A 20-year-old male college athlete presents with fatigue, dark-colored urine after practice, and mild muscle soreness.

Urinalysis Results:

• Color: Dark brown

• Specific Gravity: 1.030

• pH: 6.0

• Protein: +1

• Blood: +3

• Microscopy: No RBCs seen

A 26-year-old pregnant woman in her third trimester comes in with complaints of swollen ankles and elevated blood pressure.

Urinalysis Results:

• Color: Pale yellow

• Specific Gravity: 1.010

• pH: 6.5

• Protein: +3

• Glucose: Negative

• Ketones: Negative

• Microscopy: Few casts, no bacteria

A 10-year-old child presents with frequent urination, bedwetting, weight loss, and fruity-smelling urine.

Urinalysis Results:

• Color: Light yellow

• Specific Gravity: 1.020

• pH: 5.0

• Glucose: +4

• Ketones: +3

• Protein: Negative

• Microscopy: Normal

A 72-year-old male complains of fever, chills, lower back pain, and frequent, painful urination.

Urinalysis Results:

• Color: Cloudy yellow

• Specific Gravity: 1.015

• pH: 7.5

• Leukocyte esterase: Positive

• Nitrites: Positive

• Protein: +1

• Microscopy: Numerous WBCs and bacteria

A 19-year-old female college student on a strict low-carb, high-protein diet presents with lightheadedness and fatigue.

Urinalysis Results:

• Color: Yellow

• Specific Gravity: 1.025

• pH: 5.0

• Ketones: +2

• Glucose: Negative

• Protein: Trace

• Microscopy: Normal

17-year-old female with lower abdominal pain and fever.

Urinalysis:

• Color: Cloudy

• Leukocyte esterase: Positive

• Nitrites: Positive

• WBCs: Many

• RBCs: Moderate

• Bacteria: Present

45-year-old male working in heat; reports headache, nausea, dark urine.

Urinalysis:

• Color: Cola-brown

• SG: 1.035

• Blood: +3

• Microscopy: No RBCs

• Protein: +1

8-year-old girl with puffy eyes, tea-colored urine, recent sore throat.

Urinalysis:

• Protein: +2

• Blood: +2

• RBCs: Many

• RBC casts: Present

• SG: 1.020

65-year-old diabetic male with confusion, fruity breath, and rapid breathing.

Urinalysis:

• Glucose: +4

• Ketones: +4

• SG: 1.030

• pH: 5.0

• Yellow color and specific gravity of 1.025, which is normal but slightly concentrated, possibly from not drinking enough fluids.

• pH of 5.0 shows her urine is acidic, which is common with high-protein diets.

• Ketones +2 means her body is burning fat for energy because she isn’t getting enough carbohydrates. This causes ketonuria and can lead to tiredness and dizziness.

• Glucose is negative, so she is not diabetic.

• Trace protein could be from her body breaking down muscle due to the low energy intake.

• Microscopy is normal, so there’s no sign of infection or other problems.

her symptoms are likely caused by her restrictive diet. The body is in a starvation-like state and using fat for energy. She should consider eating a more balanced diet with enough carbs and staying hydrated to avoid further health issues.