E Block: The Golden Age of Islam by Kristen Shiraki

House of Wisdom Foundation, Maidan Square, Baghdad, Iraq

shirakik — 2021-04-12 09:18:43 UTC

Mohammed al Khwarizmi (780-850) developed the system of algebra, the concept of an algorithm (formula) and pioneers the use of Indo-Arabic numerals. His works are published in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, Iraq

Chester, UK

shirakik — 2021-04-12 09:18:43 UTC

Translated Khwarizmi's work into latin

Segovia, Spain

shirakik — 2021-04-12 09:18:43 UTC

Monks from the Abbey of Chester in England moved here to translate Arabic texts into latin

Lombardia, Italy

shirakik — 2021-04-12 09:18:43 UTC

Gerard of Cremona moves from Lombardia Italy to Toledo, Spain

Toledo, Spain

shirakik — 2021-04-12 09:18:43 UTC

The Toledo School of Translators housed scholars that specialized in translating Arabic texts into Latin. Toledo the city was founded under Muslim Rule (previously known as Al Andalus).

Azahara, Córdoba, Spain

24yoom — 2021-04-13 16:02:14 UTC

Al-Zahrawi was born in the city of Azahara, 8 kilometers northwest of Córdoba. He also lived the majority of his life in Azahara, Córdoba.

Damascus, Syria

24tset — 2021-04-13 16:02:18 UTC

Ibn Al Nafis was born here in 1213

Egypt

24aftabij — 2021-04-13 16:02:49 UTC

Ibn Al Nafis moved to Egypt in 1236 where he practiced science and medicine as chief physician of Al Mansuri hospital.

Bukhara

24zoua — 2021-04-13 16:03:21 UTC

Ibn Sina was born and educated in a village near present-day Bukhara. He is one of the most significant philosophers in the Islamic era and the most influential philosopher of the pre-modern era. A physician at the age of 16, he was notable for his contributions in the fields of medicine and philosophy. At a young age, Ibn Sina studied various texts written in Roman, Persian, and Greco-Roman and learned Indian arithmetic. He was a philosopher, physician, psychiatrist and poet, but he was most notable for his written work, the Canon of Medicine.

Bukhara is Ibn Sina's birthplace as well as the beginning of his medical journey. In addition, this location is significant as it serves as the intellectual and cultural center of the Islamic World. Bukhara prospers both economically and culturally, leading to the Golden Age of Islam.

Italy

24aftabij — 2021-04-13 16:03:54 UTC

Ibn Al Nafis (1213-1288) discovered that blood circulates from the right chamber of the heart to the lungs and then to the left chamber, correcting earlier theories established by Roman physician Galen one thousand years earlier. His work was first translated in Italy in 1547.

Berlin, Germany

24aftabij — 2021-04-13 16:05:32 UTC

In 1924, an Egyptian physician discovered Ibn Al Nafis’s text on pulmonary circulation in the Prussian State Library in Berlin. The physician's name was Muhyo Al-Deen Altawi and the manuscript was titled, Sharh tashrih al-qanun li’ Ibn Sina, or "Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon”. We still use his discovery of pulmonary circulation for medicine and research on the human body. The manuscript covers in detail the topics of anatomy, pathology, and physiology, and is the earliest description of pulmonary circulation.

Cairo, Egypt

24chent — 2021-04-13 16:06:13 UTC

After growing up in Basrah, Ibn al Haytham moved to Cairo, Egypt and spent most of his life living there. Al Haytham made multiple breakthroughs from developing analytical geometry by establishing the linkage between algebra and geometry to discovering a formula for adding the first 100 natural numbers.

Basrah, Iraq

24xiez1 — 2021-04-13 16:06:56 UTC

Ibn al Haytham was born July 1, 965 CE, in Basrah, Iraq, to an Arab family. However, al Haytham would move to Cairo where he spent most of his life studying the science of optics and become dubbed, "the father of modern optics". He initiated a revolution in his field, laying the groundwork and research for many key technologies, such as the modern day camera, eyeglasses, telescopes, and microscopes. He also introduced the earliest version of the modern scientific method.

Toledo, Spain

24chent — 2021-04-13 16:09:44 UTC

Ibn al Haytham's book, The Book of Optics (1021) was translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona. The Book of Optics was a seven-volume treatise on optics and other fields of study. Gerard moved from Italy to Toledo, Spain to translate Arabic scientific texts.

Córdoba, Spain

24yoom — 2021-04-13 16:10:03 UTC

He spent the majority of his life working in cordoba. He invented more than 200 surgical instruments and created a 30 volume book that described all his work and detailed many of his procedures and techniques. He pioneered many medical methods that are still used today such as cauterization and using cannulae. While al-Zahrawi never performed the surgical procedure of what now is called a tracheotomy, he did treat a slave woman who had cut her own throat in a suicide attempt. Al-Zahrawi sewed up the wound and the woman recovered. He proved that an incision in the larynx could heal. He also laid the groundwork for modern neurosurgery and neurological diagnosis. He is known to have performed surgical treatments of head injuries, skull fractures, spinal injuries, and headache.

France

24chent — 2021-04-13 16:11:00 UTC

Book of Optics (1021), translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona, was printed by Risner, a German mathematician based in France in 1572 and influenced the later works of others such as Bacon, Da Vinci, Descartes, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton.

Chaulhac, Lozère, France

24baor — 2021-04-13 16:12:43 UTC

In the 14th century, the French surgeon Guy de Chauliac quoted Al-Zahrawi over 200 times. Pietro Argallata (d. 1453) described Al-Zahrawi as "without doubt the chief of all surgeons".

Hyrcanian Forests, Shaft, Iran

24shakooril — 2021-04-13 16:16:19 UTC

In his Canon of Medicine he began to lay down a solid encyclopedia for medicine. The writing began to spread and Europe and became the standard medical book in the 15th and 16th century.

The area that he lived in Iran was extremely close to Baghdad. Being close to Baghdad, the information and encyclopedia could stretch.

Qayrawan, Tunisia

24robertsonk4 — 2021-04-13 23:34:55 UTC

Fatima al Fihri was born in Qayrawan, Tunisia. Fatima invented the first academic and degree-granting university. This university became a place for innovation, and it became a gateway between the Middle East, Africa, and Europe. Information could be shared from around the world with this university. Fatima's university is still in operation today, and it has one of the world's oldest libraries.

Fez, Morocco

24robertsonk4 — 2021-04-13 23:38:31 UTC

Fatima moved to Morocco and in 859 and founded The University of Qarawiyyan. It was the first university that grants degrees. It became a place for scholars around the empire to share their knowledge, which ultimately contributed to the growing knowledge during the Golden Age.

Rome, Italy

24robertsonk4 — 2021-04-13 23:39:46 UTC

Pope Sylvester the second, otherwise known as Gerber of Auvergne, learned about Indo-Arabic numerals and concept of zero from Fatima's university. He took this information to Rome, where it then spread throughout Europe.

Aleppo, Syria

24shaoc — 2021-04-14 00:56:22 UTC

Miriam al Astrulabi was born here, and became well-known for her intricately designed astrolabes. Astrolabes are navigation devices, and they eventually led to the creation of modern GPS. The astrolabe is significant, because it helped sea traders find their way to various trading posts around the empire, improving and enhancing economic growth. The ruler of Aleppo employed her because of her skill. She was the only female engineer in the whole Islamic Empire and even contributed to modern astronomy.

Baghdad, Iraq

24shaoc — 2021-04-14 00:59:39 UTC

Miriam al Astrulabi's father was an apprentice to a master astrolabe maker in Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid caliphate, and the center of trade between Europe, Asia, and Africa.

France

24cheemasabirb — 2021-04-14 04:02:17 UTC

Gerber of Auvergne (later Pope Sylvester II) introduced Miriam's innovated astrolabe technology into France. The astrolabe was then incorporated into the french education system. This location is significant because it meant that interaction was established between the Muslim Empire and France.

Kaaba, Mecca Saudi Arabia

24cheemasabirb — 2021-04-14 04:58:38 UTC

Astrolabes had many purposes in the Muslim Empire. They were used to find the qibla, which is the direction to the Kaaba in Mecca. Muslims face the Kaaba, no matter where they are, while praying. Astrolabes also told the position of the sun and other stars, which assisted in the determination of the beginning of Ramadan.

Gorgan, Iran

24zoua — 2021-04-14 19:19:01 UTC

Written in Gorganj, Iran, the Canon of Medicine spread from Medieval Europe to Asia. Ibn Sina's great contributions toward his medical textbook have helped set the standard for modern day medicine such as anatomy, physiology, hygiene, diseases, and treatments for diseases. The principles in his Canon of Medicine are still relevant to contemporary medical teachings. This location is significant to the Golden Age of Islam; starting from Gorgan, Iran, his written work spread all the way to Europe and Asia.