1. 1. Al-Qur’an (القرآن) – The Holy Qur’an

   
   

   
   

   Definition:

   The Qur’an is the primary and most authoritative source of Islamic law. It is the direct word of Allah revealed to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.

   
   

   Proof:

   
   

   “Indeed, this Qur’an guides to that which is most just and right…”

   (Surah Al-Isra, 17:9)

   
   

   “And We have sent down to you the Book as clarification for all things and as guidance and mercy and good tidings for the Muslims.”

   (Surah An-Nahl, 16:89)

   
   

   Explanation:

   All Islamic rulings must first be sought in the Qur’an. It provides laws on worship, transactions, family, crime, and ethics.

   
   

   2. As-Sunnah (السنة) / Hadith – The Traditions of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ

   
   

   
   

   Definition:

   The Sunnah refers to the sayings, actions, and approvals of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ that explain and complement the Qur’an.

   
   

   Proof:

   
   

   “And whatever the Messenger has given you – take; and what he has forbidden you – refrain from.”

   (Surah Al-Hashr, 59:7)

   
   

   The Prophet ﷺ said:

   “I have left among you two things; you will never go astray as long as you hold fast to them – the Book of Allah and my Sunnah.”

   (Narrated by al-Hakim)

   
   

   Explanation:

   The Sunnah elaborates the Qur’anic commandments — for example, the Qur’an commands prayer (Ṣalāh), but the Sunnah teaches how to perform it.

   
   

   3. Al-Ijmā‘ (الإجماع) – Consensus of Scholars

   
   

   
   

   Definition:

   Ijmā‘ means the agreement of all qualified Islamic scholars (mujtahidūn) on a legal ruling after the death of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.

   
   

   Proof:

   
   

   The Prophet ﷺ said:

   “My ummah will never agree upon an error.”

   (Narrated by Ibn Majah and Tirmidhi)

   
   

   “And whoever opposes the Messenger after guidance has become clear to him and follows other than the way of the believers – We will give him what he has taken and drive him into Hell.”

   (Surah An-Nisa’, 4:115)

   
   

   Explanation:

   When all scholars agree on a matter, it becomes a binding source of Islamic law, ensuring unity and consistency in Islamic rulings.

Dan Kami telah menurunkan kepadamu (wahai Muhammad) Al-Kitab (Al-Qur’an) untuk menjelaskan segala sesuatu, sebagai petunjuk, rahmat dan berita gembira bagi orang-orang yang berserah diri.”

(Surah An-Nahl, 16:89)

Ayat ni tunjuk bahawa Al-Qur’an diturunkan sebagai panduan menyeluruh — termasuk dalam penetapan hukum.

As-Sunnah

Larangan makan haiwan bertaring & burung bercakar:

“Rasulullah SAW melarang makan setiap haiwan yang bertaring dan setiap burung yang berkuku tajam.”

(Riwayat Muslim)

Ijma’

Pengharaman Nikah Tanpa Wali

Penjelasan: Ulama sepakat bahawa pernikahan tanpa wali tidak sah.

Berasaskan hadith:

“Tidak sah nikah melainkan dengan wali.”

(Riwayat Abu Dawud & Tirmizi)

Ijma‘ ulama selepas itu menguatkan hukum tersebut dalam semua mazhab utama.

1. The Qur'an

The Qur'an is the direct word of Allah revealed to Prophet Muhammad, and it is the first and most important source of Islamic law.

Proof: "And We have sent down to you the Book as clarification for all things and as guidance and mercy and good tidings for the Muslims."
— Surah An-Nahl (16:89)

This verse shows the Qur'an is a guide and contains rulings for all aspects of life.

2. The Sunnah

The Sunnah refers to the sayings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. It explains and complements the Qur'an.

Proof: "And whatever the Messenger has given you — take; and what he has forbidden you — refrain from."
— Surah Al-Hashr (59:7)

This verse commands Muslims to follow the Prophet's teachings, which form the basis of the Sunnah.

3. Ijmaʿ — Consensus of Scholars

Ijmaʿ refers to the unanimous agreement of qualified Islamic scholars on a legal issue after the Prophet’s death. It is used when the Qur'an and Sunnah do not explicitly address an issue.

Proof: The Prophet said:
"My Ummah will never agree upon error."
— Sunan Ibn Majah (Hadith 3950), graded authentic by al-Albani

Qiyās — Analogical Reasoning

Qiyās means applying a ruling from the Qur’an or Sunnah to a new issue that doesn't have a specific text, by finding a common reason between the two cases.

Issue in Text:
The Qur'an prohibits wine because it is intoxicating:

"O you who have believed, indeed, intoxicants, gambling, and divining arrows are but defilement from the work of Satan, so avoid it that you may succeed."
— Surah Al-Ma'idah (5:90)

“O mankind, eat from whatever is on earth [that is] lawful and good (halal and tayyib), and do not follow the footsteps of Satan. Indeed, he is to you a clear enemy.”

(Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:168)

2)Hadith

The Prophet ﷺ forbade eating animals with fangs or birds with talons.

(Sahih Muslim, 1934)

3)Ijma’

Scholars agreed that intoxicants (like alcohol) are haram, even in small amounts, based on the Qur’an and Sunnah.

1.

Al-Quran (The Holy Quran)

Example:

• Permissible Food:
  Surah Al-Ma’idah (5:1):
  “O you who have believed, [lawful] are the good things that Allah has provided for you…”
  This verse mentions that Muslims are allowed to consume the good and lawful food provided by Allah, which is interpreted as food that meets the Islamic dietary standards.

• Forbidden Food:
  Surah Al-Baqarah (2:173):
  “He has only forbidden you dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and that on which has been invoked the name of other than Allah…”
  This verse directly forbids certain foods such as pork, dead meat, and those not slaughtered according to Islamic practices.

2.

Hadith (Sayings of Prophet Muhammad PBUH)

Example:

• Eating with Right Hand:
  

  • Narrated by Abu Huraira (Sahih al-Bukhari 5506):
    “Allah’s Messenger (PBUH) said, ‘When a man eats, he should eat with his right hand, and when he drinks, he should drink with his right hand, for Satan eats and drinks with his left hand.’”
    This hadith provides guidance on the etiquettes of eating, focusing on the use of the right hand, which is considered more respectful and in accordance with Sunnah (tradition).

• 
  

• Forbidden Food (Alcohol):
  

  • Narrated by Abu Huraira (Sahih Muslim 2003):
    “The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said: ‘Every intoxicant is haram, and every intoxicant is a type of alcohol.’”
    This hadith explicitly forbids alcohol, making it clear that anything that intoxicates the mind is haram (forbidden), including alcoholic drinks.

    
    

    3. 
       

       Qiyas (Analogical Reasoning)

       
       

       
       

       Example:

       
       

       • Alcohol (Qiyas on Intoxicants):
         Since alcohol is prohibited in Islam due to its intoxicating effects, scholars apply the same reasoning to other substances that intoxicate, such as drugs. Using Qiyas, drugs are also deemed haram, even though they may not be explicitly mentioned in the Quran or Hadith.

       
       

       
       

       
       

    
    

1. Al-Qur’an

   Dan Kami telah turunkan kepadamu (wahai Muhammad) al-Kitab (al-Qur’an) dengan membawa kebenaran untuk mengesahkan kebenaran kitab-kitab yang sebelumnya dan untuk menjadi hakim terhadap apa yang telah Allah turunkan.”

   — Surah al-Ma’idah (5:48)

2. Hadith

   Rasulullah ﷺ bersabda:

   “Aku tinggalkan kepada kamu dua perkara; kamu tidak akan sesat selama berpegang kepada keduanya, iaitu Kitab Allah dan Sunnahku.”

   — Hadis riwayat Malik dalam al-Muwatta’

3. Ijma’

   Rasulullah ﷺ bersabda:

   “Umatku tidak akan bersepakat di atas kesesatan.”

   — Hadis riwayat Ibn Majah dan al-TirmiziQiyas

4. Qiyas

   “… Maka ambillah pengajaran (pelajaran) daripada hal itu, wahai orang-orang yang mempunyai pandangan.”

   — Surah al-Hashr (59:2)

Surah Al-Baqarah (2:2): “This is the Book about which there is no doubt, a guidance for those conscious of Allah.”

2. Hadith

The Prophet (pbuh) said, “I have left among you two things; you will never go astray as long as you hold fast to them: the Book of Allah and my Sunnah.” (Malik’s Muwatta, Book 46, Hadith 3)

3. Ijma‘

The Prophet (pbuh) said: “My Ummah will never agree upon an error.” (Sunan Ibn Majah)

1. Al-Qur'an (Al-Qur'an)

Al-Qur'an memberikan panduan tentang makanan yang halal (dibolehkan) dan haram (dilarang). Sebagai contoh, Allah mengharamkan daging babi dan darah dalam Al-Qur'an.

Contoh: "Sesungguhnya yang diharamkan bagimu adalah bangkai, darah, daging babi, dan apa yang disembelih atas nama selain Allah." (Surah Al-Ma’idah, 5:3)

2. Hadis (Kata-kata dan Perbuatan Nabi Muhammad SAW)

Hadis menjelaskan lebih lanjut tentang makanan yang halal dan haram, serta cara-cara penyediaan makanan yang dibenarkan dalam Islam. Nabi Muhammad SAW juga mengajarkan untuk makan dengan cara yang baik dan mengelakkan pembaziran.

Contoh : Nabi Muhammad bersabda, "Makanlah dengan tangan kananmu, dan jangan makan dengan tangan kiri." (Sahih Muslim)

3. Qiyas (Penalaran Analogi)

Qiyas digunakan untuk menentukan hukum makanan yang tidak disebutkan secara langsung dalam Al-Qur'an atau Hadis. Sebagai contoh, pengharaman alkohol dibuat berdasarkan analogi dengan makanan atau minuman yang memabukkan.

Contoh: Alkohol diharamkan kerana ia memabukkan, yang diambil dari analogi dengan benda yang memudaratkan tubuh.

• Surah Al-Ma’idah 5:3: Prohibited to you are dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine…

• Surah Al-Baqarah 2:168: O mankind, eat from whatever is on earth [that is] lawful and good and do not follow the footsteps of Satan. Indeed, he is to you a clear enemy

Hadith

• Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 74 (Drink), Hadith 337: The Prophet said: "Every intoxicant is Khamr (wine) and every Khamr is unlawful (Haram)."

يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ كُلُوا مِمَّا فِي الْأَرْضِ حَلَالًا طَيِّبًا وَلَا تَتَّبِعُوا خُطُوَاتِ الشَّيْطَانِ إِنَّهُ لَكُمْ عَدُوٌّ مُّبِينٌ

“Wahai sekalian manusia! Makanlah daripada apa yang ada di bumi yang halal lagi baik, dan janganlah kamu menurut jejak langkah syaitan; sesungguhnya syaitan itu musuh yang nyata bagi kamu.”

2. Hadith

   Hadis Riwayat Muslim

   Nabi ﷺ bersabda:
   “Apa yang halal itu sudah jelas, dan apa yang haram itu juga sudah jelas. Antara keduanya ada perkara syubhah (meragukan)... maka sesiapa yang menjaga dirinya daripada yang syubhah, dia telah membersihkan agama dan maruahnya.”

3. Qiyas

   Qiyas ialah menetapkan hukum sesuatu perkara baharu dengan menyamakannya kepada hukum perkara yang telah ada dalil, kerana mempunyai ‘illah (sebab hukum) yang sama.

   Contoh : Daging haiwan yang tidak disembelih secara Islam

   • Asal: Bangkai diharamkan (Surah al-Mā’idah 5:3).

   • Kes baru: Haiwan moden yang mati akibat elektrik tanpa disembelih.

   • Qiyas: Sama ‘illah (mati tanpa sembelihan sah) → Haram dimakan.

1. Quran; 2:168

   Maksudnya: "Wahai sekalian manusia! Makanlah dari apa yang ada di bumi yang halal lagi baik, dan janganlah kamu ikut jejak langkah syaitan, kerana sesungguhnya syaitan itu ialah musuh yang terang nyata bagi kamu."

2. Hadis;

   Maksudnya: “Yang halal itu ialah sesuatu yang dihalalkan Allah SWT di dalam Kitab-Nya dan yang haram itu sesuatu yang diharamkan Allah SWT di dalam Kitab-Nya. Dan mana-mana yang didiamkan-Nya sahaja, maka ianya termasuk apa yang dimaafkan buat kamu.” - Riwayat al-Tirmizi dan Ibn Majah

3. Ijmak ulama'

   Pengharaman e-cigarette dan vape seperti yang dinyatakan dalam IRSYAD HUKUM KE-63: HUKUM PENGGUNAAN ROKOK ELEKTRONIK/VAPOR

Definition:
The Qur’an clearly defines what foods are lawful (Halal) and unlawful (Haram) for Muslims.

Example (Evidence):

“O mankind, eat of what is lawful (Halal) and good (Tayyib) on the earth, and do not follow the footsteps of Satan.”
— Surah Al-Baqarah (2:168)

Meaning:
Halal food must be both lawful and pure, not just free from prohibited ingredients.

🕋 2. Hadith / Sunnah — The Practice and Guidance of the Prophet (PBUH)

Definition:
The Prophet’s sayings and actions explain how Halal food should be prepared, slaughtered, and consumed.

Example (Hadith):

“When Allah forbids something, He also forbids its price.”
— (Narrated by Ahmad and Abu Dawud)

“Verily Allah has prescribed excellence (ihsan) in all things. When you slaughter, do it well; sharpen your knife and let the animal die comfortably.”
— (Narrated by Muslim)

Meaning:
The Hadith emphasizes humane slaughter and the ethical aspect of Halal preparation.

⚖️ 3. Ijma’ (Consensus of Scholars) — Ensuring Consistency in Halal Standards

Definition:
Muslim scholars agree on detailed rules for modern Halal certification — such as handling, storage, cross-contamination, and machine slaughter — based on Qur’an and Sunnah principles.

Example (Hadith Evidence):

“My Ummah will never agree upon misguidance.”
— (Narrated by Ibn Majah and al-Tirmidhi)

Meaning:
This hadith supports the formation of modern Halal councils and authorities through scholarly consensus (Ijma’) to maintain trustworthy Halal standards worldwide.

1. Al-Qur’an (The Holy Book of Islam)

Description:

The Qur’an is the primary source of Islamic law. It contains direct commands from Allah regarding what foods are lawful (halal) and unlawful (haram).

Proof (Dalil):

“O mankind, eat from whatever is on earth [that is] lawful and good and do not follow the footsteps of Satan. Indeed, he is to you a clear enemy.”

— Surah Al-Baqarah (2:168)

Explanation:

This verse clearly instructs Muslims to consume only lawful (halal) and wholesome (tayyib) food, forming the foundation for halal dietary laws.

2. Hadith (Sayings and Actions of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ)

Description:

Hadith are the recorded sayings, actions, and approvals of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, which explain and complement the Qur’an.

Proof (Dalil):

The Prophet ﷺ said:

“The halal is clear, and the haram is clear, and between them are matters which are doubtful, which many people do not know. So whoever avoids the doubtful matters clears himself in regard to his religion and his honor.”

— Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith No. 52; Sahih Muslim, Hadith No. 1599

Explanation:

This Hadith emphasizes the importance of avoiding doubtful (syubhah) foods and consuming only what is clearly halal, guiding Muslims in making safe dietary choices.

3. Ijma’ (Consensus of Islamic Scholars)

Description:

Ijma’ refers to the agreement of Muslim scholars on a particular issue after the death of the Prophet ﷺ. When the Qur’an and Hadith do not directly mention a specific matter, scholars use Ijma’ to establish rulings.

Proof (Dalil):

The Prophet ﷺ said:

“My Ummah will never agree upon an error.”

— Sunan Ibn Majah, Hadith No. 3950; Tirmidhi, Hadith No. 2167

Explanation:

This Hadith supports the authority of scholarly consensus. For example, scholars have agreed that intoxicants (khamr), carrion, and swine are haram — and that halal certification must ensure compliance with these rulings.

- Surah Al-Ma’idah (5:3): "Forbidden to you are carrion, blood, swine flesh, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah..."

- Surah Al-An'am (6:145): "Say, I do not find in that which has been revealed to me anything forbidden for an eater to eat of except dead animal, blood, swine..."

These explicit Quranic texts form the primary source of halal regulations.

2. Hadith (Prophetic sayings/examples):

- The Prophet Muhammad said: "Verily Allah has prescribed ihsan (excellence) in all things. So if you kill, kill well; and if you slaughter, slaughter well. Let each one of you sharpen his blade..." (Sahih Muslim)

This Hadith guides proper method of halal slaughter emphasizing compassion and cleanliness.

3. Qiyas (analogy/example):

- Scholars use analogy to extend halal rulings to new cases. For instance, since carrion is forbidden due to impurity and harm, by qiyas, the consumption of improperly slaughtered animals is also forbidden because they share these negative qualities.

4. Ijma' (consensus/example):

- The Muslim scholarly consensus across generations that alcohol is haram is an example of ijma'. Although the Quran forbids intoxicants generally, ijma' reinforces this ruling and is applied consistently by halal certification authorities.

The primary and highest source of Islamic law.

• It is the word of Allah (SWT) revealed to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.

• It contains clear guidance on faith (aqidah), worship (ibadah), ethics (akhlaq), and law (fiqh).

• All other sources must agree with the Qur’an.

📖 Example:

Allah says:
“O you who believe! Eat of the good things that We have provided for you.”
(Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:172)
→ This forms the basis for halal food laws in Islam.

2️⃣ As-Sunnah (Hadith / Traditions of the Prophet ﷺ)

The second proof after the Qur’an.

• It includes the sayings, actions, and approvals of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.

• The Sunnah explains, details, and complements what is in the Qur’an.

• It helps Muslims understand how to practice the teachings properly.

📖 Example:
The Prophet ﷺ said:

“Whatever intoxicates in large quantities, a small amount of it is also forbidden.”
(Hadith – Sunan Ibn Majah)
→ This explains the Qur’anic prohibition on alcohol.

3️⃣ Ijma‘ (Consensus of Scholars)

Agreement among Islamic jurists (ulama) on a legal ruling after the time of the Prophet ﷺ.

• When scholars collectively agree on an issue not directly mentioned in the Qur’an or Sunnah, it becomes an accepted source of law.

• Ijma‘ ensures unity and continuity in Islamic rulings.

📖 Example:
The Ijma‘ of scholars made it agreed upon that the Qur’an must be written and preserved in a standard form during the time of Caliph Uthman (RA).

From the Al-Qur’an

Verse:

“Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been slaughtered in the name other than Allah.”
— Surah Al-Ma’idah (5:3)

Law:
👉 Muslims are forbidden (haram) to eat pork, blood, dead animals, or meat not slaughtered according to Islamic law.

From the Hadith

Hadith:

“Every intoxicant is khamr (alcohol), and every khamr is haram.”
— Sahih Muslim

Law:
👉 Any food or drink that causes intoxication is haram to consume — not just wine or alcohol.

From Qiyas

Example:

• Case: Modern drugs or substances that cause intoxication (e.g., narcotics).

• Analogy (Qiyas): They are forbidden by analogy to khamr (alcohol), since both have the same effective cause (‘illah) — they intoxicate and harm the mind.

Law:
👉 Thus, consuming drugs or any intoxicating food/drink is haram by Qiyas to alcohol.

1. Makanan Halal dan Baik (Halalan Tayyiban)

📖 Dalil:

“Wahai sekalian manusia! Makanlah dari apa yang ada di bumi yang halal lagi baik (tayyib), dan janganlah kamu mengikuti langkah-langkah syaitan; sesungguhnya syaitan itu adalah musuh yang nyata bagimu.”

(Surah Al-Baqarah, ayat 168)

Penjelasan:

Ayat ini menegaskan bahawa umat Islam mesti memilih makanan yang halal dari segi hukum dan baik dari segi kualiti serta kebersihan. Islam bukan hanya menekankan status halal, tetapi juga kesihatan dan keselamatan makanan.

Contoh:

– Daging ayam yang disembelih mengikut syariat Islam dan disimpan dalam keadaan bersih.

– Elakkan makan makanan yang tercemar atau mengandungi bahan berbahaya seperti alkohol dan bahan kimia terlarang.

2. Larangan Makanan Haram

📖 Dalil:

“Sesungguhnya Allah hanya mengharamkan bagimu (memakan) bangkai, darah, daging babi, dan (daging) haiwan yang disembelih bukan kerana Allah.”

(Surah Al-Baqarah, ayat 173)

Penjelasan:

Ayat ini menjadi asas utama hukum makanan dalam Islam. Ia menerangkan jenis makanan yang diharamkan secara jelas, seperti babi, darah, bangkai, dan haiwan yang tidak disembelih dengan nama Allah.

Contoh:

– Tidak makan daging babi atau produk yang mengandungi gelatin babi.

– Tidak memakan ayam yang mati sebelum disembelih.

– Tidak memakan daging sembelihan yang tidak disebut nama Allah.

3. Tanggungjawab dan Amanah dalam Penyediaan Makanan

📜 Hadis:

“Sesungguhnya Allah itu baik dan tidak menerima kecuali yang baik.”

(Riwayat Muslim)

Penjelasan:

Hadis ini mengajar bahawa setiap Muslim mesti jujur dan amanah dalam menyediakan dan menjual makanan. Makanan yang dijual atau dimakan mesti bersih, selamat, dan bebas daripada unsur penipuan atau bahan haram.

Contoh:

– Peniaga tidak mencampur daging halal dengan daging tidak halal.

– Pengeluar makanan menjaga kebersihan tempat penyediaan dan menggunakan bahan mentah halal.

– Elakkan menjual makanan yang telah tamat tempoh atau rosak.

Prohibition of alcohol:

"O you who have believed, indeed, intoxicants, gambling,[sacrificing on] stone alters [to other than Allah], and divining arrows are but defilement from the work of Satan, so avoid it that you may be successful."
— Surah Al-Ma’idah (5:90)

2. Ijma

   "My Ummah will never agree upon an error."
   — (Sunan Ibn Majah, Hadith 3950)

   
   

3. Sunnah

   "I have been given the Qur’an and something like it along with it."
   — (Sunan Abu Dawood, Hadith 4604)

   
   

   
   

Proof of Authority:

• Allah says:

“And We have sent down to you the Book as an explanation of everything…”

(Surah al-Nahl, 16:89)

• The Qur’an is direct revelation from Allah and the primary source of all Islamic law.

• Every other source must conform to and not contradict the Qur’an.

2. Ijma‘ (Consensus of Muslim Scholars)

Proof of Authority:

• The Prophet ﷺ said:

“My ummah will never agree upon an error (or misguidance).”

(Narrated by Ibn Majah and al-Tirmidhi)

• Ijma‘ means the agreement of qualified jurists (mujtahidun) on a legal ruling after the Prophet’s death.

• It ensures that the ruling agreed upon is in line with truth and divine guidance.

⸻

3. Qiyas (Analogical Reasoning)

Proof of Authority:

• Qur’anic basis:

“So take warning, O people of vision.”

(Surah al-Hashr, 59:2)

• The Prophet ﷺ approved analogical reasoning in the famous hadith of Mu‘adh ibn Jabal, when sending him to Yemen:

The Prophet asked: “How will you judge?”

Mu‘adh replied: “According to the Book of Allah.”

The Prophet asked: “If you do not find it there?”

Mu‘adh said: “Then by the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah.”

The Prophet asked again: “If you do not find it there?”

Mu‘adh replied: “Then I will exert my own reasoning (ijtihad).”

The Prophet ﷺ approved and praised him.

(Narrated by Abu Dawud and al-Tirmidhi)

Surah Al-Baqarah (2:173)

Sesungguhnya Allah hanya mengharamkan kepada kamu memakan bangkai, dan darah, dan daging babi, dan binatang-binatang yang disembelih tidak kerana Allah; maka sesiapa terpaksa (memakannya kerana darurat) sedang dia tidak mengingininya dan tidak pula melampaui batas (pada kadar benda yang dimakan itu), maka tidaklah dia berdosa. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Pengampun, lagi Maha Mengasihani.

Surah Al-Ma’idah (5:3)

Wahai orang-orang yang beriman, penuhi serta sempurnakanlah perjanjian-perjanjian. Dihalalkan bagi kamu (memakan) binatang-binatang ternak (dan sebagainya), kecuali apa yang akan dibacakan (tentang haramnya) kepada kamu. (Halalnya binatang-binatang ternak dan sebagainya itu) tidak pula bererti kamu boleh menghalalkan perburuan ketika kamu dalam keadaan berihram. Sesungguhnya Allah menetapkan hukum apa yang Ia kehendaki.

2.HADITH

Based on Hadith (Sahih Muslim, no: 1934)

it is forbidden to eat all beasts of prey that have fangs and all birds that have talons. This prohibition applies to carnivorous animals with fangs and predatory birds with talons, and the meat of such animals is considered haram (forbidden) in Islam.

• “O mankind, eat from whatever is on earth [that is] lawful and good...”

— Surah Al-Baqarah 2:168

• “Diharamkan bagimu (memakan) bangkai, darah, daging babi, dan (daging) hewan yang disembelih bukan atas nama Allah...”

  — Surah Al-Ma’idah 5:3

2. Hadith

   • “What is lawful is that which Allah has made lawful in His Book, and what is unlawful is that which Allah has made unlawful.”

     — Hadith (Tirmidhi)

3. Qiyas

   • “Maka ambillah pelajaran, wahai orang-orang yang mempunyai pandangan.” — Surah Al-Hashr 59:2

4. Ijma

   • “Umatku tidak akan bersepakat atas kesesatan.” — Hadith Ibn Majah

Firman Allah SWT:

وَقَدْ فَصَّلَ لَكُمْ مَا حَرَّمَ عَلَيْكُمْ

Maksudnya: Sesungguhnya Allah SWT telah menerangkan satu persatu kepada kamu apa yang diharamkan-Nya atas kamu.

(Surah al-An’am: 119)

Ayat ini bersifat umum pada semua barangan dan perbuatan.

2. Menerusi sebuah riwayat daripada Salman al-Farisi RA, katanya: “Rasulullah SAW pernah ditanya tentang hukum minyak sapi, keju dan keldai liar, lalu Baginda SAW menjawab:

الْحَلاَلُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللهُ في كِتَابِهِ وَالْحَرَامُ مَا حَرَّمَ اللهُ فِي كِتَابِهِ وَمَا سَكَتَ عَنْهُ فَهُوَ مِمَّا عَفَا لَكُمْ

Maksudnya: “Yang halal itu ialah sesuatu yang dihalalkan Allah SWT di dalam Kitab-Nya dan yang haram itu sesuatu yang diharamkan Allah SWT di dalam Kitab-Nya. Dan mana-mana yang didiamkan-Nya sahaja, maka ianya termasuk apa yang dimaafkan buat kamu.”

Riwayat al-Tirmizi dan Ibn Majah

3. Rasulullah SAW bersabda:

إِنَّ اللهَ فَرَضَ فَرَائضَ فَلاَ تُضَيِّعُوهَا وَحَدَّ حُدُودًا فَلاَ تَعتَدُوهَا وَحَرَّمَ أَشْيَاءَ فَلاَ تَنتَهِكُوهَا وَسَكَتَ عَن أَشيَاءَ رَحْمَةً بِكُم غَيرَ نِسيَانٍ فَلاَ تَبْحَثُوا عَنهَا

Maksudnya: “Sesungguhnya Allah SWT telah mewajibkan beberapa kewajiban, maka janganlah kamu mensia-siakannya dan Allah SWT telah membataskan beberapa batasan, maka janganlah kamu melanggarnya. Dan Dia mengharamkan pula beberapa barangan, maka janganlah membuatnya, dan Dia berdiam atas beberapa barangan sebagai tanda rahmat-Nya ke atas kamu, bukan kerana terlupa, maka janganlah kamu mengungkitnya.”

Riwayat al-Daraqutni dan dihasankan oleh al-Nawawi

1. The Qur’an (القرآن)

• “O you who believe! Eat of the good things which We have provided for you, and be grateful to Allah, if it is indeed He Whom you worship.” — Surah Al-Baqarah (2:172)

• “Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and that on which has been invoked the name of other than Allah...” — Surah Al-Ma’idah (5:3)

2. The Hadith (الحديث) or Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ)

• The Prophet (ﷺ) said: “What is Halal is clear and what is Haram is clear, and between them are doubtful matters which many people do not know.” — (Sahih al-Bukhari & Sahih Muslim)

  
  

3. Ijma’ (إجماع) – Consensus of Islamic Scholars

• Example: Scholars have reached consensus that alcohol and intoxicants are Haram, and that mechanical slaughter must still meet Islamic conditions (e.g., reciting the name of Allah).

-surah 2, ayat 168

“O mankind , eat what is lawful and good that is on earth; and do not follow the footsteps of Evil one, For he is to you an avowed enemy !"

2.Hadith

Hadith also address the proper method of slaughter and prohibited meats. The Prophet (peace be upon him) instructed new Muslims to mention Allah's name over meat if uncertain about its slaughter, implying that a Muslim's intent is presumed lawful. He also emphasized the importance of performing slaughter proficiently and minimizing animal suffering. Additionally, the Prophet forbade eating the meat of beasts with fangs, such as lions and wolves (Sahih al-Bukhari).

3.Qiyas

The most significant evidence for the validity of qiyas comes from the Prophet Muhammad's (peace be upon him) conversation with Mu'adh ibn Jabal before sending him as a judge to Yemen.

The Prophet asked Mu'adh how he would judge a case.

Mu'adh replied, "I shall judge in accordance with Allah's Book (the Qur'an)."

The Prophet asked, "And if you find nothing in Allah's Book?"

Mu'adh replied, "Then I shall judge by the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah."

The Prophet asked again, "And if you find nothing in the Sunnah?"

Mu'adh replied, "Then I shall exercise my own judgment (ijtihad) and spare no effort."

The Prophet patted Mu'adh on the chest and praised Allah for helping his messenger find a way that pleased him.

Prohibition of carrion, blood, pork, and slaughter not in name of Allah

"He has only forbidden to you dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah…".(Surah Al-Baqarah 2:173)

Hadith

Forbidden intoxicants

Prophet ﷺ said: "Every intoxicant is khamr and every khamr is haram." (Sahih Muslim)

Ijma'

Alcohol is haram

Consensus among all madahib (mazhab).

• Surah Al-Baqarah (2:173):

“He has only forbidden to you dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah...”

• Surah Al-Ma’idah (5:3):

“Prohibited to you are dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah...”

2. Hadith

Sahih Muslim (1941a):

“The Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade the eating of every beast of prey that has fangs, and every bird that has talons.”

3. Ijma'

   
   

Imam Nawawi (Rahimahullah) said:

“The Muslim scholars have all agreed on the prohibition of the flesh of swine, dead meat, blood, and intoxicants.”

– [Sharh Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Ashribah]

1. ALQURAN

Dan Kami turunkan kepadamu (wahai Muhammad) Kitab (Al-Quran) dengan membawa kebenaran, untuk mengesahkan benarnya Kitab-kitab Suci yang telah diturunkan sebelumnya dan untuk memelihara serta mengawasinya. Maka jalankanlah hukum di antara mereka (Ahli Kitab) itu dengan apa yang telah diturunkan oleh Allah (kepadamu), dan janganlah engkau mengikut kehendak hawa nafsu mereka (dengan menyeleweng) dari apa yang telah datang kepadamu dari kebenaran. Bagi tiap-tiap umat yang ada di antara kamu, Kami jadikan (tetapkan) suatu Syariat dan jalan ugama (yang wajib diikuti oleh masing-masing). Dan kalau Allah menghendaki nescaya Ia menjadikan kamu satu umat (yang bersatu dalam ugama yang satu), tetapi Ia hendak menguji kamu (dalam menjalankan) apa yang telah disampaikan kepada kamu. Oleh itu berlumba-lumbalah kamu membuat kebaikan (beriman dan beramal soleh). Kepada Allah jualah tempat kembali kamu semuanya, maka Ia akan memberitahu kamu apa yang kamu berselisihan padanya.- Surah Al maidah ayat 48

2. HADIS

Daripada Abdullah bin Abbas bahwa Khalid bin Walid yang di juluki dengan pedang Allah telah mengkhabarkan kepadanya; bahawa dia bersama dengan Rasulullah sallallahu 'alaihi wasallam pernah menemui Maimunah isteri Nabi sallallahu 'alaihi wasallam -dia adalah ibu saudara (sebelah ibu) Khalid dan juga Ibnu Abbas- lantas dia mendapati daging Dhab (sejenis biawak padang pasir) yang telah di bakar, kiriman dari saudara perempuanya yaitu Hufaidah binti Al-Harith dari Najd, lalu daging Dhab tersebut dihidangkan kepada Rasulullah sallallahu 'alaihi wasallam. Sangat jarang beliau dihidangkan makanan hingga beliau diberitahu nama makanan yang dihidang itu, ketika Rasulullah sallallahu 'alaihi wasallam hendak mengambil daging Dhab tersebut, seorang wanita dari beberapa wanita yang hadir berkata, "Beritahukanlah kepada Rasulullah sallallahu 'alaihi wasallam mengenai daging yang kalian hidangkan!" Kami lalu mengatakan, "Itu adalah daging Dhab, wahai Rasulullah!" Seketika itu juga Rasulullah sallallahu 'alaihi wasallam mengangkat tangannya, Khalid bin Walid pun berkata, "Wahai Rasulullah, adakah daging Dhab (biawak padang pasir) itu haram?" Beliau menjawab: "Tidak, namun di negeri kaumku tidak pernah aku jumpai daging tersebut, maka aku enggan (memakannya)." Khalid berkata, "Lalu aku mendekati daging tersebut dan memakannya, sementara Rasulullah melihatku dan tidak melarangnya." [Riwayat Muslim no. 1946; Ibn Majah no. 3241; An-Nasa’i no. 4316]

3.IJMAK

Manakala Imam al-Zarkasyi Rahimahullah mengatakan: Ijma’ ialah kesepakatan para mujtahid umat Muhammad S.A.W setelah kewafatan baginda pada sesuatu kejadian di atas suatu perkara dari perkara-perkara di dalam satu-satu zaman. Lihat Bahrul Muhith, al-Zarkasyi (6/379-380

دَعْ مَا يَرِيبُكَ إِلَى مَا لَا يَرِيبُكَ

(رواه أحمد والنسائي والترمذي)

Kamu tinggalkan apa yang menjadikan kamu syak dari perkara yang syubhah dan kesamaran. Dan kamu kerjakan apa yang tiada menjadi syak kepada kamu dari perkara yang halal.

3)Semua jenis binatang yang dilarang syari'at untuk dibunuh, maka tidak halal untuk dimakan, di antaranya adalah semua jenis binatang yang disebutkan di dalam hadis Ibnu 'Abbas radhiyallahu 'anhuma di mana beliau berkata:

إنَّ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ نَهَى عَنْ قَتل أربع مِنَ الدَّوَابُ: النَّمْلَة، والنَّحْلَةُ، وَالْهُدَهُدُ، وَالصُّرَدُ

"Sesungguhnya Nabi Shallallahu 'alaihi wa Sallam melarang kami membunuh empat jenis haiwan: (iaitu) semut, lebah, burung hud-hud, dan burung shurad." (Musnad Ahmad, no. 3242. Sunan Abi Daud, no. 5267)

Kata Imam Ash-Shan'ani rahimahullah (Wafat: 1182H):

وفيه دليل على تحريم قتل ما ذكر ويؤخذ منه تحريم أكلها لأنه لو حل لما نهى عن القتل وتقدم لنا في هذا الاستدلال بحث وتحريم أكلها رأي الجماهير وفي كل واحدة خلاف إلا النملة فالظاهر أن تحريمها إجماع

"Pada hadis ini adalah dalil atas haramnya membunuh haiwan-haiwan tersebut, dan dari itu juga dapat dibuat kesimpulan tentang haram hukum memakannya kerana jika ianya hahal dimakan, sudah tentu tidak dilarang dari membunuhnya. Berdasarkan jumhur ulama, haram memakannya. Penentuan hukum pada setiap haiwan tersebut masih ada perbezaan di kalangan ulama kecuali semut, yang secara zahirnya diharamkan secara ijmaa." (Subulus Salam, 4/77)

1. Al-Qur’an (The Holy Qur’an)
   

   • The Qur’an is the divine book revealed to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) over 23 years. It serves as the primary source of Islamic law, providing guidance on all aspects of life, including rules on halal (permissible) and haram (forbidden) foods.

   • Example: The Qur’an explicitly forbids the consumption of pork and intoxicants.
     

     • Surah Al-Ma’idah (5:3):

       “Prohibited to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and that on which has been invoked the name of other than Allah; that which has been killed by strangling, or by a violent blow, or by a headlong fall, or by being gored to death; that which has been (sacrificed) on the altars (of idols); (forbidden is) the division (of meat) by chance arrows: that is impiety.” (Qur’an 5:3)

       
       

2. Hadith (Sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad PBUH)
   

   • The Hadith comprises the sayings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). It provides clarification on how to interpret the Qur’an and applies its teachings in daily life.

   • Example: The Prophet prohibited eating meat from animals that have died naturally.
     

     • Allah has cursed those who consume alcohol, and those who consume pork.” (Sunan Ibn Majah, Hadith 3374)

     
     

3. Ijma’ (Consensus of the Scholars)
   

   • Ijma refers to the consensus or agreement of Islamic scholars on certain legal issues that may not have been explicitly addressed in the Qur’an or Hadith.

   • 
     

     1. 
        

        • The Qur’an encourages consultation and mutual decision-making in the Muslim community, which serves as the basis for Ijma’:
          

          • “And those who have responded to their lord and established prayer and whose affair is [determined by] consultation among themselves…” (Qur’an 42:38)

          • This verse highlights the importance of mutual consultation (Shura) among Muslims in decision-making, which forms the foundation for Ijma’.

        • 
          

Al-Quran memerintahkan orang-orang yang beriman untuk makan makanan yang halal, sama ada sembelihan orang yang berimanatau dari kalangan Ahli Kitab. (Surah Al-Maidah, ayat 5)

HADITH

Sesungguhnya yang halal itu jelas dan yang haram itu jelas. Diantara keduanya terdapat perkara-perkara yang syubhat (samar-samar) yang tidak diketahui oleh orang banyak. Maka siapa yang takut terhadap syubhat bererti dia telah menyelamatkan agamanya dan kehormatannya. Dan siapa yang terjerumus dalam perkara syubhat, maka akan terjerumus dalam perkara yang diharamkan.
(Hadis riwayat Tirmizi, No.1205)

IJMA'

Ulama telah berijma’ tentang haramnya bangkai, darah, babi, dan sembelihan yang tidak menyebut nama Allah.

Al-Majmu‘ Syarh al-Muhazzab – Imam al-Nawawi (w. 676H)

Surah Al-Ma’idah 5:3: Prohibited to you are dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine…

Surah Al-Baqarah 2:168: O mankind, eat from whatever is on earth [that is] lawful and good and do not follow the footsteps of Satan. Indeed, he is to you a clear enemy

2. Hadith

Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 74 (Drink), Hadith 337: The Prophet said: "Every intoxicant is Khamr (wine) and every Khamr is unlawful (Haram)."

3. Ijma

Ijmaʿ plays an important role in guiding Muslims on what is permissible to eat, especially in modern contexts where new food products, ingredients, and technologies exist. Scholars reach a consensus by analyzing the objectives of Shariah (Maqasid al-Shariah), ensuring that food remains lawful, pure, and safe for consumption

1) Al-Quran

Surah Al-An'am ayat 121

وَلَا تَأْكُلُوا۟ مِمَّا لَمْ يُذْكَرِ ٱسْمُ ٱللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ وَإِنَّهُۥ لَفِسْقٌۭ ۗ وَإِنَّ ٱلشَّيَـٰطِينَ لَيُوحُونَ إِلَىٰٓ أَوْلِيَآئِهِمْ لِيُجَـٰدِلُوكُمْ ۖ وَإِنْ أَطَعْتُمُوهُمْ إِنَّكُمْ لَمُشْرِكُونَ

Do not eat of what is not slaughtered in Allah’s Name. For that would certainly be ˹an act of˺ disobedience. Surely the devils whisper to their ˹human˺ associates to argue with you.¹ If you were to obey them, then you ˹too˺ would be polytheists.

2) Hadith

الْحَلَالُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ فِي كِتَابِهِ وَالْحَرَامُ مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ فِي كِتَابِهِ وَمَا سَكَتَ عَنْهُ فَهُوَ مِمَّا عَفَا عَنْهُ

Maksudnya: “Setiap perkara yang halal ialah setiap yang dihalalkan oleh Allah SWT dalam kitab-Nya. Manakala setiap perkara yang haram pula ialah setiap yang diharamkan oleh Allah SWT dalam kitab-Nya. Sementara perkara-perkara yang didiamkan adalah dimaafkan oleh-Nya.”

Riwayat Ibn Majah (2731)

3) Ijma'

‌الْأَصْلُ ‌فِي ‌الْأَشْيَاءِ ‌الْإِبَاحَةُ حَتَّى يَدُلُّ الدَّلِيلُ عَلَى التَّحْرِيمِ

Maksudnya: “Hukum asal bagi setiap perkara adalah harus hingga terdapat dalil yang menunjukkan terhadap haram.”

Jalal al-Din ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Suyuti, al-Asybah wa al-Nazho’ir fi Qawa’id wa Furu’ Fiqh al-Syafi’iyyah (t.tp:Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah,1983), 60.

“Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead animals (carrion), blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah...”
(Surah Al-Ma’idah, 5:3)

Hadith

The Prophet ﷺ said:

“Whatever causes blood to flow, and the name of Allah has been mentioned upon it, then eat (of it).”

(Narrated by al-Bukhari, no. 5507; Muslim, no. 1968)

Ijma'

It is halal to consume all other foods unless there is a clear text (nas) prohibiting them.