develops students’ writing through interactivity and feedback.

• Wifi- allows students with longer commutes to do homework online on the bus

• Flipped classrooms- students watch videos online of academic content before coming to class

• Online "hangouts"- a place where students in large classes can meet to support each other's learning

• Out-of-school activities to provide

  mentoring and learning opportunities in digital media and computer programming for low-income, female, and minority youth.

• Group Scribbles- a network technology designed to support collaborative learning.

• Software systems for writing instructions and for giving students feedback (Summary Street).

• Digital dashboard: allows learners to monitor their own progress through the learning environment (ex: Blackboard/Brightspace)

• Distance learning: "planned learning that normally occurs in a different place from teaching and as a result requires special techniques..." - e-learning, online learning, or Web based learning provide many advantages for distance learning (live Webinars and asynchronous learning).

• Mobile personal devices: easily transportable devices now give users quick and easy ways to search for information, create recordings (pictures, videos, audios), and communicate with others. Well-designed mobile applications can also be adapted to a learner’s abilities and desires.

CHALLENGES

• Digital dashboard: providing the professional development necessary for instructors to use them effectively.

• Distance learning: may be used more in the future as learning environments become more digitally supported, self-regulated, and socially connected.

• Mobile personal devices: systematic research on their effectiveness is limited. If laptops are not used for specific aims and purposes, they can impede students’ ability to focus their attention on learning.

• Technology can serve as a distraction for students (ex: reading highlighted text and skipping the narrative).

12 Principles to Guide Learning from Multimedia

• Guidelines for the design or selection of a learning technology, rather than as universal rules that apply to all multimedia.

1. Coherence Principle- words, pictures, sounds excluded

2. Signaling Principle- cues that highlight the organization of the essential material are added.

3. Spatial Contiguity Principle - corresponding words and pictures are presented near to, rather than far from, each other on the page or screen.

4. Temporal Contiguity Principle-corresponding words and pictures are presented simultaneously rather than successively.

5. Segmenting Principle- presented in user-paced segments rather than as a continuous unit.

6. Pretraining Principle- they know the names and characteristics of the main concepts.

7. Modality Principle- graphics and narrations are better compared to animation and on-screen text.

8. Multimedia Principle- words and pictures than from words alone.

9. Redundancy Principle- graphics and narration are better compared to the combination of graphics, narration, and on-screen text.

10. Personalization Principle- words are in conversational style rather than formal style.

11. Voice Principle- narration is spoken in a friendly human voice rather than a machine voice.

12. Image Principle- people do not necessarily learn better from a multi-

    media lesson when the speaker’s image is added to the screen.