PBL 1 GROUP 1 by Husaini Ahmad Borham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/h1dlt1p5i5ff en-us 2019-10-01 13:09:14 UTC 2019-10-02 05:44:04 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.pics/1/image?t=g_auto&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpadlet.net%2Ficons%2Fpng%2F1f99d.png What we know husainiahmadborham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/h1dlt1p5i5ff/wish/391848735 - Lymphocytes originate from primary lymphoid organs and mature in the secondary lymphoid organs 
- B cells are lymphocytes involved in adaptive immunity response.
- B cells act as antigen presenting cells for T helper cells 
- B cells can differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies and memory cells

]]> 2019-10-01 13:12:22 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/h1dlt1p5i5ff/wish/391848735 Want to know husainiahmadborham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/h1dlt1p5i5ff/wish/391851369 - How B cells are activated 
- What cells are involved in its activation 
- Where is the location of activation 
- How does the B cell present antigens for detection by T helper cells 
- What is the function of B Cells in the adaptive immune response
- What are the cytokines produced by B cells
- what is the significance of isotype switching?



]]> 2019-10-01 13:16:13 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/h1dlt1p5i5ff/wish/391851369 What we learned husainiahmadborham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/h1dlt1p5i5ff/wish/391851503 - B cells are activated when it binds with T cell and is co-stimulated, namely Thymus Dependant Activation.
- B cells can also be activated without interacting with the T cells, namely Thymus Independent Activation.
- After activation, B cells will undergo clonal expansion and differentiation to either Plasma cells or to serve as Memory cells
- Plasma cells produce antibodies with neutralizing, opsonizing and activating complement functions. 
- T cells activation by naive B cells occur at T cell area of secondary lymphoid organ, B cells activation by Th2 occur at B cell area of secondary lymphoid tissue, while isotype switching occurs at germinal center of secondary lymphoid organ. ]]> 2019-10-01 13:16:20 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/h1dlt1p5i5ff/wish/391851503 What we know husainiahmadborham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/h1dlt1p5i5ff/wish/391851634 - T cells involved in adaptive responses to antigen 
- Naive T cells are not of use, must be activated to function. 
-  Cytotoxic T cells are important in removal of virus infected cells.
- Helper T cells involves in activation of other important cells such as B cells and macrophages.]]> 2019-10-01 13:16:30 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/h1dlt1p5i5ff/wish/391851634 Want to know husainiahmadborham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/h1dlt1p5i5ff/wish/391851707 - How T cells are activated, what are the three signals required in T cell activation?
- What happens when co-stimulation is not present during T cells activation 
- Function of CD4 T cells and CD 8 T cells]]> 2019-10-01 13:16:36 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/h1dlt1p5i5ff/wish/391851707 What we learned husainiahmadborham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/h1dlt1p5i5ff/wish/391851789 - T cells are activated when antigen is presented to it by dendritic cells after being carried over to the secondary lymphoid organs, where the T cell resides  
- When co-stimulation is not enough/present, T cells will become anergic and cease to function 
- CD8 T cell is activated into cytotoxic T cell to kill virus infected cell using cytotoxins
- CD4 T cell may be activated and differentiate into Th1 cell, Th2 cell, Treg cell, memory T cell and Th17 cell.
1. Th1 cell will secrete IFN gamma which activates the macrophage, stimulate production of IgG by plasma cell and together with IL-2 will activate CD8+ T cell to become CTL.
2. Th2 cell will secrete IL-10 which inhibits Th1 cell function, IL-4 which stimulate production of IgE by plasma cell, IL-5 which activates eosinophil.
3. T reg cell plays role in recognition whether the cell encountered is self or non-self.
4. Memory T cell will circulate in blood and remain dormant. It will be activated again (faster reaction) when encounter the same antigen in the future.
5. Th17 plays a role in inflammation.]]> 2019-10-01 13:16:42 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/h1dlt1p5i5ff/wish/391851789 What we know husainiahmadborham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/h1dlt1p5i5ff/wish/391851853 - Macrophages are sentinel cells involved in innate immunity reactions
- Macrophages remove bacteria by phagocytosis
- Macrophages can act as antigen presenting cells (APC)
- ]]> 2019-10-01 13:16:47 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/h1dlt1p5i5ff/wish/391851853 Want to know husainiahmadborham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/h1dlt1p5i5ff/wish/391851920 - How macrophages are activated 
- What does the macrophages secrete 
- What are the types of macrophages and their function]]> 2019-10-01 13:16:53 UTC https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/h1dlt1p5i5ff/wish/391851920 What we learned husainiahmadborham https://padlet.com/husainiahmadborham/h1dlt1p5i5ff/wish/391852025 - There are 2 ways to activate macrophage.
1) Classical pathway. This pathway can be sub-divided into further two ways.
-Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) on the macrophage recognized and bind to the LPS on the gram-negative bacteria.
-IFN gamma secreted by NK cell
M1 cell is produced through classical pathway.

2) Alternative pathway. This pathway will be using IL-4, IL-13 or IL-10 secreted by Th2 cell.
M1 cell will secrete:
-IL-1B, IL-6 which cause fever
-IL-12 which activate NK cell
-IL- 8 which activate neutrophil and basophil
-TNF alpha which cause fever, vasodilation and increase the permeability of the capillaries
-Nitric oxide and Reactive oxygen species (ROS) which kill the bacteria

M2 cell will produce proline and polyamines from arginine. 
-Proline induce collagen production
-Polyamines induce cell proliferation
Both effects promote wound healing and tissue repair.

- Macrophages secrete cytokines 
- M1 has pro inflammatory functions while M2 has anti inflammatory actions 
- M2 helps the body to repair and heal after pathogen has been successfully removed by the inflammation process

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