https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz Yina M. Pestana P. en-us 2022-02-06 13:24:59 UTC 2022-02-07 10:46:56 UTC hello@padlet.com yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031425090 2022-02-06 13:36:48 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031425090 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031427208 Emerged in the late 1970s and triumphed in the early 1980s, triggered by economic recession and public opposition to taxes.]]> 2022-02-06 13:38:56 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031427208 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031428602 NPM doctrines have facilitated government widespread adoption of business administration principles.]]> 2022-02-06 13:40:42 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031428602 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031430609 NPM has inspired the design and use of such
public policies.]]> 2022-02-06 13:43:06 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031430609 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031430883 Budget austerity.]]> 2022-02-06 13:43:28 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031430883 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031431067 Privatization.]]> 2022-02-06 13:43:42 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031431067 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031431461 Deregulation.]]> 2022-02-06 13:44:08 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031431461 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031431692 Contracting out.]]> 2022-02-06 13:44:26 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031431692 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031432054 Vouchers.]]> 2022-02-06 13:44:39 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031432054 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031432256 Decentralization.]]> 2022-02-06 13:44:55 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031432256 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031432516 Internal competition.]]> 2022-02-06 13:45:17 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031432516 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031432740 Promotion of corporate management methods in the public
sector.]]> 2022-02-06 13:45:35 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031432740 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031435965 2022-02-06 13:49:35 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031435965 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031439476 Current project management practices]]> 2022-02-06 13:54:03 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031439476 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031440364 The NPM movement rests on the theoretical pillars of
neoliberal economics, transaction cost analysis, principal-agent
theory and public choice doctrines.]]> 2022-02-06 13:55:07 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031440364 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031441193 Models focused on achieving intended results.]]> 2022-02-06 13:56:16 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031441193 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031443645 A flourishing scholarly project management literature combining theoretical insights with empirical studies.]]> 2022-02-06 13:59:37 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031443645 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031447686 Project management as a discipline emerge in the early 20th century when the great French engineer Henri Fayol (1841–1925) outlined five essential functions.]]> 2022-02-06 14:04:29 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031447686 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031448033 Planning.]]> 2022-02-06 14:04:56 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031448033 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031448134 Organizing.]]> 2022-02-06 14:05:05 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031448134 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031448272 Commanding.]]> 2022-02-06 14:05:14 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031448272 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031448427 Coordinating.]]> 2022-02-06 14:05:26 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031448427 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031448633 Controlling.]]> 2022-02-06 14:05:41 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031448633 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031453159 Henry Gantt (1919) designed tools to better design and track large projects by breaking them up into discrete tasks.]]> 2022-02-06 14:11:10 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031453159 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031454653 Throughout its history, the goal achievement model has dominated project management practices.]]> 2022-02-06 14:12:49 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031454653 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031456521 In the 1980's and 1990's, following the advent and increased use of computers, a variety of software programs emerged to help organizations achieve their goals while managing risks.]]> 2022-02-06 14:14:53 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031456521 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031457359 2022-02-06 14:15:58 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031457359 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031459286 Favours short-term objectives that are easy to quantify, irrespective of their strategic significance.]]> 2022-02-06 14:18:15 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031459286 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031459621 Management by Objectives (MBO)]]> 2022-02-06 14:18:42 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031459621 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031460631 Requires many meetings and much paper work.]]> 2022-02-06 14:19:53 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031460631 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031464001 Edward Deming (1994) argued that total quality management requires systems thinking, teamwork, and leadership rather than top-down, bureaucratic, indicator-driven management.]]> 2022-02-06 14:23:49 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031464001 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031466631 Gary Richardson (2010) states that “the role of a Project Manager is to make it happen”. Taking the ‘it’ for granted, the traditional project management approach concentrates on the mechanics of project planning, implementing, and controlling while paying lip service to front-end assessments of project goals.]]> 2022-02-06 14:26:42 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031466631 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031468868 Morris (2013) notes that project management practitioners tend to devote more attention to justifying the means rather than the ends of projects. They are encouraged to adopt this stance by project management handbooks that concentrate heavily on implementation towards predetermined goals with little regard to their social relevance or to their adaptation to the operating and social context.]]> 2022-02-06 14:29:02 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031468868 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031471999 2022-02-06 14:32:49 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031471999 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031475052 By now, numerous scholars have established that conventional project management practices are poorly adapted to operating environments characterized by volatility and uncertainty. In such circumstances, precise planning is ineffective due to the unpredictable ways in which unstable systems change. Deviation from the initial project plan and redrawing project boundaries are frequently needed to handle changed circumstances and overcome unexpected challenges in a timely and cost-effective way.]]> 2022-02-06 14:36:34 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031475052 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031478551 The imperative of creativity and innovation has brought forth complex project management systems in high technology industries geared to the development of new products through improvisation, interfunctional collaboration, and concurrent and iterative processes far better adapted to the timely detection and redressal of unavoidable errors than sequential processes implemented in turn by distinct organizational units.]]> 2022-02-06 14:40:53 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031478551 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031479808 Contemporary project management research is seeking to ‘rethink’ project management theory and broaden its scope.]]> 2022-02-06 14:42:28 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2031479808 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032196342 This section highlights the enormous power of the project idea; its remarkable agility to adapt to changing development policy directions; its effectiveness as a development learning instrument; its use as a lever for transformative social change; and its frequent reconfiguration so as to keep serving as the essential building block in the construction of development programs.]]> 2022-02-07 03:34:55 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032196342 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032200344 A project implies choosing a pattern into which all our day-to-day decisions, desires and values fit: this is our
fundamental project. From this perspective, projects signal intentionality, singularity, and authenticity: they are inseparable from identity. Projects also connect individuals to society: they help make up the world of others – just as the projects of others help make up our own. For all these reasons, the project concept offers wide opportunities for purposeful social action.]]> 2022-02-07 03:38:40 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032200344 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032204327 The history of aid projects demonstrates that projects can serve as instruments of social and environmental policy if conceived as adaptable endeavours, managed to reach beyond narrow goal achievement approaches and reliant on evaluation mechanisms geared to learning and accountability. The resulting focus on social overhead capital, complementarity in investment decisions and external economies implied a prominent role for government in economic planning and investment decisions. Thus, the project concept in international development is rooted in an explicit macro-economic rationale and it constitutes an existential imperative for the aid industry.]]> 2022-02-07 03:42:41 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032204327 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032211053 It is at the World Bank that development project work was first codified and where the project was gradually adapted to serve diverse and evolving aid policy directions.]]> 2022-02-07 03:48:57 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032211053 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032212608 The use of development projects as agents of change through dialogue and participation of beneficiaries in project design and implementation parallels contemporary project management research focused on organizational change.]]> 2022-02-07 03:50:22 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032212608 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032215617 Hirschman's own words: “Upon inspection, each project turns
out to represent a unique constellation of experiences and
consequences, of direct and indirect effects. This uniqueness in turn results from the varied interplay between the structural
characteristics of projects, on the one hand, and the social and political environment, on the other”.

"Centrality of side effects” (externalities, spill-overs, linkages, repercussions, etc.). No consistent metric can fully capture let alone aggregate these dimensions: what is most important and significant cannot always be measured.]]> 2022-02-07 03:52:58 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032215617 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032673818 To this end, aid managers were tasked to adopt the same quality assurance processes they previously used for individual projects with conditionality moved to the higher plane of policy making. Once again, the project concept had proved adaptable. Projects would henceforth be used as essential building blocks for policy-based country assistance programs.]]> 2022-02-07 09:46:37 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032673818 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032687852 Projects are conceived as experiments geared to a better understanding of society. Experimental evaluations of project suffer from severe limitations, they are costly, poorly adapted to adaptable interventions, constrained by ethical considerations and highly demanding in terms of specialized skills. Hence, they are now carried out selectively and impact evaluations for projects have come to rely on mixed methods adapted to the circumstances of individual cases.]]> 2022-02-07 09:54:58 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032687852 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032691275 2022-02-07 09:57:02 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032691275 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032692577 Projects perform poorly when]]> 2022-02-07 09:57:49 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032692577 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032693136 Beneficiaries do not participate sufficiently in decision making.]]> 2022-02-07 09:58:08 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032693136 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032694207 Client countries do not “own” the project]]> 2022-02-07 09:58:45 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032694207 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032695063 Risks are inadequately assessed or poorly managed.]]> 2022-02-07 09:59:18 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032695063 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032695721 Local capacity constraints are not addressed.]]> 2022-02-07 09:59:40 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032695721 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032696321 Project designs are not adapted to changing conditions in a timely way.]]> 2022-02-07 09:59:59 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032696321 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032700696 Project cycle]]> 2022-02-07 10:02:31 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032700696 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032702438 To country decision makers and potential beneficiaries to take account of their preferences and values when selecting goals and shaping project design.]]> 2022-02-07 10:03:33 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032702438 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032705850 Explores alternatives and ascertains their risk profiles: it engages in detailed situation analysis, tests local leadership, strengthens domestic capacities, and tries out competing approaches and technologies.]]> 2022-02-07 10:05:44 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032705850 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032710698 Helps to solidify commitment and ownership, train staff, confirm the hypotheses identified at the pilot phase, fine tune the project design and set up management information and monitoring systems.]]> 2022-02-07 10:08:46 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032710698 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032713110 Upscales the intervention as appropriate through gradual and systematic replication of the approach to benefit from economies of scale.]]> 2022-02-07 10:10:09 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032713110 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032718510 International development projects have brought national economies closer together, propelled multinational companies towards developing countries, and provided global connections for a bewildering variety of non-governmental organizations.

An even more comprehensive and holistic set of policy priorities has come centre stage. It emphasizes environmental and social objectives; embraces whole of government approaches; and promotes a much greater role for the private funding of social interventions as well as full
involvement of voluntary sector organizations.]]> 2022-02-07 10:13:35 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032718510 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032733129 The cost benefit methodology was attuned to the mindsets of academics, government planners and aid managers. It provided a convenient tool for public investment management and aid delivery.]]> 2022-02-07 10:22:37 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032733129 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032740782 Multiple project assessment considerations should be brought to bear and that, beyond narrow economic tests, projects should be appraised from a technical, social, environmental, and organizational standpoint.]]> 2022-02-07 10:27:27 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032740782 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032746940 2022-02-07 10:31:17 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032746940 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032748511 The extent to which the objectives of the intervention are consistent with the beneficiaries' requirements, country needs, global priorities and partners' and donors' policies.]]> 2022-02-07 10:32:22 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032748511 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032750534 Objectives of the intervention were achieved or expected to be achieved taking account of their relative importance.]]> 2022-02-07 10:33:39 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032750534 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032752078 A measure of how economically resources/inputs (funds, expertise, time, etc.) has been converted to results.]]> 2022-02-07 10:34:40 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032752078 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032753504 Benefits from a development intervention after major development assistance has been completed.]]> 2022-02-07 10:35:43 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032753504 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032754380 Positive and negative, primary, and secondary long-term effects produced by a development intervention, directly or indirectly, intended or unintended.]]> 2022-02-07 10:36:24 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032754380 yinapestana1 https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032771213 While the five DAC criteria would be useful in project management mainstream practice, they do not meet the full requirements of project management since they blur accountability.

If partners' performance at various levels is not assessed, moral hazard is bound to prevail. Owners should therefore take explicit account of partners' distinct contributions to project outcomes.

How well did the individual development partners perform towards the achievement of project objectives and
what might be done to improve their performance?]]> 2022-02-07 10:46:47 UTC https://padlet.com/yinapestana1/hfcihp22oo8c9sxz/wish/2032771213