Period 3 Key Concept Cube Project Observation Wall by https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6 While looking over your classmates projects, document the following things: 1. Important content (specific nouns--people, places, things) 2. Reoccurring themes and topics 3. What you found most interesting 4. Questions you still have --Please write your name on the post! en-us 2018-10-29 12:13:40 UTC 2024-10-16 13:29:00 UTC hello@padlet.com Maguire Goodrich https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297969935 state practices that encouraged inter-regional trade:
-Inca Road System: llama caravans transported goods, military and people moved across bridges, rest areas where travelers could spend the night, normal citizens needed permission to travel on these roads, toll at bridges, runners carried information via relay system
-Grand Canal: Sui Dynasty, connection of waterways from south to north china, could more easily tax southern areas, led to economic unification
-Hanseatic League: western-Europe trading system, organized union of individual cities, controlled by merchants

Diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and neo-Confucianism into new regions led to significant changes in gender relations and family structure
-Monastic Life: convents offered women more freedom (literacy and education), women couldn't hear confessions or preach, abbesses, still emphasis on women's inferiority
-Foot Binding: song china, new feminine ideals and new idea of beauty, small and fragile was beautiful and showed subordination, kept women restricted in the house, improved girls' chances at marriage
-Islam: Quran was egalitarian, women had control over properties and inheritance, divorce could be initiated by men and women, spiritual equality, middle-eastern standards of female inferiority became associated with Islam, Hadiths
-Masculinity in Confucianism: men were considered providers instead of warriors, married women belonged to their husbands, identified primary and secondary wives, widows had extreme restrictions in Korea so they couldn't remarry

Diffusion of Crops and Pathogens
-Bananas in Africa: phytolith (silica bodies found in plants), Indian Ocean older connection to Africa
-Pathogens: Bubonic plague, smallpox, variations of plague

Reoccurring Themes:
1. Expansion of trade routes, more complex merchant and trade agreements/systems
2. more contact with other regions and sharing of ideas/diseases across land and borders
3. as society evolved, so did gender roles and views

What I found interesting:
1. I found it interesting how although the Quran said that women and men were equal, middle-eastern views changed this idea and said that women were subordinate. Although they were equal under Islam, ideals of women being subordinate became associated with this religion.
2. I also found it interesting how simple trade arrangements had such a profound impact on the cultures of societies across the globe.

Questions: 
1. How did governments regulate trade on the Inca Road systems and how did the runner system work? 
2. How did merchants organize and cohesively run the Hansiatic League without living in the same area? ]]> 2018-10-29 12:31:47 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297969935 caroline rainosek https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297969962 the port of canton
1. 
- jews have advantage in commercial trade because of their ability to communicate and their family ties
- sogdian societies were led by "caravan chiefs"
- chinese armies force sogdians to have to expand in different directions 
- many people in africa clung to islam 
- muslims were able to dominate trade due to their amount of riches 
- due to Chinese merchants the formation of postal services increased 
- tang dynasty continues to expand 
2. trade, expansion
3. that so many different diverse  people all went to the same port, and for the most part were able to get along 
4. no questions ]]> 2018-10-29 12:31:51 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297969962 Tori Frahm https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297969965 1. Important content:
agriculture, trade, Islam, egalitarian, Neo-confucianism, innovations, long distance trade, India, China (Sui, Tang, Song, and Yuan dynasty) , astrology, astronomy, feudalism, pastoralism, guilds, luxury goods, smallpox, Bubonic plague, West-Africa, Mongols, Inca Road systems, Hanseatic league, Grand canal, guilds, Kievan Rus, slave trade, Japan, tax and tribute, Incas, peasant revolts,
2. Reoccurring themes and topics
Technological advances, fluctuations of women's rights in relation to religion and technological advances, spread, diversification, communication, nomadic pastoralism, guilds, long distance trade, expansion, disease spread (Bubonic plague), overall causes and effects of increased trade and communication with other civilizations, taxes and tributary relationships between empires/civilizations, causes and effects of peasant revolts
3. I found the broader concept of women's rights and abilities fluctuating throughout the post-classical era the most interesting. It was extremely fascinating to learn what ideas, people, etc. caused women to have these rights and then what ended up restricting them. 
4. Questions I have:

]]> 2018-10-29 12:31:51 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297969965 Lauren Sar https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297969983 1. IMPORTANT CONTENT:
3.1.I.C- Significant innovations Increased Inter-Regional Trade in Luxury Goods
- land-based innovations: Camel Saddles, Caravanserai
-Maritime Innovations: Astrolabe, Compass, Larger Ship Designs
-Forms of Monetization: Bills of Exchange, Credit, Banking Houses, Checks
- Luxury Goods Traded: silk, cotton, spices, slaves, porcelain, exotic animals, precious metals and gems
- more communication -> trade increase -> more luxury goods sought after -> new innovations required to transport luxury goods

3.3.III.C-  New Forms of Coerced Labor & Peasants Revolted Due to Taxation Increases 
-Peasant Revolts: China (Red Turban Revolt), and Byzantine Empire (Basil the Copper Hand) both stopped and both because of government neglect & tax increase
-Increase in slave trade (mainly in Kievan Rus, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southwest Asia)
- Serfdom in Europe and Japan
- Incan Mit'a: all men required to participate in public service

3.1.II.B- long distance trade had significant environmental impact 
- Bantu Migration: species displacement, erosion, exhaustion of resources, altered landscape, agricultural spread
- Polynesian migration: overpopulation, animals and plants brought to new areas, disease, altered ecosystems, deforestation, environmental collapse, species endangerment and extinction

3.3.III.B- Women's Power and Influence in Japan, Mongolia, West Africa, and Southeast Asia
-Southeast Asia: mother's and father's lineage, own property, commerce, many occupations
-Japan: inherit property, live with wife's family, literary development, 
- Mongolia: many occupations, warriors, take care of livestock, advisors of male leaders, most respect overall
-West Africa: women subordinate to men, political jobs, agricultural labor, women and men compliments to each other
 
2. REOCCURRING THEMES:
-Economic relations driving positive and negative communication, and leading to a negative environmental impact
- In many societies women were given more rights than previously available to them.

3. MOST INTERESTING INFORMATION:
It was interesting that there were many different societies where women had much more rights than previously at this time. I would have assumed that societies near china would influenced more by the patriarchal views of Confucianism rooted in China.

4. QUESTIONS:
Were there any peasant revolts in West Africa, Japan, Russia, or Western Europe? ]]> 2018-10-29 12:31:54 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297969983 tenley parr https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297970002 2018-10-29 12:31:57 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297970002 Alex Kotis https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297970019 1. Important Concepts - 
- Merchants spread their ideas, religion, and culture wherever they traveled.
- Luxury goods were a major cause for the creation, and large amounts of long distance trade. 
- Increases in trade lead to a regulated monetary system.
- Ibn Battuta (1325-1354) Traveled for 29 years and went 75,000 miles.
- Marco Polo, wrote to show the wealth and power of China to Europeans.
- Zuanzang, Buddhist monk from China, traveled for 17 years, left China illegally, wanted to find the difference between original and Chinese Buddhism.
2. Trade spread ideas, culture and religion wherever it went. It changed the culture of many societies.

3. Most Interesting - 
Although the Mongols were thought of as Barbarians by many, their women had a lot of freedom compared to the rest of the world. Mongol women were allowed to fight along side the men and have property. This can also be seen in the case Sparta. Athens created democracy, but their women were treated way worse then Spartan women and had little to no freedom.
4. N/A

]]> 2018-10-29 12:31:58 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297970019 Kari.Peng karipeng https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297970046 Long distance trade led to the diffusion of languages
  1. The rise of trade 
  2. The rise of ism and its conquest 
  3. Culture and language spread out as the merchants spread out throughout the trade route. Culture and language provide a common connection among traders in foreign region. 
  4. Arabian language blended into the Turkic language and Bantu language family ( which later become the Swahili language ) 

]]> 2018-10-29 12:32:00 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297970046 Maryam Khan https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297970100 Diversification of Labor Organizations
1. Different Labors became more prominent, guilds, obligations imposed by the government.
2. Different forms of Labor
3. Different guilds for different forms of government
4. N/A
Social Structure: Women's Power & Influence in Japan, Mongolia, West Africa,, & SE Asia
1. SE Asia:  own property, divorce husbands
Japan: allowed to make the decision about where the would live after marriage, women contributed to the literary development of Japan, some women exercised military power as samurai.
Mongolia: women were free to ride horses, fought alongside men, advisers of male leaders
West Africa:  ordinary women were in charge of labor and weaving production
2. Women were still subordinate to men but were give more rights
3. Women were slowly given rights although they were very few rights it is still an important aspect of the KC.
Key Concept: 3.1. II. B
1. Bantu Migration: spread from West Africa throughout S Africa (2000 BCE), known for growing crops such as millet and sorghum, made these regions the most attractive locations fro new settlement, increasing even more migration, moved S and W into forest lands, traded with Batawa, iron-making technology
Effect of Bantu Migration: new farming technologies and crops altered landscape, raising cattle displaced the natural animals, populations increased the Bantu's turned to irrigation and terracing techniques, led to a lot of land being cleared causing erosion to take place quicker, overtime they did not have any new technological advances, exhausted the supply of wood, soil, and fertile lands
Polynesian Migration: began around 1300 CE,  migrated they used outrigger canoes and navigated with stars, brought yams and taro, brought dogs, chickens, and pigs, migrated to Fiji and Samoa, went to Madagascar
2. Migration
3.  Spread of culture due to Migration
4. N/A
 



]]> 2018-10-29 12:32:09 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297970100 Larkin Owens larkinowens https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297970102 -3.1 IE
1. Pax Mongolica, dhimmis, Tripoli, Alexandria, Byzantium, purple dye, gold and silver crafts, Karakorum, Hangzhou, Chang'an, Vietnam, Korea, trans-Asiatic trade
2. TRADE (i.e. a massive deal), empire expansion led to lots of trade
3. I found the re invigoration of the silk roads by the Mongols interesting.
4. none really because this is my cube

- 3.1 IIB
1. Bantu Migration, Central & Southern Africa, tropical savanna, sub-Saharan Africa, Batawa, iron-making technology,  Polynesian Migration, outrigger canoes, yams, taro, Pacific ocean,  Fiji, Samoa, Easter Island, Madagascar, deforestation
2. MIGRATION, they both caused some of the same things (deforestation, used new types of agriculture)
3. It interested me that two groups could have such big migrations yet have spread due to completely different reasons
4. how did both migrations cause deforestation?

- 3.3 IIIC
1. Incan mita'a, Aztec, forced public service, China, Red turban Revolt, Yuan Mongol rule, Yellow river, White Lotus Society, Zhu Yuanzhang, Ming Dynasty, Byzantine Empire, Bithynia, Basil the Copper Hand, social stratification, slave trade, Kievan Rus, Slavery, Hereditary Serfdom, Knight, vassal, Daimyo, Meiji Restoration, Bushido, Code of chivalry, Dark Ages, Odoacer
2. serfdom, social stratification
3. i found interesting that if enough pressure was exerted upon the people or if the people disliked a government enough, they would revolt and the next government would try to erase their predecessors.
4. What caused serfdom in Europe and Japan?

-3.3 I A
1. swamp draining, Earth, agricultural land area, canals, terracing techniques, Philippines, Peru, South America, East Asia, Waru Waru, Andean Region, Chinampa farming, drought, irrigation, 3 field rotation, horse collar
2. farming, irrigation systems
3. I found the floating gardens of the chinampa field systems interesting
4. Were there any other civilizations that used the chinampa system?]]> 2018-10-29 12:32:09 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297970102 Caroline Ferguson https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297970151 1. Slave trade, Kievan Rus, serfs, knights, mit'a, Port of Canton, Pax Mongolia, Genghis Khan, Grand Canal, Black Death and other diseases, compass, astrolabe, ship technology, caravanserai, banks/checking/bills of exchange, Polynesians, Easter Island, Marco Polo, Mongols, guilds, samurai, women's roles and rights, Hanseatic League 
2. Trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean trade routes, cultural, economic, and political effects of trade, Bantu, technological advances/innovations, Islam (religion), effects of migration
3. European vs. Japanese Serfdom, women's rights and abilities throughout the world
4. None]]> 2018-10-29 12:32:15 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297970151 Cady He https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297970175 -3.3. three B Women's Power and Influence in Japan, Mongolia, West Africa, and Southeast Asia-
West Africa: weaving, complementary between sexes
Japan: The Tale of Genji written by Murasaki Shikibu, women samurai
Southeast Asia: women participated in commerce, Pwa Saw: a Pagan thirteenth century queen exercised political and religious power
Mongolia: women riding horses, fighting alongside men, raising cattle, serving as political advisers

-Post-Classical State Practices That Encouraged Inter-regional Trade-
Inca Road System: llama caravans, bridges were built (the need to pay toll), allowed imperial expansion, runners using a relay system to carry information over long distances
Grand Canal: Built during Sui dynasty, connection from South to North, Sui benefited from collecting taxes farther south
Hanseatic League (1200-1400): founded by German merchant communities, against piracy and robbery to maintain order, independent court system

-3.3. I. E Empire Expansion Encouraged Inter-regional Trade-
Byzantine Empire: Alexandria and Tripoli as major trading port cities, better army, goods in high demand, center of Eastern Orthodox (building of churches), connecting Asia and Europe
China: the expansion of China under the Tang led to more protectorates (Vietnam, Korea, Japan, tributary system and trade), Changan, people moved to port cities, capital became Hangzhou during Yuan dynasty,
trade inside and outside China

Reoccurring themes and topics:
1. The construction of empires or unified states is often accompanied by development in trading system both with in and outside the empire.
2. Major trading cities became the center (sometimes even the capital) of the empires/states. From another way of saying, the center of the empires/states often became cosmopolitan centers of trade.
3. In some cases women were restricted and excluded for public life. In other cases, they were able to have legal political and religious rights  in the society. The form of the political unit has a great impact in women's lives.

What I found interesting:
1. Some religions/ideologies emphasize women's subordinate role in the society; however others such as African ideologies suggest gender equality.
2. Animals have greatly impacted people's lives. For example, llamas were used for trade in the Inca Empire, camels were used on the Silk Road, horses were used for the Mongols. However, they could also be used for milk, meat production, etc.
3. The prosperity of trade was often accompanied by the building of extensive roads.

Questions:
1. How did governments manage port cities especially when they were growing stronger politically and socially as trade  prospered?
2. How did rulers/governors manage commercial organizations/leagues/units so that they could keep them under control? (relationship between merchants and other hierarchies)]]> 2018-10-29 12:32:19 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297970175 James Decker https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297970180 Crop diffusion and pathogens
1)  Bubonic Plague and crops
2) crops spreading 
3) The mongols flung disease ridden bodies at enemies

]]> 2018-10-29 12:32:20 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297970180 Ben Peters https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297970229 1) Bubonic Plague, Religion, Culture and Trade
2) Crops spread and disease, Religion, trade
3) Bubonic plague originated from china
Purple was important color for Jewish merchants.
4) Did Jews and Muslims trade between each other.y]]> 2018-10-29 12:32:27 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297970229 Kennedy Boston kennedyboston https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297971931 1)  Domesticated animals, languages, and merchant communities were very important during this time as they all aided in the spread of various religions, crops, pathogens, languages, goods, etc.
2) Trade is at the root of this period, almost everything can be traced back to it
3) As languages spread, they began to morph but Hawaiian and Tahitian, countries far from each other, hold similar words as do many others due to migration and such
4) How do we still see the effects of trading today? How has trading and diffusion changed over time? How has it remained the same?]]> 2018-10-29 12:35:54 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297971931 https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297976378 2018-10-29 12:44:11 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297976378 caroline rainosek https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297976982 1.
-trade routes allow for new tech and crops to be traded throughout the arabic state
- boost Islamic economy 
- rice aided large scale production of iron tools 
- bubonic plague orginated from the mongols, wipes out a lot of people
2. diseases and technological expansion
3. due to the ability to trace back the appearance if phytolith scientist were able to find that the indian ocean connection to africa was farther back than they thought ]]> 2018-10-29 12:45:15 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297976982 caroline rainosek https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297981061 diversification of labor organizations 
1.  
- guild orgs were people that came together with similar interest or professions 
- three theirs are the hierarchy of the guilds ( master craftsmen, journeymen, apprentice) 
- there was free peasant agriculture, allowing them to sell their goods in small market places, which provides them with basic needs 
-  peasants without land would become nomadic, this system was good because it was a easy way to maintain the population 
- government imposed labor were paid to the ruling class, and could be paid via labor
-serfs and peasants owe military service to their lords 
2. hierarchy and economy 
3. I found that it was interesting that nomads were able to have sell their own goods, rather than not be able sell or work at all
4. ]]> 2018-10-29 12:53:07 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297981061 James https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297983614 Merchant set up diasporic communities
1) Trade spread religion

]]> 2018-10-29 12:57:05 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/297983614 Anna Marie Harding https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298065302 1. Diasporic Merchants: Jews, monotheism, commercial trade, restricted rights, finance boats, maritime trade, linens and spices, color purple, Port of Canton, junks, postal services, Ancient Tea-Horse Road, Southern Silk Road, Silk Road, silk and porcelain, Muslim city states, high ranking positions, North and West Africa, Africanized Islam, Sogdians, caravan chiefs. 

Agricultural techniques: chinampa field systems, floating gardens, Aztecs, terracing, Incas, irrigation systems, not very productive, horse collar, Western Europe, three field rotation, Western Europe, waru waru, South Africa, Incas

Diffusion of Religions: Islamic gender equality, Persian seclusion, infanticide, rights of inheritance, Christian convents, occupational opportunities, intellectual inferiority, foot binding, rite of passage, Buddhist spiritual equality, nirvana, lower status of women, Avalokitesvara, sects, family, sima Guang

Adaptations to environment: interregional trade, camels, trans-Saharan trade, horses, Central Asia Steppes, grasslands, Viking longship, North Atlantic Ocean

Interregional trade encouraged by empire expansion: Mongols, ownership of Silk Road, flexible legal system, diplomatic protocols, continuation of roman Empire, Constantinople, Kievan Rus, Tang Dynasty, Chang'an, Islamic Caliphates, West Africa, Swahili Coast, Russia, protective legal system, safety for merchants

Commercial Growth: currency, simple bilateral exchange, Grand Canal, Yangdi, fortifications, granaries, Inca Road System, relay runners, woven bridges, Hanseatic League, protection of trade, regional trade agreements

Forms of coerced labor and peasant revolts: serfdom, Japan and Europe, feudalism, manorialism, mit'a, military service, coerced labor, demand for slaves, Central Astia, Africa, Eastern Mediterranean, prisoners of war, increase in population, Red Turban Rebellion, Imperial China, White Lotus Society, Basil the Copperhand 

Travelers: Ibn Battuta, hajj, Horn of Africa, quadi, Xuanzang, Buddhist, deciphered Buddhist scriptures, Marco Polo, Venetian merchant, over Silk Road, tax collector
2. Technological advances, changes in women's rights(depending on religion and technological advances), communication, nomadic pastoralism, guilds, long distance trade, expansion, disease spread increased trade and communication with other civilizations, taxes and tributary systems, peasant revolts 
3. I found the adventures along the itineraries of the main travellers the most interesting.
4. None]]> 2018-10-29 15:04:50 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298065302 Izzy Dover & Mary Brown https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298066704 Diversification of Labor organization
1.  Taxes - various forms of taxes owed to king (could be payed through products, or service). This kept serfs dependent on a lord.
Nomadic Pastoralism - roaming around grazing animals (opposite of civilization)
Craft product and guild organization - specialization of labor thus guilds (groups of people w/ similar jobs)
Coerced Labor - unpaid forced labor
Free peasant labor - peasants could control their products/ economic status. Self sufficient.
2. impoverished people were forced into labor.
All the systems were dependent of agricultural labor.
3.  How diverse the labor organizations were.
4. Why didn't more people take advantage of peasants?

Increased number of travelers wrote of their experiences
1. Marco Polo - His family was on the silk road. He was employed by Kublai Khan. Escorted mongol princess then was captured in Venice. He wrote "Description of the World" / "The travels of Marco Polo".
Ibn Battuta - Pilgrimage to mecca, participated in haaj, Marched w/ caravan, traveled around Asia and Africa. Attempted to become a "quadi". Employed under Muhammad tughluq, wrote "A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Traveling"
Xuanzang -  Chinese, escaped during political chaos, traveled to India and across Asia, eventually returned to Chang'an. He wrote "Datang-Xiyu-Ji" or "records of the western regions of the great tang dynasty"
2. They all traveled then wrote about travels. They also all went around Asia.
3. It's interesting because of their motivations to travel, and to document their knowledge.
4. What influence did their books have?

Increased Economic productive capacity and its consequences
1. Horse collar -  increased efficiency of farming.
Three field rotation - using 1/3 for fallow increased efficiency to 67%
Waru Waru Agricultural Techniques in the Andes - Raised beds of crops with irrigation channels (prevented erosion)
Terracing Techniques - sculpted into platforms to plant more crops, watered by sloping rainfall
Champlain Field Systems - small patches of land to grow crops in shallow lake beds (floating gardens)
2. modifying the land
3. the inventiveness of the unique land sculpting
4. Why weren't tools more influential in agriculture?

Merchant Diaspora
1. Jewish communities - influenced monotheism. Built places of worship, family ties helped trade, big in boats and maritime trade.
Chines Merchants - port of canton (one of busiest trading centers). Vessels called junks, formed postal services. Cultural ties to the rest of Eurasia. silk road Expanded under tang dynasty.
Muslim Merchants - spread all around Africa and middle east. Islam encourage trade (ships), military conquest and conversion. Many people converted for Islamic benefits.
Sogdian Merchants - long distance caravan trade in central Asia. Led by caravan chiefs. endangered by china. 
2. Largely influenced by trade. Lots of maritime trade.
3. The sogdians were unique in that they were not accepted but other traders were. 
4. Why was number three a thing?
Gucci Gang *dab*]]> 2018-10-29 15:07:05 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298066704 Tilley Kirkland https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298066819 commercial growth facilitated by state practices
1.
- (grand canal) the grand canal was a state sponsored building project to increase trade, led to economic unity, but put a strain on resources leading to revolt
- (Inca road system) physically unified a large, stratified empire
- (hanseatic league) allowed inter-regional trade to flourish in western Europe
2. states promoting trade as a means to boost the economy
3. I found it interesting how the Incans assigned specific people to literally run across the empire for the sake of unification
4. Other than unifying the empire, did the Inca Road System actually have any impact on Incan economics/trade?]]> 2018-10-29 15:07:16 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298066819 Ryan Green https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298066947 Agricultural Improvements
1. Important Content
- Chinampa Field Systems: is a method of Ancient Mesoamerican agriculture which used small, rectangular areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico
-Waru Waru: it combines raised beds of crops with irrigation channels to prevent erosion
-Three field rotation: divided their land into three different parts and only using one third fallow and the other for another crops
-Horse Collar
- Terracing: was a technique where inclines of mountains  were sculpted into stair like platforms

Innovations that led to Interregional Trade
-Bills of exchange
-Feqian: flying money; documents of deposits that occur outside of the state
-Compass:
-Ship designs
       - European Full rigged ship
       - Chinese Junk- advanced rigging system
-Caravanserai- a trade hotel for merchants to stay will on their trip
-Astrolabe- helps locate them on the ocean using stars

New Forms of coerced labor and peasant revolts
-Serfdom
     -Feudalism
      - Manorialism
-Serfs

-Basil the Copper hand peasant revolt
-Mit'a- public service system
-Demand of Slaves

Commercial growth Facilitated by State Practices
-Grand canal- sponsored building project to increase trade
-Hanseatic League- created to protect trade between cities
     -Russia and London
-Inca road system

Increased Number of Travelers Wrote of their Experiences 
- Xuanzang-Traveler wrote of his experiences of traveling to China
-Marco Polo: Traveled around to most civilizations
          -wrote of his adventures as a prisoner 
Ibn Battuta- explored around Asia

In Some Societies women exercised more power and influence

Diversification of Labor Organizations 
- Free peasant Labor
-Nomadic Pastoralism
Craft production and guild labor
-Coerced labor

2. Recurring themes or topics
- Expansion and Migration
- Food and resources

3. I thought it was interesting how some societies gave women opportunities of power while other societies oppressed women

4. Why were women oppressed in the Christian community

]]> 2018-10-29 15:07:27 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298066947 Meg Bennett https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298067007 A: New forms of coerced labor& peasant revolts:

1: public service, mita, labor, military service,, Basil the Copper hand, serfs in japan and Europe.
2: Mita was favored by Inca empire soldiers when they would care for their land and families while away at war.
3: most interesting : Pope and church were highest in the pyramid

B: continued diffusion of crops& pathogens like Bubonic Plauge through eastern hemisphere along with trade routes.
1:  Bananas in Africa, Bantu agriculture,  drought in Yangtze, rice,
2: effects of trade and travel in Africa, and Asia.  Muslim and Christians hatred of Jews, plague,
3: Bubonic Plague killed 25 million people and was spread through trade with merchants

C:  Long distance trade required adaption to the environment
1: lacking resources, technological advancements, camels ability to travel the Sahara.  Vikings.
2:  Northern Africa utilizing camels.  nomads in central asia used horses,  Vikings boats in the Northern Atlantic Ocean
3: Camels can survive 10 days in the Sahara without water, have thick eyelashes to keep sand out, and thick fur for insulation making them perfect for transporting goods. ]]> 2018-10-29 15:07:33 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298067007 Mia Neal https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298067181 1. important content:
long distance trade which required adaptation to environment:
-new uses of camels by arabs and berbers enabled them to transport more goods  across Sahara; horses adapted to travel longer distances across central asia steppes
-development and adaptation was fueled by the need for unavailable resources
increased economic productive capacity and its consequences:
-horse collar, new terracing techniques, Chinampa field systems, waru waru agricultural techniques in Andes, three field rotation in western europe
islam and the african diaspora in the indian ocean world/ the black past:
-jews having influenced along trade routes had restricted rights and set up places of worship along the trade route
-muslim merchants, gain high status during Yuan and Ming dynasties, able to expand westward and took part in social and political institutions, "Africanize Islam", self regulating nature
-chinese merchants: vessels called "junks" carried silk and other goods across eastern seas, "Ancient Tea-Horse Road" and "Southern Silk Road"
-sogdian merchants: "caravan chiefs" became influential
diversification of labor organization:
-free peasant labor: free people who sell whatever they grow/produce, self-sufficient system, commonly used in Byzantine Empire, China, and Feudal Japan
-coerced labor: Europe, Japan, Incan Empire, Aztec Empire
-government imposed labor and military obligations: medieval taxes, feudalism, roman empire, europe
nomadic pastoralism, craft production and guild organization
2. recurring themes: TRADE, spread of religion and its effects, environmental innovations, 
3. most interesting:
-I found all of the new environmental innovations and ways in which animals were used to the advantage of people and stimulated trade
4. questions: N/A]]> 2018-10-29 15:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298067181 Emily Guo https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298067345 1. Important Content
Increased number of travelers wrote of their experiences
- Ibn Battuta: Mecca, Egypt, Persia, Iraq, Yemen, Byzantine Empire(audience of the emperor) - Muslim world
- Marco Polo: silk road, China(tax collector) - Asian world
- Xuanzang :  Buddhism, India, deciphering Buddhist scriptures
Diversification of Labor Organizations
- Coerced Labor: forced labor: slavery or serfdom(Europe, Japan, Inca Empire, and Aztec Empire)
- Craft Production and Guild organization: surplus of food led to labor specialization(Guilds to protect the secrets of the craft)(ie. Western Europe)
- Nomadic Pastoralism: grassy lands(ie. The Mongols)
- Government Imposed Labor: military organizations; medieval taxes(paid through products and service to the state); heavy labor tax(serf)(ie. Inca Empire, Roman Empire, Europe)
- Free peasant labor: self- sufficiency - both ate and sold but not enough to provide an agricultural surplus
Continued diffusion of crops & pathogens like Bubonic Plague through Eastern Hemisphere
- Bubonic plague: fleas on rodents, began in Central Asia and was spread by Mongol traders on the silk road
- killed 25-30 million European people and 25 million Asian people(Muslims and Christians blamed Jews for the disease - massacred)(killed mongol ruler of Persia and the Middle East - end of mongol rule)(a shortage of farmers in China & questioning of authority and rebellions)
- Bananas effect on Africa(Indian oceans from Southeast Asia, supplement to the Bantu people, expansion, increase in population)
- new variety of rice effect on Asia: Champa Kingdom, Vietnam: Champa rice(drought resistant) , spread through China(solved food shortage, migrated to the south)
- cotton/sugar/citrus: varied diet , textile industry, increased trade
2. Reoccurring themes and topics:
- increasing network of communication and trade
- surplus of food led to the specialization of labor
- the spread of ideas, crops, and diseases
- the contrast between pastoral and agricultural societies
-network of connections among different civilizations had both postitive and negative effects
3. What I found most interesting 
4. ]]> 2018-10-29 15:08:04 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298067345 Celia Funderburk https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298067360 1. Important content: 
- Women's rights in Islamic Teachings were overshadowed by Persian priorities 
- New way for women to live - new opportunities 
- Buddhism was initially seen as irrelevant to its people  
- Sogdian societies influenced surrounding Chinese cities 
- Muslim merchants began to obtain high status 
- There were two lesser known trading roads 
- Many Jewish places of worship along Silk Road
- Harnessing method to control horses  
- Marco Polo wrote down his travels with another author in Prison 
- Marco Polo traveled along Silk Road for three years 
- Ibn Battuta made a pilgrimege to Mecca and stopped through Africa, India, Turkey.
- States had many impacts and stimulated trade 


- Developed a system in which they can grow three different crops at once 
2. Reoccurring themes 
- The division of beliefs and priorities in different civilizations on different sides of the boxes 
3. Most interesting: 
- That Jewish people had such a large impact of civilization and society along and on the Silk Road
-  That people discovered ways to grow crops without erosion
- People learned to utilize every aspect of their geography, using mountains to use for agriculture -- people also created ways in which they can farm without land --> creating Chinampu field systems 
- States stimulated trade by pushing the use of a common currency -- Grand canal, common currency, Hanseatic League
4. Questions: 
- Were women socially viewed as subordinate in Christian civilizations? 
- Were there many coverts to Jewish faith along Silk Road? 
- What faith grew/ benefited the most from trade? 
- Did different faiths trade with each other?]]> 2018-10-29 15:08:05 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298067360 Charlotte Munsey https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298067577 Important Content-
  • Mongols
  • Islamic Caliphates
  • Byzantine Empire 
  • China
  • Genghis Khan 
  • Silk Road
  • Trans-Saharan Trade Routes
  • Tang Dynasty
  • Jewish Communities
  • Sogdian Merchants
  • Muslim Merchants
  • Canton
  • India
  • Arabia
  • Greece
  • Rome
  • Yuan & Ming Dynasty
  • Diffusion of Christianity
  • Diffusion of Islam
  • Diffusion of Neo-Confucianism 
  • Diffusion of Buddhism 
  • Foot-Binding
  • Money Economies
  • Innovations leading to Inter-regional Trade
  • Astrolabe 
  • Caravanserai
  • Ship Designs
  • Africa
  • Asia
  • Middle East
  • Compass
  • Claudius Ptolemy 
  • Location of Equator and Tropics 
  • New forms of coerced labor and peasant revolts
  • Serfdom and Serfs
  • The Red Turban Rebellion
  • Basil the Copper Hand Peasant Revolt
  • Mit'a
  • Demand for Slaves
  • Manorialism
  • Feudalism 
  • Inca Road System
  • Hanseatic League
  • Grand Canal
  • Russia
  • London
  • Yangdi
  • Yangzi River
  • Chinese Unification 
  • Increase Number of Travelers Wrote of Their Experiments
  • Xuanzang
  • Takla Makan Desert
  • Chang'an 
  • Ibn Battuta 
  • Byzantine Empire
  • Afghanistan 
  • Marco Polo
  • Hormuz Persia
  • Women's Rights/Lives/Influence
  • Government Imposed Labor
  • Diversification of labor
  • Coerced Labor
  • Free Peasant Labor 
  • Nomadic Pastorialism
  • Craft Production and Guild Organization  
Reoccurring Themes & Topics-
  • Silk Road
  • Trade
  • Religion 
  • Area/Place
  • Innovations to Improve Quality of Life
  • Hierarchy
  • Food
  • Expansion
  • Travel 

What You Found Most Interesting-
  • All the new versions of technology to help everyday functions especially depending on place
  • All the main people who affected history 
  • the comparison between the rights and things women do in different societies
Questions-

]]> 2018-10-29 15:08:23 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298067577 Lesley Thomas https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298067730  Empire expansion encouraged inter regional trade
1.
the mongols, the Silk Road, The Tang dynasty, The Mediterranean network, Islamic Caliphates, China, Byzantine Empire
2. The Silk Road, Trade, encouragement of inter regional trade, control of trade
3.The revival of the Mediterranean Network by the Byzantine Empire
4. Did the Mediterranean trade Network ever fully replace the Silk Road?

continued diffusion of crops and pathogens like Bubonic Plague through Eastern Hemisphere
1.
Bubonic Plague, Bananas, Bantu, agriculture, cotton, sugar, citrus, increased population, silk road, Central Asia, Rodents, Champa rice
2. agriculture, plague, increase and decrease in population
3.The effect bananas had on Africa- The bantu were able to spread their agriculture due to bananas being able to grow where millet could not.
4. None

Diversification of Labor Organizations
1.Free peasant labor, agriculture, coerced labor, surplus of food, labor specialization, Guild organization,Nomadic pastoralist, serfs, military obligations, taxes, foodstuff
2.Labor, food surplus, Labor taxes, Feudalism
3. The presence of feudalism in the societies listed
4. None

Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences
1. Chinampa, Aztecs, horses, western Europe, Terracing, Agriculture, Waru Waru, 
2. Manipulation of environments for agricultural reasons, South America and Meso-America
3. The ability for People of Ancient America to manipulate their Environment to their advantage
4. Was there any important factors that led civilizations in the Americas to manipulate their environment to these extents. 

]]> 2018-10-29 15:08:35 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298067730 Duke Wan https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298068014 1. Important Content: Introduction of a new type of rice from Southern Asia to China; Introduction of banana from Southeast Asia to Africa; the devastating effect of Bubonic plague, resulting in the end of mongol rule; spread of sugar and cotton to facilitate food and textile industry; high tax in Byzantine Empire led to farmer revolt; harsh Mongol rules led to Red Turban Rebellion that initiated Ming dynasty; Mit'a system fueled labor forces for Inca empire; increasing demand for slaves; innovation of new types of ships  and the magnetic compass allowed increasing ocean commerce and communication;  new exchange systems for the economy; new institutions such as caravanserai to accommodate the needs of travelers
2. Reoccurring themes and topics: increasing demand for labors to sustain the growing civilizations and food needed for soaring population
3. Interesting: New innovations facilitated the network of exchange, which in turn resulted in more even innovations and developments. A loop.   
4. Questions:  How did people of different civilizations adapt to the new technological and cultural innovations?]]> 2018-10-29 15:09:01 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298068014 Keegan Holden https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298068331 1.Important content: Women:Japan- fewer restrictions on women than china
West Africa- rulers did not impose religious rules on subjects so negative Islamic view of women
Mongols didn’t have a lot of restrictions on women b/c they are pastoral.
Southeast Asia- heavy religious influence from Buddhisms and Confucianism so lot of restrictions on women because of these religions.
Diffusion of language
Arabic-desire to study Quran in original language allowed Arabic to be kept alive and spread. Administrative language of Abbasid dynasty, merchants-provided link to Muslim trading partners. 
Muslim conquest spread Arabic language
Turkic language-origin east Asia, family of 35 languages, through expansion of ottoman empire and expansion of trade the language spread,
Bantu-origin-west/central Africa, domestication of animals and bananas added to growth in population and stable food supply, Bantu began to migrate south spreading their language and trade with Indian ocean spread language. Overpopulation forced Bantu to migrate.
Long distance trade required adaptation to the environment- Arabs and Berbers, camels transport goods across Sahara, 
2.reoccurring themes and topics: expansion, population growth, religion
3.interesting:The different degrees of restrictions on women based on how much the society has been influenced by other civilizations or religions.
4.question:Why did the Bantu rulers of West Africa not push the Islamic faith onto their subjects with more vigor?
]]> 2018-10-29 15:09:29 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298068331 Matthew Akin https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298069259 Important Content: Language
  1. Arabic, Qur'an, Muslims, Arab Muslim Conquests, Silk Road, Northern Africa, Iberian Peninsula, China
  2. East Asia, Vowels, Ottoman Empire, Trade, Eastern Europe, Caucasus, Central Asia, West Asia, North Asia, Anatolia 
  3. Bantu, Domestication, Hunting, Gathering, Africa, Indian Ocean, Central Africa, South Africa, Agriculture, Indian Ocean, Congo River, Intermarriage, Migration, Swahili, Luba, Congo, Kikuyo, Ruanda, Sotho, Zulu, Xhosa

Important Content: Women exercised more power and influence
  1. West Africa, Islamic Influence, Arabian Peninsula, Religion, Post-classical Era, Women
  2. China, Confucianism, Song Dynasty, Japan, Restrictions, Women, Rights, Equal Social Status, Tang Dynasty, Freedom, Shintoism
  3. Southeast Asia, India, China, Hinduism, Confucianism
  4. Pastoralists, Livestock, Settling, Mongols, Hierarchies, Civilization, Women

Important Content: Empire Expansion Encouraged Inter Regional Trade
  1. Mongol Empire, Eastern Asia, Trade, Expansion, Genghis Khan, Western Europe, Silk Road, Inter-Regional Trade, Protection, Legal System, Thieves, Pirates
  2. China, Tang Dynasty, Raids, Military Expansions, Central Asia, Chang'an, Silk Road
  3. Byzantine Empire, Roman Empire, Trade Netweorks, Mediterranean Network, Constantinople, Alexandria, Egypt, Tripoli, Russia, Kievan Rus, Novgorod, Scandinavia
  4. Islamic Caliphates, Islam, Arabia, Trade, Saharan Trade, west Africa, Swahili, Russia, Caliphates
Recurring Themes:
Trade, Agriculture, Spread of Religion, Conquest, Religion

What you found most interesting:
The distance that certain languages spread throughout the world and the ways tha

What Questions do you have?
asd
]]> 2018-10-29 15:10:48 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298069259 Alex Cooke https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298069354 1)Important Content:
2)Reoccurring themes and topics:
3) What you found most interesting:
4)Questions:]]> 2018-10-29 15:10:56 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298069354 Eleanor+Rinne https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298071838 1. Important content: Caravanserai, palmyra, camels, exchange of bills/checks, praescriptiones, compass (magnetic and mechanical), chinese junk, European full rigged ship, maritime communication, chinampa field systems, terracing techniques, irrigation systems, Waru Waru, three field rotation, horse collar, cycle of social systems, christianity, monastic life/convenance, Islam, veiling, Quran, Neo-Confucianism, foot binding, Buddhism, Confucian patriarchy, bodhisattva Avalokitesvara,  Inca Road system, Hanseatic league, grand canal, currency (coins, paper), granaries, economic unification,  relay runners, guild, Genghis Khan, Mongols, silk road, diplomacy, thieves/pirates, Byzantine empire, mediterranean network, conquest, Constantinople, Alexandria, Tang dynasty, military expansions, Islamic Caliphates, trans-saharan trade route, Swahili Coast, legal systems, Mit'a (public service system), peasant revolts, Basil the Copper hand, Serfdom, unpaid labor, loyalty--> protection, the Red Turban Rebellion
2. Reoccurring themes: trade, agriculture, innovation--> communication/economy systems--> spread of religion, domestication,  unification, urbanization, increase in population
3. Most interesting: how different innovations inspired trade among surrounding regions which create social, economic and religious systems
4. Questions: 
1. What peasant revolts were successful?
2. What led to the increase in demand for slaves in Africa?
3. How often were slaves freed, if ever?]]> 2018-10-29 15:15:22 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298071838 Tilley Kirkland https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298079167 Diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Neo-Confucianism into new regions led to significant changes in gender relations and family structure (3.3.III.D)
1.
- (Diffusion of Islam) persian traditions already viewed women as inferior, the quran provided both protections and restrictions for women, women's rights became more and more diminished
- (Diffusion of Buddhism) buddhism viewed women as inferior, but still could achieve nirvana, which clashed with china's strict patriarchy, so buddhism shifted into promoting the importance of family and daily life (and was then more accepted)
- (Diffusion of Christianity) christianity provided a means of relief for women via nunhood, then
2.
3.
4. ]]> 2018-10-29 15:26:34 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298079167 https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298083823 2018-10-29 15:32:57 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298083823 Keira Dandy keiradandy https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298334920 2018-10-30 02:39:25 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298334920 Brianna Thompson https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298338129 Important Content: 
  • Byzantine Empire, craftsmen, peasants, nomads, China, Japanese Serfdom, Song Dynasty, guilds in Europe, Incan Mit’A
  •  Caravan innovations: Camel Saddles, Caravanserai, Luxury goods: Silk and Cotton, Spices, Slaves, Porcelain, Slaves (muslim conquests resulted in the capture of hundreds of thousands of slaves, many from India), Exotic Animals (such as horse and camels, enabled more efficient long distance trade over land), Precious metals and gems, Different forms of Money (Bills of Exchange, Credit, Checks, Banking Houses), then Maritime Innovations: Astrolabe, Compass, Larger Ship Designs 
  • Viking Longships had the ability to travel across the ocean and up rivers and trade over long distances with these boats, used in both trade and war, used both wind and rowing o power the ship), Camels (used by Arabs/berbers because they used carry heavy loads and travel long distances without water or rest, camels were more more cost-effective than carts or wagons) Horses (in Central Asian steppes, horses were used to travel long distance across the steppe) , Land vs Water (travelling on water allowed people to carry large loads of goods, but they were more affected by bad weather, ships were a lot better for long distances but were restricted to the coast), Horses vs Camels (Horses can travel faster than camels, but horses require more food and water, camels can travel long distance without water, camels can carry more weight and walk for a lot longer distance, camels perform better than horses in extreme weather) 
Reoccurring themes and topics
  • Trade, farming and agriculture, economic systems, communication with empire and people in faraway places
What you found interesting:
  • How different forms of labor was illustrated throughout many empires and how different technological innovations helped increase trade with different places 
Questions: 
  • None
]]> 2018-10-30 02:57:27 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298338129 Tenley Parr https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298537748 1. Important Content
-Song dynasty China had a tightening patriarchy as evidenced by the practice of foot binding
-new beauty ideals for women (weakness, fragility, submission, etc.)
-Islam changed from an egalitarian religion (as it is written in the Quran) to one that is very restrictive towards women (came through outside influence)
-monastic life offered a lot of freedom for women (they didn't have to belong to a man or a household)
2. Recurring Themes
-patriarchy due to Confucianism
3. Interesting
-Korea affected by China
4. Questions
This was my topic so I know it pretty well.]]> 2018-10-30 14:45:52 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298537748 Caroline Wyrick https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298636938 Key Concept 3.3.III.B 
1. Japan, Mongolia, West Africa, Southeast Asia, Women's restrictions, Literary development of Japan, Samurai, feet binding, nomadic lifestyle, arranged marriages, weaving production, spiritual complements, casual intimacy, commerce, Pwa Saw 
2. 
- Women exercising greater power 
- Women were trained to fight and could often fight alongside men 
- Ancestral lines were not always traced through the male line 
- Less restrictions on women among less centralized societies 
3. I found it interesting to compare women's restrictions among centralized societies and among those less centralized. 
4. None. 

]]> 2018-10-30 17:14:53 UTC https://padlet.com/marygoins/hkkx3mck5bm6/wish/298636938