Ecology of olive trees by Kristina Grigaitė Bliūmienė

Tomas C Olives

tomascibulskis — 2020-12-22 06:49:24 UTC

Baena responded that it was due to the ‘impoverishment of the fields, lacking in fertiliser, poorly worked and tired of producing’.2 Some authors have argued that productive crises of this kind tend to accelerate the industrialisation of agriculture (Soto et al., 2010). It is certainly true that southern Spain, during the period of the autarkic policies of the Franco regime, industrialised its agriculture by multiplying the use of industrial inputs, radically changing the traditional functioning of the sector. The use of inorganic fertilisers meant that former strategies, such as the fallowing of land and the application of manure, could be abandoned. The costs of applying the new methods of fertilisation were much lower than those involved in managing livestock or renouncing a year’s harvest.

Tomas C

tomascibulskis — 2020-12-22 06:51:34 UTC

Olive yield per hectare barely surpassed 600 kilograms

Ignas M

tomascibulskis — 2020-12-22 06:54:14 UTC

Much of the historiography relating to olive growing during the Ancien Regime maintains that the first olive groves were probably in the hands of small and medium landowners who managed a crop that required little investment

Erikas P.

erikaspazera — 2020-12-22 06:54:46 UTC

This study revealed considerable differences between olive farming areas and, in some cases, between different farms within a given area. These differences are strongly apparent in the physical characteristics of the plantations, management practices, socioeconomic situation and environmental effects. Olive farms in the EU range from the very small (<0.5ha) to the very large (>500ha) and from the traditional, low-intensity grove to the intensive, highly mechanised plantation.
Overall, three broad types of plantation were identified:

1. As a result of their particular plantation characteristics and farming practices, the low-input traditional plantations have potentially the highest natural value and most positive effects as well as the least negative effects on the environment. These plantations are also the least viable in economic terms and hence most vulnerable to abandonment.

2. The intensified traditional and modern intensive systems are inherently of least natural value and have potentially, and in practice, the greatest negative environmental impacts, particularly in the form of soil erosion, run-off to water bodies, degradation of habitats and landscapes and exploitation of scarce water resources.

3. Intensive modern plantations of smaller tree varieties, planted at high densities and managed under an intensive and highly mechanised system, usually with irrigation.

Gabija V., Eividas P.

gabijavaiciukynaite — 2020-12-22 06:55:33 UTC

☆Olive is one of the most abundant tree crops in the Mediterranean countries.
☆The proposed environment-friendly agricultural practices were implemented in three areas in Greece: (a) southwest Peloponnese (Nileas group of farmers), (b) northeastern Crete (Mirabello Union of Agricultural Cooperatives), and (c) northcentral Crete (Peza Union of Agricultural Cooperatives) Forty olive groves per area were selected, of which 20 were used as control plots (C: control) and 20 as demonstration plots (T: treatment).
☆Olive groves differed significantly in size between Crete and Peloponnese.
☆Although not relevant to the total farmer’s property size, this figure is indicative of the management problems arising, especially in Crete, where one family may have to manage as many as 20 small-sized olive groves dispersed in their area.

Emilijus G.

emilijusgruzdys — 2020-12-22 06:56:06 UTC

Oases From Bare Rock – The Hanging Gardens of the Southwest United States
You’ve just encountered a hanging garden, a peculiar plant community found in the greater Colorado Plateau. Hanging gardens, at their most basic, are places where water seeps out of bare rock, often year round, in an otherwise desert environment and allows water-loving plants to thrive in places where they would otherwise never be able to grow.

First thing first: How and why does a hanging garden form? Let’s start with the seep. In the areas which hanging gardens are found, the geology consists of layers of highly porous sandstone (laid down in ancient, wind swept deserts) and ones of impermeable sedimentary rock which formed the bottoms of prehistoric lakes. Rivers have cut through these layers to form the deep canyons of the southwest, and it’s this particular arrangement of rock types that allows theses seeps to form.

dariusspakauskas — 2020-12-22 06:58:31 UTC

These olive trees h

Ignas M

tomascibulskis — 2020-12-22 07:00:02 UTC

The sources make it clear that in Baena there were major changes in the character of oil production, involving in particular more intensive methods of soil management. They describe how the soil was now tilled three times a year, between March and May, and although the bases of the olive tree trunks were still dug out, manual reaping during the summer was replaced by very superficial tilling using harrow passes

Darius

dariusspakauskas — 2020-12-22 07:01:05 UTC

These olive trees have very close relationships with

owners, livestock and poultry. This means that the

animals provide the manure and help in fighting the

diseases and parasites, eating infected fruits and leaves.

Olive fly (Bactrocera oleae) is the main pest affecting the

olive trees in Vlora and Tirana. This pest becomes more

problematic in humid, frost-free areas, where it can decimate

the olive crop leading to a low quality of olive oil. However, in

dry, high-altitude areas, the olive fly tends to be less aggressive

and control measures may not be taken necessarily on a regular

basis

There are three generation of olive flies annually. Flies

survive winter as puparia. The first generation is ready on June-

July. The larvae feed within the olive for a period 9-37 days

depending on the temperature [5]. In 1950-1960 no pesticides

were used in traditional of olive plantations to fight the olive

fly.

Matas Z.

mataszdancius — 2020-12-22 07:02:36 UTC

There are canyons and rock formations of soaring sandstone all around you. The vegetation is dry and scrubby, designed to withstand long periods of drought. The stream beds around you are dry and will remain that way until winter or spring. It’s a beautiful but extremely harsh environment. Suddenly, your trail turns a corner and before you is a patch of lush green vegetation – ferns and grasses and flowers and algae – growing seemingly straight out of the rock, some even upside down.

Matas Z.

mataszdancius — 2020-12-22 07:04:14 UTC

Hanging gardens usually have very thin, poor soils, formed by natural erosion of the rock by the water and through the action of Southern maidenhair fern (Adiantum capillus-veneris), an indicator species for hanging gardens.
Southern maidenhair fern (Adiantum capillus-veneris), an indicator species for hanging gardens. The first species of plants to colonize the area, ones that take hold on the rock itself or on the calcareous deposits (known as tufa) that are often left on the rock by calcium-rich water. The tufa contains not just calcium but other nutrients trapped from the rainwater as it flows through the ground, and some plants can root directly in it in lieu of soil.

mataszdancius — 2020-12-22 07:04:43 UTC

und you are dry and will remain that way until winter or spring. It’s a beautiful but extremely harsh environment. Suddenly, your trail turns a corner and before you is a patch of lush green vegetation – ferns and grasses and flowers and algae – growing seemingly straight out of the rock, some even upside down. Darius Darius These olive trees have very close relationships with owners, livestock and poultry. This means that the animals provide the manure and help in fighting the diseases and parasites, eating infected fruits and leaves. Olive fly (Bactrocera oleae) is the main pest affecting the olive trees in Vlora and Tirana. This pest becomes more problematic in humid, frost-free areas, where it can decimate the olive crop leading to a low quality of olive oil. However, in dry, high-altitude areas, the olive fly tends to be less aggressive and control measures may not be taken necessarily on a regular basis There are three generation of olive flies annually. Flies survive winter as puparia. The first generation is ready on June- July. The larvae feed within the olive for a period 9-37 days depending on the temperature [5]. In 1950-1960 no pesticides were used in traditional of olive plantations to fight the olive fly. These olive trees h These olive trees h Emilijus G. Emilijus G. Oases From Bare Rock – The Hanging Gardens of the Southwest United States You’ve just encountered a hanging garden, a peculiar plant community found in the greater Colorado Plateau. Hanging gardens, at their most basic, are places where water seeps out of bare rock, often year round, in an otherwise desert environment and allows water-loving plants to thrive in places where they would otherwise never be able to grow. Gabija V. Gabija V. ☆Olive is one of the most abundant tree crops in the Mediterranean countries. ☆The proposed environment-friendly agricultural practices were implemented in three areas in Greece: (a) southwest Peloponnese (Nileas group of farmers), (b) northeastern Crete (Mirabello Union of Agricultural Cooperatives), and (c) northcentral Crete (Peza Union of Agricultural Cooperatives) Forty olive groves per area were selected, of which 20 were used as control plots (C: control) and 20 as demonstration plots (T: treatment). ☆Olive groves differed significantly in size between Crete and Peloponnese. ☆Although not relevant to the total farmer’s property size, this figure is indicative of the management problems arising, especially in Crete, where one family may have to manage as many as 20 small-sized olive groves dispersed in their area. Matas Z.

Matas Z.

mataszdancius — 2020-12-22 07:06:46 UTC

Hanging gardens take three distinct forms, depending on the geology around the them, the thickness of the rock layers, and the placement of the joints in the rock. The most gravity-defying are the “window blind” gardens which appear to grow directly out of a sheer rock face, when the joint between the permeable and impermeable layers of rock is flush with both layers. This type of garden, while impressive, often supports smaller and fewer species the other types.

Kristina GB

kristinagrigaitebliumiene — 2020-12-22 07:08:47 UTC

Domantas Belickas

domantasbelickas — 2020-12-22 07:09:14 UTC

Adoption of modified pruning also had important contribution toward sustainable management of olive trees. Sustainable pruning resulted in a well-balanced ratio between vegetative growth and fruiting (balanced, every year, in order to eradicate biennial bearing). Significant fluctuation in olive yields was observed in the first years of the project while yields were gradually stabilised by applying sustainable crop management.Olive is one of the most abundant tree crops in the Mediterranean countries . Olive cultivation is adapted to sloping land and poor soils providing ecological, economic, and social benefits to the areas it is realized . Over the 70% of olive trees globally are cultivated in European Union’s Mediterranean countries with Greece being the third producer country in the world with an average annual production of 300.000 Mg olive oil, following Spain and Italy.Olive groves differed significantly in size between Crete and Peloponnese. Although not relevant to the total farmer’s property size, this figure is indicative of the management problems arising, especially in Crete, where one family may have to manage as many as 20 small-sized olive groves dispersed in their area. Organic material added in T olive groves contributed to the addition of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to the soil.