https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6 .................................................................... en-us 2021-05-11 16:55:35 UTC 2025-08-23 07:39:10 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f9ec.png kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514328708 2021-05-11 16:58:57 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514328708 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514647244 2021-05-11 18:03:55 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514647244 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514647990 2021-05-11 18:04:05 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514647990 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514654693 2021-05-11 18:05:33 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514654693 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514669062 2021-05-11 18:08:35 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514669062 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514669826 2021-05-11 18:08:45 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514669826 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514671429 2021-05-11 18:09:05 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514671429 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514678139 they eat the intruder cells until only a small part of it remains]]> 2021-05-11 18:10:19 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514678139 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514703539 2021-05-11 18:15:48 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514703539 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514705908 2021-05-11 18:16:14 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514705908 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514709639 2021-05-11 18:16:51 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514709639 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514710767 2021-05-11 18:17:04 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514710767 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514715961 after eating part of the cell, the macrophage presents it to the T CELL]]> 2021-05-11 18:18:15 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514715961 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514882367 "soldiers who search out and destroy the targeted invaders"]]> 2021-05-11 18:56:37 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514882367 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514883953 2021-05-11 18:57:02 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514883953 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514889779 inflammatory/ bacteria = IFN gamma]]> 2021-05-11 18:58:34 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514889779 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514897150 allergies/ worms
=IL4]]> 2021-05-11 19:00:29 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514897150 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514900367 T reg/ anti inflammatory
=IL10]]> 2021-05-11 19:01:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1514900367 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1515690453 2021-05-12 00:25:48 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1515690453 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1515709826 all cells together to fight against the virus at the same time]]> 2021-05-12 00:32:57 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1515709826 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1515726972 2021-05-12 00:39:06 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1515726972 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1515728078 kill the infected cells with "physical" contact, actual touch it]]> 2021-05-12 00:39:28 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1515728078 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1515742323 2021-05-12 00:44:23 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1515742323 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1515749226 2021-05-12 00:46:50 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1515749226 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1518107543 2021-05-12 16:06:21 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1518107543 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521542130 produces ANTIBODIES]]> 2021-05-13 15:49:27 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521542130 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521543765 2021-05-13 15:49:49 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521543765 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521545218 2021-05-13 15:50:07 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521545218 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521546335 2021-05-13 15:50:21 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521546335 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521547366 2021-05-13 15:50:34 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521547366 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521554968 FIRST ANTIBODY TO BE PRODUCED, NOT THE STRONGEST ONE]]> 2021-05-13 15:52:12 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521554968 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521559124 BEST ANTIBODY! ]]> 2021-05-13 15:53:05 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521559124 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521564125 CAUSES ALERGIES/ FIGHTS WORMS ]]> 2021-05-13 15:54:02 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521564125 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521565490 STOMACH, INTESTINES, EYES -->  WET PLACES ]]> 2021-05-13 15:54:18 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521565490 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521609002 Fewer than 15 thousand cases per year (Brazil)

]]> 2021-05-13 16:03:38 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521609002 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521624781 An increase in the number of cases of these diseases has been observed worldwide in recent decades, with an estimated 700,000 to 1 million new cases and 20,000 to 30,000 deaths annually, especially in low and middle income countries1. Of the 200 countries that reported cases of leishmaniasis, 87 are considered endemic1.

]]> 2021-05-13 16:07:03 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521624781 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521634095 For visceral leishmaniasis, serological testing can provide supporting evidence for the diagnosis. ]]> 2021-05-13 16:09:06 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521634095 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521645856  The disease is transmitted by the female of the insect, when the insect bites infected mammal and subsequently bites another mammal. EXAMPLE: mosquito bites an infected dog and after bites a human, linking the human blood to the infected dog blood, causing the disease.

]]> 2021-05-13 16:11:44 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521645856 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521667291 2021-05-13 16:16:05 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1521667291 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1522281676 In addition to the membrane bound toll-like receptors (TLRs) and C-type lectin like receptors (CLRs), recent advances in science has seen a dramatic progress in our understanding of the cytoplasmic PRR that include Nod-like receptors (NLR), Aim2-like receptors (ALR), RIG-I like receptors (RLRs) and several cytoplasmic DNA sensors. Despite all these advancements, our understanding on TLRs and cytoplasmic PRRs that recognize and respond to Leishmania are rather limited which is discussed below.

]]> 2021-05-13 18:35:49 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1522281676 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1522292746 The major innate immune cells that respond to Leishmania infection are neutrophils and macrophages.]]> 2021-05-13 18:38:38 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1522292746 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1522339993 These cells are equipped with several  encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)  surface in the macrophage cell's surface that help them to recognize invading pathogens.

]]> 2021-05-13 18:51:31 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1522339993 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1522343422 Upon entry into the mammalian hosts, Leishmania parasites first come in contact with the complement system (protein part of the innate immunity system). Once the complement pathway is activated, some cells such as C3b facilitates the membrane attack complex (MAC) on the Leishmania surface and lyses the parasite, which means the cells form a hole in the parasite that will kill it.]]> 2021-05-13 18:52:28 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1522343422 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1522346495 2021-05-13 18:53:21 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1522346495 kimmatalon23_2_1 https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1522905515 TLR2 and TLR4 (toll-like receptor proteins that are part of the innate immunity) on macrophage (eating cell) recognize Leishmania outside, whereas TLR3 and TLR9 recognize Leishmania in the vacuole.  Activation of TLRs activates the proteins signaling through other proteins such as MyD88 which is important for Leishmania clearance.]]> 2021-05-13 22:39:51 UTC https://padlet.com/kimmatalon23_2_1/hm44astb2r7gp2e6/wish/1522905515