KALITOR TOWN - RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES – RES IN URBAN AREA by Mira Mihaylova

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 18:31:25 UTC

"Renewable energy sources" are non-fossil energy sources (energy carriers) that contain solar, wind, hydro and geothermal energy, including wave energy and tidal energy, renewable without visible depletion when used, as well as waste heat, energy. from biomass and energy from industrial and household waste.

Types of RES

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 18:32:08 UTC

Depending on the type of source they are:
Solar energy
Geothermal energy
Water energy
Wind energy
Biomass - wood
Biomass - solid agricultural waste
Biogas

Photovoltaic Solar Installations

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 18:38:38 UTC

"Photovoltaics" is a combination of two words: "photo", which means light, and "voltaica", which means voltage (volt).

Photovoltaic installations convert light energy directly into electricity.

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 18:53:33 UTC

The main element is the cells. They are made of thin layers of semiconductor materials applied on a silicon base (substrate). Photons (light) displace electrons from the silicon substrate, thus the set of free electrons determines the electric current.

Combining cells into one panel is called a module. The modules, in turn, can be mounted in rows (array / string).

Types of PV modules:
of single crystal silicon
of polycrystalline silicon
thin-layer

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 18:56:39 UTC

Depending on the type of PV cells, the efficiency ranges from 8% to 18%.

From 1 kW (p) depending on the location on the territory of Bulgaria can produce from 0.8 to 1.25 MWh / year. electricity.

Types of PV Installations

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 19:05:32 UTC

For centralized energy production - connected to the network For decentralized energy production - production of electricity for own needs

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 19:10:07 UTC

Solar installations for heat production

Solar Energy - Heat Conversion Technologies

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 19:12:07 UTC

Low temperature conversion Solar water heaters Solar air heaters Passive solar heating systems Heating medium heating temperature - <100 оС

SOLAR ACTIVE RES

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 19:19:17 UTC

PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR INSTALLATIONS

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 19:20:35 UTC

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 19:25:31 UTC

Wind energy
Wind energy is the kinetic energy of the wind, defined by the speed and density of the air flow.
The theoretical potential is measured in W / sq.m. earth surface. Given the limited information available, it is difficult to assess.

Main characteristics:
Speed
Direction
Flow density

WIND ENERGY

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 19:28:58 UTC

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 19:34:03 UTC

Geothermal energy is the thermal energy coming from the bowels of the Earth in the form of: The heat (enthalpy) of thermal waters; The heat (enthalpy) of water vapor; Heated rocks at greater depths.

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES APPLICABLE IN KALITOR TOWN

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 19:39:44 UTC

GEO TERM RES

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 19:42:51 UTC

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 19:45:45 UTC

The existing technical and economic potential for the construction of large hydropower plants is almost exhausted or unusable due to environmental reasons. This is one of the reasons for the increased investment interest in the construction of hydropower sites with a maximum capacity of up to 10 MW, conditionally differentiated as small hydropower plants. Among others are the long period of operation of the facilities and the low costs associated with their production and maintenance, as well as the security of the investment, albeit with a relatively long payback period.

Another advantage is the fact that small hydropower plants on running water do not use pre-reserved water volumes, thus avoiding the construction of a dam wall and the formation of a dam lake.

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 19:50:15 UTC

The quality of the electricity produced by the small hydropower plants does not differ from the general requirements to the other power plants in the general energy system. In order to obtain maximum power from small hydropower plants, it is necessary for the turbines to work with maximum pressure, which requires, on the one hand, the maintenance of maximum volumes in the upper basin, and on the other - effective regulation of hydraulic units. With a relatively constant schedule of energy consumption, the production of electricity from small hydropower plants can be easily automated, thus achieving higher efficiency.

Wood and Agricultural Waste

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 19:54:50 UTC

“…the biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from agriculture (including vegetal and animals substances), forestry, and related industries, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste…”
Biomass from wood is a renewable product. Its renewal depends on the forest management plans - afforestation and timber extraction!

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 19:56:46 UTC

Wood and Wood Waste

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 19:57:24 UTC

Logging waste - about 30% branches, top and stumps; wood processing waste - about 30%.

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:03:15 UTC

Biomass

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:03:49 UTC

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:06:38 UTC

Biogas, landfill gas
Biogas - a fuel gas that is produced by organized fermentation of biological products in an anaerobic (oxygen-free) environment. The gas produced in nature during natural fermentation is called "swamp gas".

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:08:27 UTC

Obtained from: fermentation of manure from agricultural farms; anaerobic digestion of sludge from wastewater treatment plants. Raw materials: waste from animal farms - faeces, litter (mixture of faeces and straw); wash water; food waste.

BIOGAS

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:09:51 UTC

Small Hydropower Plants

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:16:54 UTC

Geothermal Energy

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:18:00 UTC

Wind Turbines

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:18:53 UTC

BIOMASS

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:20:04 UTC

Photovoltaic installations - efficiency

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:20:57 UTC

Solar Collectors

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:29:52 UTC

BIOGASS

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:32:04 UTC

How much CO2 emissions emit during the life cycle of RES: a comparison of photovoltaic and geothermal sources

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:37:14 UTC

The study examines CO2 emissions in the production, operation and management of solar cell waste and compares this with the operation of geothermal power plants. An interesting approach in comparing the two technologies.

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:39:07 UTC

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:41:05 UTC

In a recently published paper, Prof. D. Chanraseharam of the Indian Institute of Technology in Hyderabad, India and co-author Prof. G. Ranjit Pategama of Monash University in Clayton, Australia. Chandrasekharam & G. Ranjith Pathegama / consider CO2 emissions from the life cycle of solar photovoltaic equipment and that of geothermal power plants. The study emphasizes that it is appropriate to use a combination of renewable energy technologies to limit the use of fossil fuels and effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions, writes thinkgeoenergy.com.

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:43:19 UTC

Geothermal and solar pvs are the energy sources of the future, as both draw energy from natural heat sources, ie. Earth and Sun. While geothermal energy uses the Earth's heat for energy production and for direct applications such as space cooling and dehydration, solar energy captures solar energy and converts energy into electricity through solar pv cells, the two scientists note.

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:45:35 UTC

According to their research, the quartz needed to produce solar cells that can generate 1 MWe weighs about 10 tons, and the production of pv cells involves two important stages: silicon with a metallurgical grade (MGS) and silicon with an electronic grade ). In the first step, an amount of 1756 × 106 kg CO2 is released and a similar amount of CO2 is released during the conversion of the EGS into blocks. The total CO2 emissions during the life cycle of the solar pv cell are about 3312 × 106 kg, the study shows. According to the authors, this amount is much higher than the geothermal energy source, which emits about 450 g / kWh.

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:46:37 UTC

According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), under the sustainable development policy proposed for adoption to reduce CO2 emissions, nearly 54 × 109 cells are needed to achieve the 14,139 TWh target. Of the solar pv and geothermal sources, geothermal energy is the best option in this policy scenario for CO2 mitigation and global temperature control.

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:47:17 UTC

In addition to emissions from the production of solar pv cells and solar panels, the management of solar cell waste is a major concern. Globally, the generation of solar panel waste will be in the order of 78 million tons (Weckend et al. 2016). Countries involved in the production of solar pv cells will emit significant amounts of CO2 from this source in addition to coal-fired power plants.

mmihaylova2 — 2020-06-11 20:50:10 UTC