https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha The Criminal Justice System en-us 2023-03-07 01:14:12 UTC 2023-03-07 06:19:32 UTC hello@padlet.com 23cmcdowall https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506069704 In the year 1865, shortly after the Civil War, the ratification of the 13th Amendment creates the first "prison boom" in the U.S. The loophole in the 13th Amendment legalized the incarnation of Black people and replaced the meaning of "slavery" with the words, "involuntary servitude" in the U.S. Constitution. ]]> 2023-03-07 01:44:07 UTC https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506069704 23cmcdowall https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506083664 Shortly after the Civil War, President Andrew Johnson passed a repressive set of laws known as "Black Codes" to encourage the exploitation of Black people being used as a free source of labor. This was the beginning of a period known as the "Reconstruction" era, spanning from 1865-1877. ]]> 2023-03-07 01:55:22 UTC https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506083664 23cmcdowall https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506143726 In the Virginia Supreme Court case, Ruffin vs. Commonwealth of 1871, an incarcerated person was said to be "a slave of the state." Woody Ruffin was a prisoner in Bath County, Virginia. There, he was sent to work on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad during his imprisonment. ]]> 2023-03-07 02:45:54 UTC https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506143726 23cmcdowall https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506166842 In 1891, Congress passed the Three Prisons Act, under the oversight of the Department of Justice. This created the first Federal Prison Systems, which allowed for mass incarnation to happen on a national level. ]]> 2023-03-07 03:04:44 UTC https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506166842 23cmcdowall https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506175923 In 1928, the practice of private convict leasing ended. However, state prison authorities introduced chain gangs: a form of forced slavery-like labor, where incarcerated Black people toiled on public works. This continued into the 1940s.]]> 2023-03-07 03:12:23 UTC https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506175923 23cmcdowall https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506203002 By 1970, U.S. prisons faced another "boom," due to politicians from both parties using fear so that legislatures could demand stricter sentencing laws. President Nixon used the "war on drugs" as a way to justify state and local executives, who ordered law enforcement officers to be tougher on crime. ]]> 2023-03-07 03:36:18 UTC https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506203002 23cmcdowall https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506351723 In the 1920s, the prison population began to spike up again in the Northern states. There was an increased competition over the limited amount of jobs located in the Northern cities. With changing demographics, much of the public grew anxious about the rise in crime. Discrimination was directed onto Black immigrants and white supremacy began to dominate. ]]> 2023-03-07 05:58:38 UTC https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506351723 23cmcdowall https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506357997 In 2009, U.S. incarceration rates increased by 400% between 1970-2009. The prison population reached a peak of 1,553,574 prisoners due to elected officials and policymakers making deliberate decisions that grew the prison population. ]]> 2023-03-07 06:05:13 UTC https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506357997 23cmcdowall https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506362163 During the peak of the COVID-19 Pandemic, George Floyd was brutally suffocated to death at the hands of law enforcement. The whole world saw the video of police brutality first-hand, the kind of events that have been around for centuries but go unnoticed. This movement sparked a lot of action from the Black Lives Matter movement, and made an effort to address the need for police reform.]]> 2023-03-07 06:09:50 UTC https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506362163 23cmcdowall https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506371785 In the year 1619, a Dutch ship brought 20 Africans ashore in the British colony of Jamestown, Virginia. Slavery spread quickly through the American colonies to satisfy the labor needs of the rapidly growing North American colonies, white European settlers. Slavery against Black people has been the root problem where most racial injustice and discrimination comes from today, especially in the Criminal Justice System.]]> 2023-03-07 06:18:23 UTC https://padlet.com/23cmcdowall/hbbsplcsccyngzha/wish/2506371785