Operant Conditioning is a type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior. Sometimes if I offer to drive somewhere when my Mom doesn’t want, she buys me a drink from Taco Bell. So now if I ask her to get me a drink from Taco Bell and she says no, I just offer to drive her somewhere she doesn’t want to. I used operant conditioning on my Mom by having a negative reinforcement of removing the task of driving.

Social Observational Learning is learning from the behavior of others. My younger cousin would see me and her older sisters use perfume and makeup when getting ready. So then when she got older she would want to use the same things and eventually got her own makeup and perfume. The social observational learning of her seeing us use these things made her want to copy our behavior.

Research Question: Will asking the word; “treat?”, to a dog before giving them a treat make them assume or think they will get a treat?

Hypothesis: Yes, I think they will assume they will get a treat because they will have an automatic response after multiple trials.

Experiment: “Treat” will be a neutral stimulus that will become a conditioned stimulus that will then create a conditioned response. The actual treat will be an unconditioned stimulus because the dog already has an unconditioned response when getting a treat (being excited or happy). The outliers will be if the dog will make a generalization on the word “Treat”, if the dog will make a spontaneous recovery after no saying “Treat” before given a treat, and if the dog will have discrimination on who says “Treat”. The dog will also be tested on extinction to see if the dog will change after not given a treat after saying “Treat”.

Experiment 2

Research Question: Will the learning of a subject create a different response based on how it was taught?

Hypothesis: Yes, I think it will create a different response based on how it was taught.

Experiment: People will learn how jellybeans are made, Group 1 in the Jellybean Factory, and Group 2 in a standard classroom. A conditioned stimulus will be the jellybeans. A neutral stimulus will be the teacher and an unconditional stimulus will be the location. Each lesson will be the same in length, but with different way of teaching. Group 1 will see how they are actually made and produced with little to no work and Group 2 will be taking notes to be used for assignments and tests.

Unconditioned Stimulus: too much product

Unconditioned Response: bad makeup

Neutral Stimulus: broken cap

Conditioned Response: moving spray bottle around while spraying

Example 2: While Bree was babysitting Brooke they both got hungry, so Bree made spaghetti. While Bree went to place their dishes on the table the spaghetti sauce fell out the window and outside into the mud on the ground. When Bree went to pick up the mess it was raining and it made the sauce and mud smell bad. Bree threw up and now whenever she smells spaghetti sauce she gets grossed out.

Unconditioned Stimulus: the rain

Unconditioned Response: throwing up

Neutral Stimulus:spaghetti sauce

Conditioned Response: gets grossed out

Example 3: Cara was watching a holiday movie and decided to make hot chocolate. What she didn’t know when she made it was that the milk she used was spoiled milk. So, when she drank it she felt sick. After that anytime she wants to make hot chocolate she gets nauseous.

Unconditioned Stimulus: (spoiled) milk

Unconditioned Response: feeling sick

Neutral Stimulus: hot chocolate

Conditioned Response: getting nauseous

1. Laughing after a joke

2. Screaming when I get scared

3. Frowning my eyebrows when I am mad

4. Saying thank you when someone does something for me

5. Carrying conversations with family members

6. Saying hi to people I know and see

7. Table manners

8. Making compromises

9. Learning how to apologize/say sorry

10. Saying no respectfully

11. How to play a board game

12. How to use utensils

13. Bringing water to school when I get thirsty

14. Making eye contact with people while talking to them

15. To respect others

    
    

5 Examples of positive reinforcement are:

• Getting all As in school and then receiving money for them

• Giving a dog a treat every time they complete a trick

• Buying a kid a toy after being good in the store

• Getting to stay up past curfew by doing the chores

• Posting on Instagram and getting likes and followers

5 Examples of negative reinforcement are:

• Taking pain medicine to relieve a headache

• Blowing on hot food to cool it down

• Styling messy hair to make it look good

• Wearing a sweater outside when it gets cold

• Drinking coffee in the morning when tired

5 Examples of positive punishment are:

• Getting yelled at when breaking the rules

• Getting a bad grade when not studying for a test

• Getting a ticket for parking in a no parking

• Getting a detention for cutting class

• Feeling pain when getting hurt

5 Examples of negative punishment are:

• Not getting to play in sports with bad grades

• Getting grounded for not doing chores

• Getting phone taken away before bed

• Car taken away for reckless driving

• Kicked out of a movie theatre for being disruptive

Technology can change how students learn one that is becoming more popular is gamification, where lessons are more game like and make it more fun for students to learn. A correlation study by Loukia David and Netta Weinstein looked at how Student Response Systems (SRS) helped student stay motivated to learn. They had 3 important needs for motivation they focused on: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Their experiment had 4 different conditions: teamwork, friendly competition, choice, and anonymity. The study had positive outcomes, but there are several limitations that need to be addressed in future work. Overall, their study showed that gamification can make learning more fun and help students feel more motivated to learn, when used carefully.