demand of practical work.

The second is the match between what the teacher intended the students to learn and what they actually learn.
3.Why were Qualitative Methods chosen for this study?
Proving the validity of practical work by Inductive Reasoning.
4. List the Data Collection methods in the study.

Case-study, observation, interview.

The framework can assist teachers in assessing the learning demand of practical tasks and help teachers to make more focused evaluations of the effectiveness of their own current practice.

Whether Practical Work as a teaching and learning method really works in science study.

 2. What was the Research Objective (RO) for the study?

The RO is to explore how effective practical work is in science study, as it is actually carried out, as a teaching and learning strategy.

 3. Why were Qualitative Methods chosen for this study?

Large scale of quantitative study of school science practical work has been carried out in the UK, yet these studies did not compare expressed views on practical work with observations of actual practice.

 4. List the Data Collection methods in the study.

- pre-lesson and post-lesson teacher interviews (tape-recording interview)

- lessons observations

- interviews with students (tape-recording interview)

 

5. Why is it important for this study to have a framework?

Because practical work is a broad category that encompasses activities of a wide range of types and objectives. The analytical framework may offer a way to consider the effectiveness of specific examples of practical work, so as to better discover the desired learning objectives of the students and so on.

 

2. By analyzing a sample of 25 'typical' science lessons involving practical work in English to explored the effectiveness of practical work 

 

3. brings the researcher into closer contact with teachers and students ,Such a strategy may achieve a higher degree of ecological validity.

 

4.this study take the form of observational field notes and tape-recorded interviews with teachers and students, case study,

5. The study need a framework to provides a means of assessing the learning demand of practical tasks, and a tool for analysing  examples of practical work in school science.

- The research problem in this case study is practical work in school science is effective as a teaching and learning strategy? What is the actual implementation effect? 

 

2. What was the Research Objective (RO) for the study?  

- The research objective (RO) of this case study is to explore the effectiveness of practical work by analyzing a sample of 25 "typical" science courses involving practical work in English secondary schools. Second, to obtain practical work effectiveness research results and understand the “reality” situation of practical work from the science courses of 11 to 16-year-old students at the maintenance school in England. 

 

3. Why were Qualitative Methods chosen for this study?  

- It is because this research aims to critically explore the reality of actual work in school laboratories. This allows researchers to have closer contact with teachers and students when conducting actual work, focusing on observation of actual practice, and enhancing it through interviews conducted in the context of these observations. This can achieve a higher degree of ecological validity. 

 

4. List the Data Collection methods in the study.  

This requires a technique that carries the analyst into closer contact with educators and understudies as they embrace useful work, gathering information in the teaching lab, zeroing in on perception of genuine practices increased by interviews directed with regards to these perceptions. Consequently, a contextual investigation approach was picked. There are various points of reference for the utilization of such a technique to investigate, in a basic way. Eight schools were drawn closer and the top of the science office requested consent to notice at least one science exercises at public educational program Key Stage 3 or Key Stage 4 (understudies matured 11–14 and 15–16, individually) 

- Have closer contact with teachers and students when doing actual work. 

- Focus on observations of actual practice. 

- Collect data in the teaching laboratory. 

- Recorded interviews with teachers before and after class. 

- Record the conversations with student groups during and after class. 

- Sample of English Secondary School and England Maintained School 

- Practical tasks and teachers observed 

 

5. Why is it important for this study to have a framework?  

-Practical work is a broad category that includes a variety of types of activities with widely varying aims and objectives. The starting point (Box A) is the teacher's learning goal-what he or she wants students to learn. This may be a specific piece of substantive scientific knowledge or a specific aspect of the scientific inquiry process (collecting, analyzing, or interpreting empirical evidence). Once this has been decided, the next step (Box B) is to design (or select) a practice task that is likely to enable the student to achieve the desired learning goal. The model (Box C) is to ask students what they actually did while performing the task. For a variety of reasons, this may be more or less what the teacher (or author of the practice task) intended. 

2. To explore the effectiveness of practical work by analyzing a sample of 25 typical science lessons involving practice work in English secondary schools.

3. Quantitative researches have been done on practical work of school science and have provided insights into the views of both teachers and students. But as to the comparison between expressed views on practical work and observation of actual practice, quantitative researches have done little. Therefore, quantitative researches are seen as of the rhetoric of practical work, but not of the reality.

Comparatively, qualitative methods, such as interview, are to explore critically the reality of practical work by leading the researchers into closer contact with research subjects who are undertaking the practical work. Qualitative methods can help achieve a higher degree of external validity and generalization to other settings.

4. Observational field notes;

Tape-recorded interviews with teachers and students before and after the lesson.

5. The study started from a model of the processes involved in designing and evaluating a practical task to develop an analytical framework. That’s because practical work is of wide range of types and with various aims and objectives, and therefore it’s almost impossible to conclude that practical work in general is an effective teaching and learning strategy. The framework developed provides a useful tool for analyzing examples of practical work in school science.