Graphic Organizer by LYLA MEYERS

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-30 20:40:39 UTC

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History

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 14:02:09 UTC

-In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that the structure of DNA is a double helix

-Rosaline Franklin did photo 51 (x-ray images to reveal the shape of DNA) and didn't get credit :(

-Edwin Chargaff figured out the base pairing rules (= number of A & T/ = number of C & G)

Shape

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 14:02:18 UTC

Double Helix - Spiral staircase/twisted ladder

-2 strands that're anti-parallel

*strands go in the 3' to 5' direction

Base Pair Rules

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 14:33:31 UTC

A=T

Adenine pairs up with Thymine "always together"

C=G

Cytosine pairs up with Guanine

"good couple"

Ladder/Bonds

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 14:35:52 UTC

A. Outside of ladder has alternating sugar & phosphate held by covalent bonds

B. Nitrogen Bases attach to the sugar held by another covalent bond

C. "Rungs" are made of Base Pairs

D. Bases are held together by hydrogen bonds

E. Twists

F. Two strands are anti-parallel

3 Parts of Nucleotide

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 14:37:57 UTC

5 carbon sugar = Deoxyribose
Phosphate group
1 of 4 Nitrogen Bases

DNA

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 14:40:04 UTC

-All cells contain DNA

-Universal Genetic Material

-Usually in Nucleus (except in Prokaryotic cells)

DNA - Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

*Made up of Nucleotides

Gene

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 14:42:49 UTC

Gene-small piece of DNA that codes for 1 trait

Trait-eye color, dimples, freckles,

*Each strand of DNA has 1000's of genes

More about Chargaff

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 14:44:11 UTC

%A=%T

%C=%G

For example...

A=18%

T=18%

C=32%

G=32%

DNA Replication

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 14:48:16 UTC

DNA making an exsact copy of itself

-Mistake = Mutation

-There's 46 chromosomes in humans (23 from mom, 23 from dad)

When DNA Replication Occurs

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 14:49:57 UTC

Grow
Broken Bone
Replace old or worn out cells
Fix a cut or a bruise
Anytime you need new cells (whenever cells divide)

5' and 3'

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 14:51:37 UTC

DNA always forms in the 5' ---> 3' direction

-carbons are numbered

-pentagon is always pointing up towards the 5' side

Definitions

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 14:56:12 UTC

Helicase - enzyme that unwinds and unzips

SSB proteins - single strand binding proteins that hold DNA apart

RNA Primase - makes a tiny RNA primer

Replication Fork - spot where strands split open

DNA Polymerase - enzyme that makes sure nucleotides pair-up correctly

Ligase - "glue"

Okazaki Fragments - little fragments Lagging strand creates

Leading Strand steps

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 14:58:19 UTC

DNA unwinds & unzips
RNA primase makes a tiny RNA primer
DNA Polymerase makes sure the bases pair-up correctly, checks for mistakes, and get rid of RNA primer

Lagging Strand steps

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 15:00:17 UTC

Helicase Unzips DNA
RNA Primase makes primer
DNA Polymerase lays down new nucleotides in 5' -> 3' direction
end up with a bunch of small peices of DNA
Polymerse removes RNA primer
Ligase sticks fragments together

End Results

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 15:32:42 UTC

2 exactly identical strands of DNA

(each 1/2 new & 1/2 old)

RNA

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 15:34:31 UTC

RNA - Ribose Nucleic Acid

-made up of nucleotides

-can go in and out of nucleus

-can take DNA code out of Nucleus

-go to ribosome to make protein

RNA structure

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 15:36:31 UTC

-made up of Nucleotides

*Has 3 parts

Phosphate Group
5-Carbon Sugar
1 of 4 Nitrogen Bases
(Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and URACIL) <- intead of T

Types of RNA

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 15:38:29 UTC

mRNA - messenger RNA
makes a copy of DNA & takes the code to ribosome
tRNA - transfer RNA
Specific "Uber," clover shaped, carries amino acids to ribosome
rRNA - Ribosomal RNA
Makes the ribosome

DNA vs RNA

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 15:40:01 UTC

DNA-

-double helix

-Thymine

-Deoxyribose Sugar

-Has to stay in Nucleus

RNA-

-single stranded

-Uracil

-Ribose sugar

-In and out of Nucleus

-3 types

Protein Synthesis

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 15:42:21 UTC

Di-peptide - 2 amino acids held together by Peptide bond (smallest protein)

Peptide bond - strong bonds between amino acids

2 Parts:

Transcription
Translation

Transcription

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 15:43:59 UTC

-Rewriting the DNA code in nucleus-

Helicase unzips DNA
RNA Polymerase makes sure bases pair up correctly and brings in RNA nucleotides
mRNA detaches & leaves nucleous and DNA seals back up

Translation

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 16:15:42 UTC

-Changing the language-

mRNA slides through the ribosome
Ribosome "reads the mRNA looking for start CODON
tRNA brings the correct amino acid to ribosome
tRNA brings the next amino acid and forms a peptide bond between amino acids
Continues until the ribosome "reads a stop CODON"

What's what

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 16:17:05 UTC

Poly peptide = many amino acids

-20 total amino acids

-3 bases in DNA = Triplet

-3 bases in mRNA = CODON

-3 bases in tRNA = Anti-CODON

Gene Mutations

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 16:24:24 UTC

Point Mutation - a change in single base pair in DNA

Frame Shift Mutation - The deletion or addition of nucleotides that disrupts the codons

Chromosomal Mutations

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 16:27:38 UTC

Deletion - part of the chromosome is left out

Insertion - part of a chromatid breaks off and attaches to its sister chromatid resulting in duplication of genes

Inversion - part if a chomosome breaks out and is reinserted backwards

Translocation - part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome

Mutation

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 17:01:37 UTC

A permanent change in DNA caused by mutagens (viruses, high temp, chemicals, and radiation)

-Sometimes mutations can affect a single nitrogen base

-Sometimes mutations can affect an entire chromosome

-Possibly cells could have an extra chromosome or could be missing one

extra or missing chromosome

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 17:06:37 UTC

Down Syndrome - exra chrom., most common

Turner's syndrome - missing a sex chrom.

Effects:

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 17:09:58 UTC

No effect (silent mutation)
-no effect since the amino acid is not changed because of the mutation
Beneficial Mutations
-mutations in bacteria that allow them to become antibiotic-resistsnt
-mutation that allows humans to be able to digest dairy products... keeps lactase gene turned on
Genetic Disorder
Cancer
-often a result in mutation in a gene controlling cell division rate

# of Chromosomes

lylameyers27 — 2024-01-31 17:18:52 UTC

A. Trisomy - 3 of a chromosome

B. Monosomy - only 1 of a chromosome

C. Nondisjunction - chromosomes fail to separate