Permanent Settlements, domestication of animals and plants, specialization of skills: pottery, weaving, making tools.

Megaliths (large stone monuments):

1. Dolmen tombs: marked by post-and-lintel construction (two or more upright stones supporting a third horizontal capstone)

2. Menhirs: marked by rows of megaliths (huge blocks of upright stone)

3. Cromlechs: megaliths arranged in circles

1. Sumerian: ca. 3,000 - 2,500 BC

   The Sumerians invented: city-states, the wheel (c. 4,000 BC), the plow (c. 4,000 BC), writing (c. 3,400 BC), Cueiform (c. 3,000 BC), cylinder seals, the earliest literature, the oldest mesopotamian temples, bent-axis plan, apotropaic device,

2. Akkadian: ca. 2,000 BC

3. Babylonian: ca. 1,700 BC

4. Assyrian: ca. 700 BC

5. Late Babylonian: ca. 600 BC

6. Persian: ca. 500 BC

1. Predynastic: c. 3,000 BC

2. Old Kingdom: c. 2,500 BC

3. Middle Kingdom: c. 2,000 BC

4. New Kingdom: c. 1,500 BC

5. Amarna Style: c. 1,350 BC

1. Cycladic Art: c. 2500-1700 BC

   Cyclades Islands

2. Minoan Art: c. 1700-1200 BC

   Island of Crete

3. Mycenaean Art: c. 1700-1200 BC

   Mainland Greece

   1. 
      

1. Geometric: c. 700 BC

2. Orientalizing: c. 600 BC

   Influence from the Near East and Egypt. "Orientalizing" motifs such as florals, sphinxes, and griffins.

3. Archaic: c. 500 BC (600 - 480 BCE)

   Doric and Ionic styles in elevation

4. Classical: c. 400 BC (480 - 323 BCE)

   The Golden Section (2x+1=y)

5. Late Classical (4th-Century BC)

6. Hellenistic: c. 300 BC (323 - 146 BCE)

509 BCE: The Romans overthrow the Etruscans

1. Theater

2. Circus

3. Colosseum

4. Baths

5. Aqueduct

6. Markets of Trajan (90 shops)

7. Monumental Columns and Arches

Romans Noted For: roads, bridges, aqueducts, plumbing, importing original Greek art, making copies of Greek art, exploiting the arch and dome, perfecting the use of concrete, using art as political propaganda, using art as decoration

Republican Period:509-27 BC (c. 100 BC)

1. 509 BC-threw out last Etruscan King

2. 146 BC-Rome overthrows Greece

3. 46 BC-Julius Caesar became perpetual dictator; civil war

4. 44 BC-Julius Caesar assasinated

Empire Period: 25BC-200AD (c. 100 AD)

1. High Empire

   1. Nerva

   2. Trajan

   3. Hadrian

   4. Antoninus Pius

   5. Marcus Aurelius

Late Empire: c. 300 AD

Theme: "New wine in old bottles"

1. Early Byzantine: c. 330-750

   Emperor Justinian (ruled 527-565)

2. Middle Byzantine: c. 850-1204

3. Late Byzantine: c. 1261-1453

Mughal Empire (1526-1857)

Akbar (r. 1555-1603)

Jahangir (r. 1603-1627)

Shah Jahan (1627-1658)

1. Anglo-Saxon: c. 600 AD

2. Hiberno-Saxon: c. 700 AD

3. Viking: c. 800 AD

4. Carolingian: c. 800 AD

5. Ottonian: c. 1000 AD

Why do people go on a pilgrimage?

1. to express Christian devotion

2. to purify the soul and perhaps even produce miraculous healing benefits.

3. to reduce time in purgatory

4. to gain forgiveness for a sin or crime

5. to travel and see some of the world

High Gothic

Rayonnant Style

Gothic Courtly Style

Gothic outside of France

-could be a lid or food press

-some think it might be for birthing, catch a placenta? spirals remind of flowers, or waves of water.

-no one knows what it was used for.

-found in an unknown location, on an island

-Found in graves

-All different sizes, but same proportions.

-Very important because they were found all over the place in graves. Must have believed in the afterlife

-Shown to public in early 20th century

-Woman???

-They wanted music and people in the afterlife

-Believe that it is King Minos palace, not to certain.

-Has court yards, market area, columns to hold things up.

-maze like looking area

+Thesis is the hero, he defeted a minotar by maping the maze with a gift from the princess. Also was gifted a sword from the princess that she got from her father.

-red shafts and black capitals.

-opening in the top to allow light to flow through, possibly for the breeze that comes by.

-evidence of a bunch of people with different shades of color

-evidence of columns with the big shafts and capitals.

-Top of building, might be bull horns, they might have worshiped bulls. or represented sacrifices.

-in a stadium, watching dancing, or bull fights, or any other entertainment.

-had a plumbing system in bathroom.

-large pots, possibly for food storage

-the dolphin paintings were to represent a peaceful time.

-very functional

-4 people are clearly singing

-not a functional vase but cerimonial vase

-dated in mycenaean era

-fresco in the dark parts, filled in by architecs

-possibly bull fighting, or circus tricks, or bull ritual

Also to hide people

"Cyclopean masonry"

Don't know what the heads are, we haven't been able to find them.

More beehive shaped dome in the inside.

There are bulls all over the cups

It is about 5 feet tall.

found in dipylon cemetry

The entire vase is covered with big black bands. triangles, dimonds, squares.

Main message was in the middle where their is a ceramony going on with people mourning a girl who's died. People are still represented in triangle forms.

Made with clay

has a really pronounced entasis, very bold on the bottom and gets smaller as it goes up. Gives architecture a human quality, a breathing quality. 9x18 columns

Found in Auxerre, might have originally been from metropolis,

not sure what she represents, made of carved limestone.

Very reminicinte of Egyptian art. Begining of statues having more movement.

Intermediate between geometric and archaic,

Possibly a dipiction of a goddess. They think that where the arm is missing is where she was holding a bow.

Still very stiff, but starting to look more naturalistic, has Archaic smile.

About life size

About Life size

+notes in word document

-symmetry, arcahic smile, frontal emphasis, kouros

Offerings to gods, or actual dipictions of a god, for a boy who died in war.

Archaic Smile - stands for the value of perfect calm and composure.

From a battle of the trostion war, There are fallen wariors on the sides, with Athena in the middle

Slipware vase, clear water to paint it and then they heated it 3 different times to bring the color out. Achilles on the left and Ajax on the right.

The drip paterns were made with needle.

Found in Italy, made in Greece.

Another Slip art. added white to the slip art instead of just black.

Women couldn't make the vase, but they could paint them.

-A story about 2 children, Artimis and Apollo,

-they mix water and wine in this pot

-Made between the stylistic periods, very stylistic and smoth

-It was almost life size and have a lot of naturalism with the smoothness.

-shows movement with one foot in front of the other.

-intergrated anatomy, contrapposto, volumetric forms, greater naturalism

lost the archaic smile

looks very life like, and it looks like it could just start walking.

You

Life size, made with bronze and very big. Ment to be found in a temple, but was found in a ship reck under water.

Didn't have eyes?

Bronze is mostly copper with tin

-The curve of the arm matches the curve of the body.

-Very life size, and perfect image of the body.

-In the nude because men played sports in the nude as well as the Greek;s being very open about admiring the male body.

-Akropolis (High city, city on the hill)

-only one entrance with steps,

Wet drapery style, shows the body figure

known for it's elegance and naturalism.

there are statutues holding up a back celing in the southeast side. caryatids

influenced a lot from the archaic style

there are olive trees around the temple.

Not the same proportions as classical period. the more tall structures depict more perfect and elegant looks.

You could work out at the bathes

Skene - the building that markes where the theater is and where they did costume changes.

The funel shape of the seats creat good accustics for people to hear all the way in the back.

The social Stand point, shows more emotion and the slouched look, how he is exhausted and not perfect.

meant to comemorate a battle where the Greeks beat the Gouls.

Depictated as strong and noble. Represents very big changes, close to life size.

Missing arms and head, but we don't need them because it looks like it is moving.

It is 9 feet tall

Tells the story about the man and his sons, knew the wooden horese was a trick, tried to warn them, but they were attacked by snakes.

It is very animated. It was also found in pieces, made out of marble.

Lots of overlapping and use of space.

There are changes of momentium.

Alexander the Great is shown in a very noble, profile view.

hollowed out so that way it doesn't explode in the kiln

Ionic Columns, pediment - greek

Only one entrance, foundation, several steps up to the entrance - etruscans

Engaged columns, they are stuck inside the walls. their for decoration.

Concrete is cement plus other stuff, like sand, pebbles, or other things.

Romans loved a lot of blood and gore, excpessially in theater

Bronze sculpture

The older you look, the wiser you must be. They honored their ancestors, they were proud of their lineage.

circles represent the heavens

and squares represents the earth

Oculus = eye

has a Taotie Face on the front

Contour rivalry, the legs of it

over 7,000 have been found

different gems representing moon and stars

the soldiers were made from molds but they are hollow, no 2 are the same, they are all different, including chariots, soldiers, cattle, horses

Heavenly Relm

Lady Dai and her attendants

body of Lady Dai with mourners

underworld

It represents integrity, power

We can clearly see the energy, spirit and movement of the horse.

Celebrating the Spring Festival

There is a hireatic scale portraid as well

Shanshui hua = "mountain water painting"

Has lots of contrasts, portrais Yin and Yang very well

Formal Qualities: These are ceramic, porcilan, from the earth but turn white when they get put into fire, a vase of some sort. The composition is blue and white, the blue came from blue porcilan, there are repeating patterns throughout the vase, they mirror each other

Iconography: the handles are elephants, it shows internationalism through the different animals. there is a dragon and it is split into registers. there are mythical creatures, leaves, flowers and other shapes.

Social-Historical Influences: they were used for ritual purposes, put in temples, China is now under a larger dynasty.

There was a complete set of buddha texts found.

the buddha is surrounded by followers, and it is very cemetrical

Formal Qualities: slight hieratrical form, the color choices were prety unified and muted, it is very crowded, not a lot of negative space, has a slight register, it has a very defined line work, there are repeating patterns with the shapes.

Iconograohy: the buddha has a hallow that symbolizes the importance and the purity of the buddha, the buddha is a more golden color,

Social-Historical Influences: We see influences of India

There are lots of repetition and a lot of different lines to create the picture.

All scrolls are meant to be looked at all at once.

There is no ending in this one, it is meant to represent a never ending and how things just continue to move on. have an element of time

They respected nature and loved to make it known that nature is bigger than people

Advantages of living there: they had protection from the weather and preditory animals, they had lots of food around where they were.

Theories that it was abandoned due to lack of resources or lack of food.

Tail aligns with Summer solcist

The head pointed to the north

Snakes show up in a lot of indigenous art. Snakes are very important in their culture and history.

They have attributed so many super powers to snakes because they represent their gods and fertility and new life, maybe because they were everywhere, although we don't really know

Snake is a symbol of Christ. When Satan came in the form of a snake, it was becuase he was trying to decieve them

not one is the same as another.

The first large metropolis in the Americas and the first American city built on a grid plan. Largely created before 250 CE, Teotihuacan is famous for its massive architectural landmarks such as the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon

Made for a game with a reall hard ball that could kill you without an protection.

There are steps on each side, and it adds up to 365, the amount of days there are in a year

You can see unity through the geometric shapes. Lots of blocks but they are rounded edges. Lady Xook is under the same diagonal line on each side. There was color, we don't know what colors, but we do know that color was present. This is a relief sculpture

There are serpents all over it.

There is blood coming out of there mouth.

All of the middle monster figures that have to do with fertility are repersented on the elbows and knees.

Symbolizes rebirth. she is giving birth to the sun everyday.

This was a painted stone.

It symbolizes structure and order

They are embroidered and finished on the front and the back. It is very detailed and it was going to end up in the next life with who ever it was barried with

Chi - looks like x

Ro - looks like p

First 2 letters of Christ

Psalms 23:1-6

John 10:11

Jonah is a "type" of Christ

The three men in the burning furneace. There is a bird thatis the 4th person, that keeps them alive.

There are different bible stories dipictied onto it. There is the Good Shepard, the baptism on Christ, Johna and the serpant

Abraham and Isac's sacrifice in top left corner

Daniel and the Lions Den on the bottom row column 4

313: Constantine's edict of Milan legalized Christianity

324: Constantine founded Constantinople at Byzantium (now Istanbul)

337: Constantine formed counsel of Nicaea (Nicene Creed)

380: Christianity became official religion of the empire

391: Pagan religions banned

Martyrium = building that holds remains of a martyr

Martyrium = building that hold remains of a martyr

Christ is featured raising lazerith, feeding the thousand with bread and fish, all miricales

Moses is featured as well. Moses is like Christ who is feeding people through Miricales.

Early Christians liked the mosaics from the roman period.

Issac is a "type" of Christ

Inconoclastic Controversy c. 726 - 843

Inconoclasts = Image destroyers

Iconophiles = Supporters of Icon

The medium is wax, they painted with melted wax.

The medium is a mosaic on the ceiling.

Lots of vines and plants to show God's creation and order.

The whole point is to pray and face towards Meca

Lots of geometric shapes and star shapes. The star shape is very religious and it represents God and how He is the center of the world. The points show that he is reaching out for all to join.

This is also a univerity, you can study religion or astronomy.

There is a fountan and it is always full of running water. It is a symbol of wealth and creation. The garden with flowing water represents the flow of life and paridise.

The metal of the ship was the only thing that surrvived. Everything else deteriated.

The belt buckle is solid gold.

They would cut the glass to arrange it in the tight design that it is in

There are more animals and interlacing through the design.

They are an invading group who have invaded the southern part of england, and Scottland

Miniaturist = artist

Attributed to one person: Bishop Eadfrith

They are starting to represent Christianity through the cross

This is colored ink

The artwork is very stylized. They are starting to bring in some of the techniques from Christianity and the Romans.

They are colaborating the different styles together, all while still keeping it an original piece.

There are animals and people added into the page.

Mark = lion with wings

Luke = ox with wings

John = eagle with wings

This technique has gone back all the way to the Myceanean period.

Reminder that Death is not permanent and that He lives forever in the Heavenly Jerusalem Church.

Very dramatic entrances

They were trying to revive the Roman Empires

Old testimant on the left and new testimant on the right.

This is a forshadowing thing. They go together and it tells us what will come.

The heads are portraied more round and stick out more in the relif

The left side is more of an offering to Otto, showing that otto is powerful

This is a very stylistic art piece.

This is different from the Cover of the Linau Gospel. There are many different similarities. The biggest difference is that they are made out of 2 different mediums, and they are different sizes. The artist had to spend a lot of time learning about how to show things that are sinking andshowing Christ in pain.

Christ has had to go through so much for us and He did suffer for our sins

There is a barrel vault for the roof instead of a flat roof. It is made out of cut stone.

They moved to the barrel vaulting roof for the accustics of the choir, It doesn't catch fire easily. It was a strong construction and lasted a long time. Could be built taller and wider.

One disadvantage is that it is super heavy. There is less light in there.

The churches tended to be very dark.

1. to express Christian devotion.

2. to purify the soul and perhaps even produce miraculous healing benefits.

3. to reduce time in purgatory.

4. to gain forgiveness for a sin or crime.

5. to travel and see some of the world.

It is very spacious, has great accustics, made of stone,

They wanted to focus on heaven and what happens after death.

"May this terror frighten those who are bound by worldly error. It will be true just as the horror of these images indicates." (Inscription on Last Judment portal, Cathedral of Saint-Lazare, Autun, France)

Mosiah 2:38-40

The boarder is very semetrical and interesting.

Last page in the book of Psalms.

All classes of people. Doesn't matter the power that you had on Earth.

b. barrel vault

c. groin vault

d. ribbed groin vault

e. dome

~Abbot Suger updated the earlier ninth century church at St. Denis.

~Abbot Suger designed the outer wall of the ambulatory to contain many windows to allow significantly more light into the ambulatory and choir.

~During the twelfith century, the power of the French Kings was expanding and Abbot SUger wanted to create a style that would express the growing power of the monarchy.

~Pointed Arches allowed for Thinner supports that did not need as much buttressing, allowing for the creation of a more elegant space.

~The increased use of stain glass created a space inside the church that medieval people would have described as Heavenly.

180+ stain glass windows

1. to beautify the church

2. to teach the scriptures

3. to light the church

4. to transform the material stone into immaterial

5. to transport the viewer to "the heavenly Jerusalem"

~In Gothic archetecture, light was a symbol for hope, redemption, the divine, charity

~Which relic gave spiritual power and brought pilgrims to the cathedral?

~~A finger bone, a sandal, a tunic from the virgin marry, St. John the Baptist, St. Francis of Assisi

~The architect of Chartres Cathedral was created a new three-part elevation made up of arcade, triforium, clerestory (or windows)

~The architect of Chartres Cathedral created a new trend in Gothic Cathedrals by including radiating chaples, raising the hieght of the church, and pointed arches

~The coluonets carry our eyes from the column all the way to the top of the ceiling.

~The west side looks super heavy while the other sides look light and all pointed up to the sky/heavens

~On the inside your breath gets taken away because of how tall it is, You also know that each of the stones were hand carved and it has been standing for almost 1000 years. You can see all of the stain glass windows.

~It is known to be a sensory experience.

~They have Gargole statues at the very top of the church. The Gargole's purpose was to ward of evil spirits, to be drain spouts,

It is the biggest Cathedral that we know of during this time.

The building stopped because they ran out of money, the people started to protest and not pay taxes for the churches

~The ceiling is still painted

~They have a lot of decorations on the inside because they decided to focus on the inside instead of making the biggest church

~The people are dipicted with the Gothic sway, with them looking like they are swaying forward.

~It comes from a story.

~she has a gothic sway in her hips.

~more of a naturalistic look, with the folds of the clothes, and baby Jesus looks more like a baby while doing baby things.

~

~

~They have a lot of pointed Arches

~They have flying butcheses

~They want to spread out more horizontally

This is closer to Byzantine Art because of the Gold

In italy there was less emphasis in building but more concentration on the paintings.

The columns on the Animals helps make it gothic.

They have the pointed arches, stain glass windows.

It feels classical because of the bronze.

Mary is on the throne with baby Jesus. There are angles surrounding them and the prophets under them. This is influenced from Byzantine.

The robes are very stylized

They have a heiratic style

there is demention because of the shadows, and overlaping dementions

This is the first time that the backs of people were pained.

Whats Going on in Europe in the 1400's

1. Printing Press (c. 1450)

2. Manufacturing and Trade (beginnings of a middle class)

3. Scientific discoveries and exploration (Columbus, etc.)

4. Education and Humanism

We are left with the bottom part becuase the top was destroyed during a war. These prophets are the ones who have testified of Christ. It used to be painted. A prophet with horns is Moses

The King is paying devotion to Mary and Jesus

This is St. Christopher who was always there for the children. He would faire children across the river.

This was a print that people could buy and hang in their houses.

They have been experimenting with monsters and the details in them.

Polyptych = many panels

1. Attention to detail

2. Religious Symbolism

3. New Naturalism

4. Oil paiint: subtle effects of light and dark, modeling, greater details, glowing colors

5. Art can be owned by middle class (especially prints)

6. Mostly religious art; also portraiture

7. Details of modern life (cityscapes, interiors, etc.)

8. Fantastical creatures/demons (Bosch, Schongauer)