3MBIO2 Donato&Yap Plant Area Zambales by CLINT MCZEB YAP https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44 Creators: Christine Veromica Donato & Clint Mczeb Yap en-us 2021-05-25 15:53:31 UTC 2025-04-24 12:43:25 UTC hello@padlet.com SEED BANK clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1558189773 A seed bank is defined generally as seed storage for genetic diversity preservation whereby it will be able to supply significant information regarding the species with respect to its phylogeny and/or representation of regenerative potentials (Hopfensperger, 2007). These banks are commonly designed to be protected from floods, bomb, and radiation effects and are kept at around -20ºC which helps the seeds preserve with the assurance that they will still be able to grow once needed. 

Seed banks are crucial especially in ensuring our future to be as rich ecologically as it is today or more generally. Moreover, as plants are under the hazards brought about by various factors which include loss of habitat, climate change, pollution, pests, and diseases, seed banks are very essential as these endangered plants have their impact rates increasing the more that these factors affect them; seed banks may be of help in alleviating these risks (Gosling, 2020).]]> 2021-05-25 15:53:58 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1558189773 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1558224254 2021-05-25 16:01:54 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1558224254 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1558837770 2021-05-25 18:25:15 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1558837770 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1558842857 Seeds are the means by which a new plant will be dispersed and developed at any location. These are formed by sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of the embryo enclosed within the developing seed whereby the soon-to-be developed plant will largely be influenced by the physiological and biochemical properties of the seed through nourishment sustaining before it fully develops on its own, hence why it secures a crucial part in the life history of the whole and higher plants (Bewley & Black, 1994). The development of the placenta brought the opportunity for the plant embryos to acquire nutrition from the seed endosperm, consequently exhibiting diverse protective outer coverings which signal the embryo to germinate under favorable conditions (Harper et al., 1970). Spermatophyta or seed plants consist of two major groups in general namely Acrogymnospermae (gymnosperms - non-flowering) and Angiospermae (angiosperms - flowering), known as the most diverse lineages when it comes to vascular plants (Cantino et al., 2007). ]]> 2021-05-25 18:26:36 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1558842857 GLOBAL SEED SAVERS-PHILIPPINES clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1560926883 There have been some organizations in which funds were raised through projects such as the Organic Seed Bank Project where it has been reported that after initial training of the farmers, the participants will be able to initiate an Organic Seed Bank Cooperative (Co-op) now known as Global Seed Savers-Philippines, counterpart NGO, that promote seed-saving. Through sponsors, donations, and the creation of curricula design by ENCA Farm (founded 2010), the organization were able to raise $7000 for the establishment of an organic seed bank in the Philippines which was officially opened in Tublay, Benguet last 2017, while it still continues, up to this day, in gaining collaborators all over the country. ]]> 2021-05-26 10:49:04 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1560926883 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1560971368 2021-05-26 11:18:15 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1560971368 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1560972410 2021-05-26 11:19:00 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1560972410 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1560972730 2021-05-26 11:19:13 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1560972730 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1560973190 2021-05-26 11:19:31 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1560973190 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1560973671 2021-05-26 11:19:50 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1560973671 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561066478 2021-05-26 12:09:49 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561066478 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561066898 2021-05-26 12:10:01 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561066898 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561067244 2021-05-26 12:10:10 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561067244 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561119238 2021-05-26 12:31:13 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561119238 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561119718 2021-05-26 12:31:25 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561119718 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561157807 2021-05-26 12:44:13 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561157807 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561196120 In order for the plant to have a polarized embryonic axis, growth-regulating hormone auxin establishes a polarized embryonic axis by relying on PIN transporters which dictate the direction of growth and contribute to the patterning processes of the apical and basal poles of the embryo. Basal auxin sources at the one-cell stage may be able to trigger PIN7 auxin transporters going to the apical cell for responses to moderate the proembryo specifications. A second auxin source is created from displaying PIN1 polarity to the proembryo apex whereby this secondary source then triggers PIN1 polarity in the inner embryonic cells which aim the auxin to the basal axis this time to specify the roots (Wabnik et al. 2013). Homeobox genes play a vital role in plant development whereby a type namely HAZ1 protein marks radial axis differentiation by collapsing dynamically together with morphogenesis and are more abundantly expressed in the outer layers of the developing embryo, consequently marking the embryonic ventral surface later on (Ito et al., 2004). ]]> 2021-05-26 12:56:01 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561196120 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561223509 2021-05-26 13:03:37 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561223509 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561236165 According to Fin-Savage and Leubner-Metzger (2006), seed dormancy is a natural characteristic of seeds to block germination of intact viable seeds just until there is an appropriate environmental condition to induce germination wherein the diversity of optimal conditions for each species of plant is dependent on the genetics of the seed brought about by long evolutionary history. ]]> 2021-05-26 13:07:02 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561236165 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561249351 2021-05-26 13:10:30 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561249351 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561299184 2021-05-26 13:23:03 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561299184 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561301561 2021-05-26 13:23:38 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561301561 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561302914 2021-05-26 13:23:57 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561302914 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561304014 2021-05-26 13:24:13 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561304014 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561307929 2021-05-26 13:25:10 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561307929 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561315979 2021-05-26 13:26:58 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561315979 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561316821 2021-05-26 13:27:11 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561316821 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561382945 2021-05-26 13:42:53 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561382945 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561387265 Traditionally, the flowering plants have been divided into two major groups, or classes,: the Dicots (Magnoliopsida) and the Monocots (Liliopsida). Many people take this separation into two classes for granted, because it is "plainly obvious", but botanists have not always recognized these as the two fundamental groups of angiosperms. Although Theophrastus (circa 370 BC) is credited with first recognizing differences between the two groups, classification of plants was based upon overall growth form -- trees, herbs, vines -- until the 1600s.

Land plants are called ‘embryophytes’ and thus, their collective name is defined by their ability to form embryos. Indeed, embryogenesis is a widespread phenomenon in plants, and much of our diet is composed of embryos (just think of grains, beans or nuts) However, in addition to embryos as a source of nutrition, they are also a fascinating study object. Some of the most fundamental decisions on fate and identity, as well as patterning and morphogenesis, are taken during the first days of plant life. Yet, embryos are diverse in structure and function, and embryogenesis in plants is by no means restricted to the zygote — the product of fertilization.]]> 2021-05-26 13:43:53 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561387265 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561488561 2021-05-26 14:07:05 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561488561 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561492041 2021-05-26 14:07:52 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561492041 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561493016 2021-05-26 14:08:07 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561493016 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561493913 2021-05-26 14:08:19 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561493913 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561494963 2021-05-26 14:08:27 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561494963 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561495868 2021-05-26 14:08:38 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561495868 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561523107 Seed germination is vital stage in plant development and can be considered as a determinant for plant productivity. It begins by water imbibition, mobilization of food reserve, protein synthesis and consequence radicle protrusion. To sustain a good seedling development, seed stores a food reserve mainly as proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Protein and oil bodies are the major reserve in oilseed which represent a source for each of energy, carbon, and nitrogen during seedling establishment. Because the physiology of reserve mobilization during germination and post-germination events is still poorly understood, extensive studies must be performed to know the metabolic mechanisms of reserve food mobilization providing insights into the ability to use such seeds as planting material. Enzymatic hydrolysis of protein, lipid and carbohydrate, and transportation of metabolites is dependent mainly on water availability]]> 2021-05-26 14:14:47 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561523107 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561639331 2021-05-26 14:42:49 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561639331 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561640022 2021-05-26 14:43:00 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561640022 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561662636 A) Schematic representation (hand drawn by SS) of different parts of seeds and seed germination stages. Seeds and germination stages of dicotyledonous (chickpea) and monocotyledonous (maize) plants have been shown in upper and lower panels, respectively. (B) Major events associated with seed germination and post-germinative growth phases. Germination stages are represented by phase 1 and phase 2; postgermination events includes phase 3. The time (x-axis) for events varies from several hours to many weeks, depending on different plant species and germination conditions. Uptake of water and related increase in biomass is indicated in y-axis and shown in line graph during three phases. Some events (such as DNA repairing, transcription, translation, and mitochondria production etc.) are spread over more than one phases and indicated with shaded color; dark colors indicate more activity and light colors indicate less activity]]> 2021-05-26 14:48:20 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561662636 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561666039 2021-05-26 14:49:08 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561666039 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561771450 2021-05-26 15:14:45 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561771450 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561775823 2021-05-26 15:15:46 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561775823 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561777009 2021-05-26 15:16:04 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561777009 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561777796 2021-05-26 15:16:16 UTC https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561777796 clintmczebyapsci https://padlet.com/clintmczebyapsci/hfs15ej121f7os44/wish/1561778214 Astronia zambalensis Elmer. (2021). Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved from https://www.gbif.org/species/118622250/verbatim

Agoo, E.M.G. (2007). Status of Orchid Taxonomy Research in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology. 1(1). Retrieved from http://asbp.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/907-3032-2-PB.pdf

Ardisia Sw. (2021). Plants of the World online. Retrieved from http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327477-2

Bewley J.D., Black M. (1994) Seeds. In: Seeds. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1002-8_1

Cantino P.D., Doyle J.A., Graham S.W., Judd W.S., Olmstead R.G., Soltis D.E., Soltis P.S., & Donoghue M.J. (2007). Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon. 56: 822–846. Doi: 10.1002/tax.563001

Ericson Esquibel Coracero, Pastor Malabrigo, Jr.. Carbon storage potential of the tree species along the ultramafic forest in Sitio Dicasalarin, Barangay Zabali, Baler, Aurora, Philippines[J]. AIMS Environmental Science, 2020, 7(6): 589-601. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2020037

Global Seed Savers: Our Story (n.d.) Global Seed Savers. Retrieved from https://globalseedsavers.org

Gosling, R. (2020). What is a seed bank, how does it work and why is it important? Woodland trust. Retrieved from https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2020/12/what-is-a-seed-bank/ 

Finch-Savage, W.E., & Leubner-Metzger, G. (2006). Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New Phytologist Foundation. 171(3), 501-523. Doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8173.2006.01787.

Harper, J.L., Lovell, P.H., & Moore, K.G. (1970). The Shapes and Sizes of Seeds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 1, 327-356. Doi: 10.1146/annurev.es.01.110170.001551

Hopfensperger, K.N. (2007). A review of similarity between seed bank and standing vegetation across ecosystems. Forum. 116(9), 1438–1448. doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15818.

Ito, Y., Chujo, A., Eiguchi, M., & Kurata, N. (2004). Radial axis differentiation in a globular embryo is marked by HAZ1, a PHD-finger homeobox gene of rice. Gene. 331, 9-15. Doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.02.040 

Rubus. (2013). The Plant List: A working list of all plant species. Retrieved from http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Rosaceae/Rubus/

Shrivastava, Neeta & Patel, Tejas. (2007). Clerodendrum and healthcare: An overview. Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology. 1. 142-150.

Tafirei, R. (2016). An Integrative Approach Towards Setting Conservation Priority for Cycad Species at a Global Scale. [Unpublished]: University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/openview/e63183aec116e353f8f352e548df8823/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y    

Wabnik, K., Robert, H.S., Smith, R.S., & Friml, J. (2013). Modeling Framework for the Establishment of the Apical-Basal Embryonic Axis in Plants. Current Biology. 23(24), 2513-2518. doiL 10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.038
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