Causes of CKD by Carla https://padlet.com/carlaphilips1/hgmszf6h06le237c en-us 2022-07-07 06:42:52 UTC 2022-07-07 13:59:40 UTC hello@padlet.com Title = condition carlaphilips1 https://padlet.com/carlaphilips1/hgmszf6h06le237c/wish/2238747145 Definition
Prevalence
Service user story ]]> 2022-07-07 06:45:50 UTC https://padlet.com/carlaphilips1/hgmszf6h06le237c/wish/2238747145 Nephrotic Syndrome https://padlet.com/carlaphilips1/hgmszf6h06le237c/wish/2238873859 Definition 
Group of symptoms which indicates kidneys are not working properly. Children with the nephrotic syndrome tend to go through phases of remission and relapse but these begin to lose frequency as they grow older -> eventually "growing out of it" by late teens. (Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Trust, 2022)

Complications 
- proteinuria
- hypoalbuminemia
- oedemas
- hyperlipidaemia
- infections
- blood clots
- poor nutrition - loss of appetite
Can be controlled with steroid medication.
(NIDDK, 2020), (NHS, 2019) 

Prevalence 
Can affect people of any age, although usually first diagnosed in children aged 2 - 5 years old. Affects more boys than girls. 1 in every 50 000 children are diagnosed with Nephrotic syndrome each year. More common in families with a history of allergies or Asian background, unclear why. (NHS, 2019) 

Service user story 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lyy8raVu8Hs&t=16s




]]> 2022-07-07 10:32:39 UTC https://padlet.com/carlaphilips1/hgmszf6h06le237c/wish/2238873859 Pyelonephritis https://padlet.com/carlaphilips1/hgmszf6h06le237c/wish/2238972637 A type of lower urinary tract infection that has spread to the pelvis of the kidney.
Chronic pyelonephritis may cause scarring on the kidney through recurrent or persistent infection.
Prevalence: 6x more common in females than males. 830 cases in UK ( nursing standard, 2014).
7% cases requiring hospitalisation.
Service user story: delay in Diagnosis.
Flu like symptoms plus backache , loin tenderness, dysuria, fever and urinary incontinence for days and weeks before seeing GP.

Patient was referred to hospital with suspicion of pyelonephritis.
Urine tests showed blood, ketone and ++protein 
Biochemistry showed high CRP suggesting viral infection and gastroenteritis was diagnosed. Symptoms settled with analgesia and patient was discharged.
Patient re-attended hospital. Was then diagnosed with pyelonephritis and given antibiotics and referred to urology for further treatment after an ultrasound revealed a slight obstruction in left ureter but no stones.

]]> 2022-07-07 13:32:31 UTC https://padlet.com/carlaphilips1/hgmszf6h06le237c/wish/2238972637 8. Cystic kidney disease https://padlet.com/carlaphilips1/hgmszf6h06le237c/wish/2238973860 Service users story:
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=MfN4kaaUhRs

https://www.sanofi.com/en/about-us/our-stories/how-my-moms-ADKPD-diagnosis-sparked-my-own-health-discovery

https://www.chp.edu/our-services/nephrology/patient-stories/mia-orecchio


Definition is cysts that form in or around the kidney and prevent it from functioning. 
It can result from abnormal genes or genetic mutations. It refers to a group of diseases including simple kidney cysts, poly cystic kidney disease and glomerulocystic kidney disease.

Prevalence varies depending on the type. 1 in 10 people may have simple kidney cysts but genetic disorders are very rare.]]> 2022-07-07 13:33:55 UTC https://padlet.com/carlaphilips1/hgmszf6h06le237c/wish/2238973860 Nephropathy https://padlet.com/carlaphilips1/hgmszf6h06le237c/wish/2238974048 definition: 

Diabetic nephropathy: kidney damaged caused by diabetes. 
Its preverlance 1 in 5 with diabetes. (diabetes UK)

IgA nephropathy: IgA deposits build up in the kidneys causing inflammation and damaging the kidney tissue leading to CKD. 

IgA nephropathy can occur at any age, although the first evidence of kidney disease most frequently appears when people are in their teens to late 30s. IgA nephropathy in the United States is twice as likely to appear in men than in women. While found in people all over the world, IgA nephropathy is more common among Asians and Caucasians. (national institute diabetes, digestive and kidney disease) 

Bills story: diagnosed 19yr ago after following the professional advice from doctors and dietitian and losing weight he was able to wait 16yrs before starting dialysis when he was originally given 5. He believes the advice and weight loss delayed the need for dialysis ]]> 2022-07-07 13:34:12 UTC https://padlet.com/carlaphilips1/hgmszf6h06le237c/wish/2238974048 Renal Vascular Diseases https://padlet.com/carlaphilips1/hgmszf6h06le237c/wish/2238974672 Definition: Renal vascular disease affects the blood flow into and out of the kidneys which can cause kidney damage, kidney failure and hypertension.
This could be due to:
Stenosis, thrombosis or aneurysm


Prevalence:
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is the major cause of renovascular hypertension and may account for 1-10% of the 50 million cases of hypertension in the United States population


Service User Story: https://www.prvh-pcor.org/story/benjis-story/

Adopted as a baby so medical history not known. Started refusing feeds at 10 days old and was taken to hospital where high blood pressure was identified. Thought to be an infection but treatment didn't work and could not identify cause of hypertension. Spent a month in PICU and went home on lots of medications to control hypertension. Blood pressure spiked again at 6 months old where further investigations identified bilateral Renal Artery Stenosis. Underwent angioplasty to insert balloon to dilate arteries which was unsuccessful and further surgery was needed age 4. The surgery Benji required at 4 years of age for diffuse (widespread) arterial narrowing involved the revascularization (reimplantation/repair) of a segmental branch artery and resection of half of his kidney that was deemed unreconstructable. After a month of recovery, Benji has no long-term effects and surprisingly and thankfully, Benji was able to wean off of all of his medications right before school started.]]> 2022-07-07 13:35:11 UTC https://padlet.com/carlaphilips1/hgmszf6h06le237c/wish/2238974672 Glomerular Diseases - IgA Nephropathy https://padlet.com/carlaphilips1/hgmszf6h06le237c/wish/2238974708 Glomerular Disease Defininition:
Collection of different kidney diseases that cause damage to the glomeruli, often resulting in protein and red blood cells leaking into the kidney.

IgA Nephropathy Definition:
IgA nephropathy, also known as Berger's disease, is a kidney disease that occurs when IgA deposits build up in the kidneys, causing inflammation that damages kidney tissues. This causes blood and protein to leak into the urine and can lead to kidney failure. 
IgA is an antibody (a protein made by the immune system to protect the body from foreign substances such as bacteria or viruses).
IgA nephropathy can usually be managed with medication, but some patients eventually need dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Prevalence:
The most common form of Glomerular Disease worldwide with an incidence rate of 2.5/100,000/year.

Service User Story:
- Paediatric Patient - Aged 11 Years upon diagnosis.
- Presenting Complaint in the emergency room: Yellow/Orange urine and extreme abdominal pain 
- Delayed diagnosis. Patient took several more trips to the hospital where he even spent the night at one point, receiving blood, urine and imaging tests which showed no result of a kidney stone
- At this point his urine was the colour of cranberry juice and he was in severe pain
- Patient was eventually seen by a paediatric Nephrologist where he received a biopsy, confirming IgA Nephropathy
- Now, this patient takes medication to control the protein in his urine, and has frequent blood and urine tests to monitor his kidney function. 




]]> 2022-07-07 13:35:15 UTC https://padlet.com/carlaphilips1/hgmszf6h06le237c/wish/2238974708 Interstitial Nephritis https://padlet.com/carlaphilips1/hgmszf6h06le237c/wish/2238975686 Interstitial nephritis is a disease that causes inflammation (swelling) around parts of your kidneys' filters called the tubules. This inflammation lowers your kidneys' ability to clean your blood and make urine (pee).

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is an under recognized and under diagnosed cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). It is estimated to account for 15 - 20% of cases of AKI; it is the reported diagnosis in 2.8% of all kidney biopsies, and 13.5% of biopsies done specifically for acute renal failure. Caused mainly from medications.

Patient: Garry Craig, 68: only learnt he had kidney disease once it has already progressed to kidney failure. Was taking ibuprofen for a headache as prescribed by his GP, which was later thought to be the cause. Due to feeling unwell he the GP took blood tests which indicated interstitial nephritis/kidney failure. Kidneys a few months later after treatment had ‘pretty much back to normal’.
https://www.thinkkidneys.nhs.uk/aki/personal-stories/

]]> 2022-07-07 13:36:47 UTC https://padlet.com/carlaphilips1/hgmszf6h06le237c/wish/2238975686 Tubular Interstial disease https://padlet.com/carlaphilips1/hgmszf6h06le237c/wish/2238990945 Definition: 

Kidney diseases that involve structures in the outside of the glomerulus. Diseases include neuphoropathy, protenuria and CKD.

Prevalence:

A very rare prevalence, in 2001 133 cases were reported within a literature review.
 
Case Study;

The patient was a 48 year-old man. He had suffered for 2 days from a sore throat. He had a pink and cloudy discolouration of his urine. He had difficulty in swallowing and was feverish. He did not have dysurai and no increase or decrease in urinary frequency. He had also had discomfort in his left knee for about 36 hours.


He was a non-smoker, but drank about 6 pints of beer per week. He was married but there was no family history of renal disease.

The renal biopsy showed that the renal medulla and coretx appeared to be normal, as did the glomeruli. But immunohistochemistry showed that the glomeruli contained small but significant mesangial deposits of immunoglobulin A. As a result the diagnosis was changed to IgA nephropathy.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6018160/



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