Chapter 19: Drifting Toward Disunion by h20114임나민

"Uncle Tom's Cabin"

23h20114 — 2023-08-23 12:03:17 UTC

- the success of the novel at home and abroad was sensational.
국내외에서 그 소설의 성공은 선풍적이었다.
- To millions of people, it made slavery appear almost as evil as it really was.
수백만 명의 사람들에게 그것은 노예제도를 실제만큼 사악하게 보이게 만들었다.

- The truth is that Uncle Tom’s Cabin did help start the Civil War—and win it.
사실은 톰 아저씨의 오두막이 남북전쟁을 시작하는 데 도움을 주었고, 그것을 승리로 이끌었다는 것이다.

- The novel was immensely popular abroad, especially in Britain and France.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

23h20114 — 2023-08-23 12:44:44 UTC

- she wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
- a wisp of a woman
- religious person and believe calvinism
- the mother of a half-dozen children
- she was determined to awaken the North to the wickedness of slavery by laying bare its terrible inhumanity, especially the cruel splitting of families.

- disappointed to fugitive slave act
도망친 노예법의 통과에 실망한 그녀는 끔찍한 비인간성, 특히 잔인한 가족 분할을 드러냄으로써 노예제도의 사악함에 대해 북한을 일깨우기로 결심했다.

- she said "God wrote it"

"The Impending Crisis of the South"

23h20114 — 2023-08-23 13:10:49 UTC

- it was written by Hinton R. Helper

- a nonaristocratic white from North Carolina.
----- 남쪽에 있는 가난한 백인들을 위해
----- almost non-influence - uncletom에 비하면
- Hating both slavery and blacks, he attempted to prove by an array of statistics that indirectly the nonslaveholding whites were the ones who suffered most from the millstone of slavery.
노예제도와 흑인을 모두 싫어해서, 그는 간접적으로 노예제도를 가지고 있지 않은 백인들이 노예제도의 맷돌로부터 가장 큰 고통을 받았던 사람들이라는 것을 일련의 통계를 통해 증명하려고 시도했다.

- It was attack on slavery as inefficient and a "barrier to the economic" advancement of whites.

- apeal to the poor white southerners

Harpers Ferry:

23h20114 — 2023-08-23 13:24:34 UTC

Harpers Ferry:

Charles Sumner - from North
Brooks - from South

In the picture below,  Representative  Brooks attacked Senator Sumner because he insulted(모욕당한) Southern senators for supporting slavery.

1. Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts
- abolitionist
- from North
- he did speech -- “The Crime Against Kansas.”
- he condemned the proslavery men
노예제 운동가들을 비난했다.
- He also referred insultingly to South Carolina and to its white-haired senator Andrew Butler, one of the best-liked members of the Senate.
그는 또한 사우스 캐롤라이나와 상원의원 중 가장 인기 있는 사람 중 한 명인 백발의 앤드류 버틀러를 모욕적으로 언급했다.

2. Preston S. Brooks of South Carolina
- he resented the insults to his state and to its senator
상원의원에 대한 모욕에 분개했다.

3. Brooks attacked Sumner by using cane

-The South was angered not only because Sumner had made such an intemperate speech but because it had been so extravagantly applauded in the North
남부는 섬너가 그러한 무절제한 연설을 했을 뿐만 아니라 북부에서 지나치게 칭찬을 받았기 때문에 분노했다

- The blows rained on Sumner’s head were, broadly speaking, among the first blows of the Civil War. 섬너의 머리에 쏟아진 타격은 대체로 남북전쟁의 첫 번째 타격 중 하나였다.

south represent brooks
north represent sumner

Know-Nothing Party

23h20114 — 2023-08-23 13:32:47 UTC

"antiforeignism(반외세주의)" was injected into the campaign - - - even though slavery extension loomed largest.

- immigrants 랑 blacks 를 안좋아함

- the American party
-  secretiveness - try to keep it a secret

- in 1856 nominated the lackluster ex-president Millard Fillmore.

- goal- anti immigrants - proslavery - anti catholic - anti federalist

america must rule Americans

: It is a nativist political party and the Know-Nothing Party intended to prevent Catholics and immigrants from being elected to political offices. 그 아무것도 모르는 정당은 가톨릭 신자들과 이민자들이 정치적인 자리에 선출되는 것을 막기 위한 의도였습니다.

They also argued that U.S. business owners need to hire true Americans.
그들은 또한 미국의 사업주들이 진정한 미국인들을 고용할 필요가 있다고 주장하였다.

1. The recent influx of immigrants from Ireland and Germany had alarmed “nativists”
최근 아일랜드와 독일에서 온 이민자들의 유입은 많은 구식 개신교 신자들이 불렀기 때문에 "토착주의자들"을 놀라게 했다.

2.
그들은 미국의 비밀주의 때문에 "아무것도 모르는 정당"으로 알려진 미국 정당을 조직했다.

Anti-foreign and anti-Catholic
- these superpatriots adopted the slogan “Americans Must Rule America.”

- (Remnants of the dying) Whig party likewise endorsed Fillmore
죽어가는 휘그당의 잔류파들도 마찬가지로 필모어를 지지했고

- they and the Know-Nothings threatened to cut into Republican strength.
그들과 아무것도 모르는 사람들은 공화당의 힘을 약화시킬 것이라고 위협했다.

Republicans-

Shouting
“We Follow the Pathfinder”
and
“We Are Buck Hunting,”
they organized glee clubs,
공화당원들은 "We Follow the Pathfinder"와 "We Are Buck Hunting"을 외치며 글리 클럽을 조직했고,

which sang (to the tune of “The Marseillaise”), “And free love,” sneered the Buchanan supporters (“Buchaneers”).
"Marseillaise"와 "그리고 자유로운 사랑"을 노래하며 Buchanan 지지자들을 비웃었다.

the Democrats met in Cincinnati to nominate their 'presidential' standard bearer of 1856

23h20114 — 2023-08-23 13:41:05 UTC

- The delegates finally chose James Buchanan
(pro- nounced by many Buck-anan)

Captain John C. Frémont
- explorer-soldier-surveyor
- virtually without political experience
-The Republican platform came out vigorously against the extension of slavery into the territories, while the Democrats declared no less emphatically for popular sovereignty.
뷰캐넌처럼 공화당 강령은 노예제도의 확장에 대해 강력하게 반대했고, 반면 민주당은 덜 대중적이라고 선언했다.

The Dred Scott v. Stanford p. 403/pdf437

23h20114 — 2023-08-23 14:35:00 UTC

- This pronouncement was one of the opening paper-gun blasts of the Civil War.

Dred Scott Case

23h20114 — 2023-08-24 00:09:52 UTC

Dred Scott
-  a black slave

- had lived with his master for five years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory.
흑인 노예인 준 스콧은 일리노이와 위스콘신 준주에서 5년 동안 주인과 함께 살았다.
- Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil.

그는 자유로운 땅에 오랫동안 거주했던 것을 근거로 자유를 위해 소송을 제기했다.

자신의 주인이 죽어서 자신이 자유로운 사람(그리고 자유 주에서 왔다 근거를 듦)이라고 주장하여서 소송을 제기했다.

1. master died- he thought he get free
2. he sued for freedom 
3. supreme court decision
    - decide that Dred Scott was a black slave, not a citizen, so he can't sued (- Justice Taeny)

master's daughter 가 still 우리 집안의 노예다라고 함

연방대법원은 단순한 법적 사건을 복잡한 정치적 문제로 왜곡하기 시작했다.>

Supreme Court decisions

- It ruled, not surprisingly, that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen, and hence could not sue in federal courts.* 이 판결은 준스콧이 흑인 노예이며 시민이 아니기 때문에 연방법원에 소송을 제기할 수 없다는 판결을 내렸다.

Justice Taeny (judge)
- 흑인이 미국의 시민이 아니기 떄문에 소송을 제기할 수 없다는 판결을 내렸다.

북쪽 열받음

-------------------------------------------------------------

[missouri compromise]

missouri - slave state
maine - free state

Because of the balance of slave and non-slave state.

parallel line - no slave above that lineeeeeee

Dred Scott decision
- decided missouri compromise is unconstitutional

John Brown

23h20114 — 2023-08-24 00:31:31 UTC

- grim figure
- he was an abolitionist
- he hatched a daring scheme to invade the South secretly with a handful of followers, call upon the slaves to rise, furnish them with arms, and establish a kind of black free state as a sanctuary.
소수의 추종자들과 함께 비밀리에 남부를 침공하여 노예들에게 일어나 무기를 제공하고 일종의 흑인 국가를 성역으로 세우는 대담한 계획을 세웠습니다.

- they captured by U.S. Marines under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert E. Lee.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

“Old Brown”

-- was convicted of murder and treason after a hasty but legal trial.
은 성급하지만 합법적인 재판 후 살인과 반역죄로 유죄 판결을 받았습니다.

- his near relations were regarded as insane
- “God’s angry man”—was given every opportunity to pose and to enjoy martyrdom.
"신의 화가 난 사람"인 브라운은 포즈를 취하고 순교를 즐길 모든 기회가 주어졌습니다.

23h20114 — 2023-08-24 00:38:19 UTC

- The effects of "Harpers Ferry" were inflammatory.
'하퍼스 페리'의 영향은 선동적이었다.
- didnt work

- In the eyes of the South, already embittered, “Osawatomie Brown” was a wholesale murderer and an apostle of treason.
이미 괴로워하고 있는 남부의 눈에, '오사와토미 브라운'은 도매 살인자이자 반역의 사도였다.

Abolitionists and other ardent free-soilers were infuriated by Brown’s execution.
--Many of them were ignorant of his bloody past and his even more bloody purposes
폐지론자들과 다른 열렬한 자유 토양론자들은 브라운의 처형에 격분했습니다. 그들 중 많은 사람들은 그의 피비린내 나는 과거와 심지어 더 피비린내 나는 목적에 대해 무지했다.

23h20114 — 2023-08-24 00:42:48 UTC

Brooks used a cane to attack Senator Charles Sumner, an abolitionist from Massachusetts. Because he was furious that Sumner had accused Senate

“Abe” Lincoln

23h20114 — 2023-08-24 01:08:05 UTC

- he was a minority president
- He was also a sectional president, for in ten southern states, where he was not allowed on the ballot, he polled no popular votes.
그는 또한 투표에 참여할 수 없었던 남부 10개 주에서 지역별 대통령이었습니다.

- The election of 1860 was virtually two elections:
one in the North, the other in the South
1860년 선거는 사실상 두 번의 선거였습니다. 하나는 북부에서, 다른 하나는 남부에서

-- South Carolinians rejoiced over Lincoln’s victory
사우스 캐롤라이나 주민들은 링컨의 승리에 기뻐했습니다.
- they now had their excuse to secede.
그들은 이제 탈퇴할 구실이 생겼습니다.

- In winning the North, the “rail-splitter” had split off the South.
북부에서 승리하면서, "철도 분할자"는 남부를 갈라놓았습니다.

Breckinridge
- while favoring the extension of slavery, was no disunionist.
브레킨리지는 노예제도의 연장을 지지하면서도 비동맹주의자는 아니었습니다.

----Yet the South, despite its electoral defeat, was not bad off.
선거에서 패배했음에도 나쁘지 않았다.
- still had a five-to-four majority on the Supreme Court.
남부는 여전히 대법원에서 5 대 4의 다수를 차지했습니다.

- Although the Republicans had elected Lincoln, they controlled neither the Senate nor the House of Representatives.

The federal government could not touch slavery in those states where it existed except by a constitutional amendment, and such an amendment could be defeated by one-fourth of the states.
연방 정부는 헌법 개정을 제외하고 노예제도가 존재하는 주에서는 노예제도에 손을 댈 수 없었고, 그러한 개정은 주 전체의 4분의 1에 의해 무산될 수 있었습니다.

23h20114 — 2023-08-24 06:15:56 UTC

to increase population

23h20114 — 2023-08-24 06:22:57 UTC

many people in the south were proslavery

23h20114 — 2023-08-24 06:31:43 UTC

- north treated Brown like a martyr - 순교자
- south was terrified
- proved republicans wanted to start slave revolts

23h20114 — 2023-08-24 06:38:27 UTC

- Senator Sumner (MA) gave a speech attacking and insulting proslavery people and politicans
- Representative Preston Brooks (SC) went to Senate and beat Sumner with a cane in response
-

Dred Scott Decision

23h20114 — 2023-08-24 07:08:07 UTC

- It ruled, not surprisingly, that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen, and hence could not sue in federal courts.

* 이 판결은 Scott이 흑인 노예이며 시민이 아니기 때문에 연방법원에 소송을 제기할 수 없다는 판결을 내렸다.

Justice Taeny (judge)
- 흑인이 미국의 시민이 아니기 떄문에 소송을 제기할 수 없다는 판결을 내렸다.

북쪽 열받음

23h20114 — 2023-08-24 07:18:31 UTC

south carolina - first state that succeeded

C.S.A. ------Confederate States of America.

23h20114 — 2023-08-24 07:22:00 UTC

- the seven seceders, formally meeting at Montgomery, Alabama, in February 1861 -- South carolina - deep south - others

- they chose president to Jefferson Davis
- led by Jefferson Davis

- struggled for legitimacy
-was never recognized as a sovereign nation.

링컨이 anti-slavery를 지지하는 대통령이어서 반대했기 때문에
seccession을 함
첫번쨰로 탈퇴한 주 : South Carolina

Jefferson Davis
confederate states 들의 대통령

- U.S. senator in Mississippi
- He was a West Pointer
- a former cabinet member with wide military
- administrative experience

- seven of the eleven deserting states pulled out of the Union

Crittenden Amendments

23h20114 — 2023-08-24 07:26:01 UTC


This was a late effort to save the Union by a Kentucky senator. The proposed amendments would protect slavery everywhere below the 36 degree 30' parallel line. 
이는 켄터키주 상원의원이 연방을 구하기 위한 늦은 노력이었다. 제안된 개정안들은, '36도 30도' 평행선 아래의 모든 곳에서 노예제도를 보호하게 될 것이다.

- to prevent the south succeeding from the union
south를 달래기 위해
- amendment that allows people can slavery in Cuba to appease the South
쿠바로 보내서 노예제를 할수 있도록 함
- 통과 안됨

- Slavery in the territories was to be prohibited north of 368 30’, but south of that line it was to be given federal protection in all territories existing or “hereafter to be acquired” (such as Cuba).
36830'의 북쪽에서는 노예제가 금지되었지만, 이 선의 남쪽에서는 쿠바와 같이 존재하는 모든 영토에서 연방정부의 보호를 받게 되었다.

- Federal protection in a territory south of 368 30’ might conceivably, though improbably, turn the entire area permanently to slavery.
36830' 남쪽의 영토에서 연방정부의 보호는 생각할 수도 있지만, 가능성은 희박하지만, 전체 지역을 영구적으로 노예로 만들 수도 있다.

23h20114 — 2023-08-26 09:13:40 UTC

referendum - 국민 투표

kansas 가 slave state 또는 free state 인지 결정하기 위해 투표를 함

John Brown - anti-slavery

하퍼스퍼리에 가서 무고한 사람들을 죽임
북에선 좋은 이미지 안티 슬레이버리이니까

Bleeding Kansas

23h20114 — 2023-09-03 09:31:33 UTC

켄자스를 투표로 slave 또는 nonslave state로 결정하려 했다
투표권을 올리려고 켄자스로 모이기 시작함 그로인해 양쪽간의 대립이 생겼다
북쪽이 이겨서 켄자스는 non slave state가 됐다

votes to determine Kansas to be a slave or non-slave state 
Starting to gather in Kansas for raise the vote, which led to a struggle between the two sides (South and North)
The North won and Kansas became a non-slave state

The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed the people who lived in the territory "popular sovereignty". As a result, many pro and anti slavery people moved to that territory to increase the votes in their favor. This created tensions, and violence began.

23h20114 — 2023-09-03 09:53:40 UTC

완벽한 anti slavery
죄없는 무고한 사람들과 노예들까지 죽임
남에서 볼때는 테러리스트임
controversial 함

23h20114 — 2023-09-03 15:48:44 UTC

battle of the fortsumter
- first battle of civil war

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

23h20114 — 2023-10-12 06:34:00 UTC

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - US bought California and Texas for 15 milion dollars
- US got half of the Mexico.

The Compromise of 1850

23h20114 — 2023-10-12 06:34:44 UTC

The compromise of 1850
- California became free state.
- New Mexico and Utah give popular sovereignty
- It removed slave trade in Washington D.C. - and fugitive slave act is a part of the compromise. (Fugitive slave act is a act that return back the enslaved slave to their original place.)

23h20114 — 2023-10-12 06:36:38 UTC

1. The Missouri Compromise (1820)
2. The Mexican-American War
3. The Compromise of 1850
4. Bleeding Kansas
5. Abraham Lincoln is elected president
6. Attack on Fort Sumter

not abolitionists

23h20114 — 2023-10-12 06:42:32 UTC

Robert E Lee

Stephen Douglas

Martha Washington